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Rabbinical Eras

Zugot (Hebrew: תְּקוּפָת) הַזּוּגוֹת)‎) ((təqūphāth) hazZūghôth) refers to the hundred year period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE), in which the spiritual leadership of the Jewish people was in the hands of five successive generations of zugot ("pairs") of religious teachers. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Contents

Origin of the name

In Hebrew, the word "zugot" indicates a plural of two identical objects. (In English: "pairs". ) The name was given to the two leading teachers of the Law during each successive generation during the period. According to tradition, two of them always stood at the head of the Sanhedrin; one as president ("nasi") and the other as vice-president or father of the court ("Av beit din"; see Sanhedrin). The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly For the Arab month by this name see Nasi (month. Also the Malay/Indonesian word for rice Av Beit Din, Av Beis Din, or Av Beth Din (אב בית דין "Chief of the Court" The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly

The term "Zugot" refers to 5 pairs of legal scholars who ruled the Supreme Court Beit Din HaGadol from 142 BCE when the 2nd Judean State was established as an independent state to the end of Hillel the Elder's rule ca. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Hillel (הלל (born Babylon traditionally c110BCE-10CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader one of the most important figures in Jewish 40 BCE. Afterwards the positions Chief Justice Nasi and Vice President Av Beit Din remained, but they were not Zugot. For the Arab month by this name see Nasi (month. Also the Malay/Indonesian word for rice Av Beit Din, Av Beis Din, or Av Beth Din (אב בית דין "Chief of the Court"

With the rise of the independent Judean state under Simon the Maccabee of the Hasmoneans, the nature of Judaism changed from Theocracy to Nomocracy. Simon Maccabaeus (died 135 BCE was a son of Mattathias and thus a member of the Hasmonean family The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler A nomocracy is a government which is ruled by law That is a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government The change reflected a radical transformation from the rule of the Jewish community by God through the High Priest, to rule of the community through the judicial and legislative discourse of the Supreme Court. Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol ( Heb כהן גדול "Great Priest" is the title of High Priest of early Israelite The High Priest, the Kohen Gadol, went from being the supreme legal and spiritual authority to a figurehead who ruled in the Temple but was still subservient to the Supreme Court. Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol ( Heb כהן גדול "Great Priest" is the title of High Priest of early Israelite After the destruction of the Judean state and the 2nd Temple in 70 CE, the Supreme Court Beit Din HaGadol ceased to exist. With Roman permission the Sanhedrin was re-established, first at Jamnia, and it became the government in exile for the Jewish community. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Even before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai relocated to the city of Yavne / Jamnia and received permission [1] In 425 CE the Roman government shut down the Sanhedrin as a result of its Christian intent to dominate religious expression and marginalize Judaism.

Historical background

The title of av beit din existed before the period of the zugot. Av Beit Din, Av Beis Din, or Av Beth Din (אב בית דין "Chief of the Court" His purpose was to oversee the Sanhedrin, the court of religious law (also known as the "beth din"). The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly A beth din, beit din or beis din ( Hebrew: בית דין "house of judgment" plural battei din) is a Rabbinical The rank of nasi (president) was a new institution that was begun during this period. For the Arab month by this name see Nasi (month. Also the Malay/Indonesian word for rice

During the first generation of the Zugot, the Jewish supporters of Hellenistic control in Israel managed to gain control over the position of the "Cohen Ha'Gadol" (the High Priest of the Temple), and raised Greek sympathizers to that position. This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. The purpose of the High Priest was to be a spiritual leader of the Jewish people, which led the religious leaders among the people to elect a nasi, to provide an alternative to the growing corruption of the priests of the Temple. For the Arab month by this name see Nasi (month. Also the Malay/Indonesian word for rice This conflict led to the split between the Sadducees and the Pharisees, and to the political upheaval that followed. The Sadducees were members of a Jewish sect founded in the second century BC, possibly as a political party The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated"

List of zugot

There were five pairs of these teachers:

  1. Jose ben Joezer, and Jose ben Johanan
    who flourished at the time of the Maccabean wars of independence
  2. Joshua ben Perachyah, and Nittai of Arbela
    at the time of John Hyrcanus
  3. Judah ben Tabbai, and Simeon ben Shetach
    at the time of Alexander Jannæus and Queen Salome Alexandra
  4. Sh'maya, and Abtalion
    at the time of Hyrcanus II
  5. Hillel, and Shammai
    at the time of King Herod the Great

