A zoo or zoological garden is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. Relatively new terms for zoos, which were coined in the late twentieth century, are conservation park or biopark. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Adopting a new name is a strategy by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the nineteenth century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Collections of wild animals existed already in the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era In medieval Europe some monarchs, monasteries, and municipalities continued to maintain collections of wild animals. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The transition from menagerie, a predominantly private collection, to public institution marks the beginning of the modern zoo concept. Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. Collections established during the nineteenth century began calling themselves zoological gardens. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many new zoos and related facilities were founded for very different motives and purposes. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Zoo professionals proclaim exalting and demanding aims for their institutions, from educating the public to conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Many zoos define their aims as recreation, education, research, and conservation. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Animal-rights groups claim that there is a wide gap between these claimed aims and actual practice, and that zoos have commercial and entertainment purposes in mind as well as financial profit. See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people

Types of zoo include urban, open-range, safari, animal theme, roadside, rescue, sanctuary, petting, and specialized. The most traditional form of maintaining wild animals in captivity is keeping them in pits, barren cages constructed of concrete or metal, in small aviaries, or fenced paddocks. Animals that live under human care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either Domesticated Animals ( Livestock Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across An aviary is a large enclosure for confining Birds. Unlike cages ' aviaries allow birds a larger living space where they can fly hence aviaries are also Most zoological gardens incorporated within international umbrella organizations are led by professionals such as zoologists or veterinarians. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 From ancient to modern times 2.2 Evolution of the modern zoo concept 3 Aims 3.1 Recreation 3.2 Education 3.3 Research 3.4 Conservation 4 Types 4.1 Urban zoos 4.2 Open-range zoos 4.3 Safari parks 4.4 Animal theme parks 4.5 Roadside zoos 4.6 Rescues and sanctuaries 4.7 Petting zoos 4.8 Specialized zoos 5 Exhibitry 5.1 Traditional enclosures and new approaches 5.2 Landscape immersion 6 Management and animal care 6.1 Cooperation 6.2 Staff 6.3 Animal care 6.4 Acquisition and surplus of animals 6.5 Regulations 7 Notes 8 External links

Etymology

The terms zoo and zoological garden, that refer to zoology (from Greek: zωο, zoion, "animal"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), did not come into use until the modern zoo concept developed during the nineteenth century. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Zoological Society of London first used this term to describe its collection at Regent's Park, although this collection was simultaneously referred to as a menagerie. Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. Most zoo founders of the nineteenth century operated with the term zoological garden to distinguish their institutions from the aristocratic and travelling menageries. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. The abbreviation zoo first appeared in Britain about 1847, when it was used for the Clifton Zoo, but it was not until some twenty years later that the shortened form became popular by a song called "Walking in the Zoo on Sunday". The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[1] Relatively new terms for zoos, which were coined in the late twentieth century, are conservation park or biopark. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Adopting a new name is a strategy by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the nineteenth century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar ^[2]

History

From ancient to modern times

Collections of wild animals existed already in the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era In ancient China, wild animals, especially exotic species, held the interest of rulers and the wealthy class. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Starting with the founder of the Shang dynasty (ca. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the 1500 BC), China's rulers built animal reserves. However, it was Wen Wang, founder of the Zhou dynasty (ca. King Wen ( (1099–1050 BC was the founder of the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. 1000-200 BC), who built the first well-known animal reserve, which he called Lingyou, commonly referred to as the "Garden of Intelligence". A more accurate translation would be "Garden for the Encouragement of Knowledge". This reserve and similar parks owned by the wealthy class of the Zhou period were large, walled-in natural areas that required their own staffs of administrators, keepers, and veterinarians. A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician The rulers of the Han, Qin, Tang, and Song dynasties continued the fashion of large royal parks, where birds and mammals were kept in cages for personal pleasure and the demonstration of wealth and power. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ^[3]

Also in the ancient Greek and Roman world live animal collections existed. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Historians have written many publications about extravagant and bloodthirsty spectacles in Rome, involving wild animals. However, little has been written about the facilities of keeping those animals. ^[4] The Latin word vivarium referred to the stockyards and arenas where wild animals were held for public spectacles. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. An arena is an enclosed area often circular or oval-shaped designed to showcase Theater, musical performances or sporting events ^[5]