Other uses of term Zugot

The term zugot refers to pairs generally. Yose ben Yoezer (also spelt Jose ben Joezer) was a rabbi of the early Maccabean period, possibly a disciple of Antigonus of Soko and member of the ascetic Jose ben Jochanan ( Hebrew: יוסי בן יוחנן, Yose ben Yochanan or Joseph ben Johanan) was Nasi (president of the Sanhedrin Joshua ben Perachya ( יהושע בן פרחיה) was Nasi of the Sanhedrin in the latter half of the second century BCE Nittai of Arbela ( Hebrew: נתאי הארבלי) was Av beit din or vice-president of the Sanhedrin under the Nasi John Hyrcanus ( Yohanan Girhan) (reigned 134 BCE - 104 BCE died 104 BCE was a Hasmonean ( Maccabeean Leader of the 2nd century BC Judah ben Tabbai (son of good was a Jewish tanna of the early first century BCE Simeon ben Shetach or Shimon ben Shetach (c 120-40 BCE was a Pharisee scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin during the reigns of Alexander Alexander Jannaeus (also known as Alexander Jannai/Yannai) king of Judea from (103 BCE to 76 BCE son of John Hyrcanus, inherited the throne from his Salome Alexandra or Alexandra of Jerusalem (139&ndash67 BCE ( Hebrew שלומציון Shelomtzion Sh'maya ( Hebrew: שמעיה, or Shemaiah, Samaias or Sameas) was a Rabbinic sage in the early pre-Mishnaic Abht'alyon, also Avtalyon, Avtalion and Abtalion (אבטליון was a Rabbinic sage in the early pre- Mishnaic era who lived at the Hyrcanus II, a member of the Hasmonean dynasty was the Jewish High Priest and King of Judea in the 1st century BCE Hillel (הלל (born Babylon traditionally c110BCE-10CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader one of the most important figures in Jewish Shammai (50 BCE&ndash30 CE Hebrew: שמאי was a Jewish scholar of the 1st century and an important figure in Judaism 's core work of Rabbinic literature Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho The Babylonian Talmud (Pesachim 109b-112a) contains an extensive discussion of dangers of zugot and of performing various activities in pairs. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The discussants expressed belief in a demonology and practices of sorcery from which protection was needed by avoiding certain activities. Demonology (from Greek grc δαίμων daimōn, "demon" and grc -λογία -logia) is the systematic study of The demonology included a discussion of Ashmidai (Asmodai or Asmodeus), referred to as king of the shadim or demons. Asmodai or Asmodeus (see below for other variations is a Demon mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit. No such demonology occurs in the Jerusalem Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection

Both belief in a Jewish demonology in which demons could cause one harm, and reservations against pairs generally, disappeared entirely from Judaism by the Middle Ages, and do not exist today. Medieval commentators, who are followed today, asserted that the practice of avoiding doing things in pairs out of concern for being harmed by demons was not applicable to then-contemporary conditions. They gave various reasons. Meiri, for example, stated that belief in the harm of pairs was widespread among the masses of the time and the Sages sought to allay their fears and draw them away from their excesses. Rabbi Menachem Meiri (1249 &ndash c 1310 was a famous Provençal rabbi, Talmudist and Maimondean. Tosafot held that we need not concern ourselves with zugot because evil spirits are no longer prevalent. The Tosafot or Tosafos (תוספות are Mediæval commentaries on the Talmud. Ben Yehoyada held that any harm from pairs has 'nowadays' become completely negated. The Rambam suggested that the Rabbis of the Talmud were susceptible to contemporary superstitions. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and

References

  1. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: JOHANAN B. ZAKKAI: "Like Josephus, Johanan prophesied imperial honors for the general Vespasian, quoting the words of the prophet Isaiah: "Lebanon [that is, the sanctuary] shall fall by a mighty one" (Isa. x. 34). He sought and obtained permission to settle in Jabneh (Jamnia) and to exercise his profession of teacher there. In Jabneh, surrounded by his pupils, Johanan received the terrible news that the Temple was burned to ashes. They tore their garments, wept, and made lamentation as for the dead (Ab. R. N. iv. ). But the aged master in the catastrophe which had befallen the Jewish people kept his vigor unimpaired. He converted the school at Jabneh into a center for Judaism in Palestine. The college, of which he was president, exercised the functions of the great law court (Sanhedrin) of Jerusalem, and by this institution of an authorized board the continuity of spiritual leadership was maintained uninterrupted. Johanan saw to it that Jabneh took the place of Jerusalem as the Jewish religious center. He ordained that certain privileges peculiar to Jerusalem and the sanctuary should be transferred to Jabneh (R. H. iv. 1, 3). Other regulations of his dealt with the determination of the exact time when the new month begins—a matter then very important—and with the acceptance of the testimony on which such determination is based (ib. iv. 41; Baraita, R. H. 21b). His order that, as had been customary in the Temple, the trumpets should sound in Jabneh on New-Year's Day even when it fell on the Sabbath, was opposed, but unsuccessfully, by some of the members of the council (Baraita, R. H. 29b). "
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