In medieval Europe some monarchs, monasteries, and municipalities continued to maintain collections of wild animals. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. One of these collections was the Tower Menagerie in London. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[6] Menageries owned by monarchs and wealthy aristocrats can be seen as the predecessor institution of the modern zoological garden. Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. The oldest existing zoo, the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in Vienna, evolved from such an aristocratic menagerie, founded by the Habsburg monarchy in 1752. Tiergarten Schönbrunn (Schönbrunn Zoo is a Zoo located on the grounds of the famous Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Year 1752 ( MDCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar for European countries but not Great Britain) of ^[7]

Evolution of the modern zoo concept

The transition from menagerie, a predominantly private collection, to public institution marks the beginning of the modern zoo concept. Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern Zoological garden. Collections established during the nineteenth century began calling themselves zoological gardens. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar In some cases this was simply fashionable since zoos were considered professionally managed facilities, whether they were or not. In other cases there was an emphasis on education and science rather than on entertainment. The first modern zoo, established particularly for scientific and educational purposes according to its founders, was the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes as part of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris (1793). Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes is a Zoo in Paris, France, belonging to the botanical garden Jardin des Plantes. The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle ( MNHN) is the French national Museum of Natural history. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common About thirty years later, the members of the Zoological Society of London adopted the idea of the early Paris zoo when they established London Zoo in 1827. The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford ZSL London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific Zoo. It was opened in London on April 27 1828, and was originally intended to be used Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[8]

In the United States, physician William Camac initiated the incorporation of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia in 1859. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common According to the society's charter, "The object of this Corporation shall be the purchase and collection of living wild and other animals, for the purpose of public exhibition at some suitable place in the City of Philadelphia, for the instruction and recreation of the people. "^[9] The American Civil War interrupted these efforts so that the opening of the Philadelphia Zoo delayed until 1874. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Philadelphia Zoo, located in Philadelphia Pennsylvania on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, was the first Zoo in the United Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Some years ago, about 1861/62, a smaller zoo with lower standards had been already established in New York City, the Central Park Zoo. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The City of New York The Central Park Zoo is located in Central Park in New York City and run by the Wildlife Conservation Society. ^[10] When the first American zoological gardens came into existence, only a few supporters of the early animal welfare movement spoke out against zoos. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Humanitarians protested cruelty in training animals for circuses more often than they opposed zoos. Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans A circus is most commonly a traveling company of performers that may include acrobats, Clowns trained animals trapeze acts Hoopers, tightrope walkers Their concerns were that zoo animals were healthy and well cared for, and not subjected to cruelty or pain. ^[11]

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many new zoos and related facilities were founded for very different motives and purposes. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Cultural and philosophical attitudes as well as political developments such as imperialism had an impact on the appearance and aims of zoological gardens. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Human beings were sometimes displayed in zoos along with non-human animals, supposedly to illustrate the differences between people of European and non-European origin (“Human zoos”). Human zoos (also called "ethnological expositions" or " Negro Villages" were 19th and 20th century public exhibits of human beings usually in a "natural" ^[12] According to historians Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier the zoos of that period reflected the determination of imperialist nations to classify and dominate. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude ^[13]

When ecology emerged as a matter of public interest through the 1970s, a few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with Gerald Durrell of Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of Brookfield Zoo, and William G. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Gerald ('Gerry' Malcolm Durrell OBE ( January 7, 1925 &ndash January 30, 1995) was a naturalist, Zookeeper Jersey Zoological Park or Jersey Zoo is a 25- Acre (100000 m² zoological park established in 1959 on the island of Jersey in the The Brookfield Zoo is a Zoo located in the Chicago Suburb of Brookfield Illinois. Conway of Bronx Zoo leading the discussion. This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its Since then, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in conservation. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. ^[14]. The changes at zoos have served both the ideology of environmentalism and the day-to-day needs of zoos to maintain their collections. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Many of contemporary zoos led by professionals show fewer species and display social animals in groups; landscape immersion exhibits replicate animal habitats. An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic Zoo environment that gives visitors the sense they're actually in the animals' habitats A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. ^[15]

Further information: List of zoos

Aims

Zoo professionals proclaim exalting and demanding aims for their institutions, from educating the public to conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Many zoos define their aims as recreation, education, research, and conservation. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Animal-rights groups claim that there is a wide gap between the claimed aims and actual practice, and that owners of zoos have commercial and entertainment purposes in mind to increase their financial profit. See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people Some zoos work to save endangered species, but most animals in zoos are bred in captivity for the purpose of public display, not species protection. In his 1985 critique of zoos, philosopher Dale Jamieson asserted that zoos generally do not live up to their own goals, that zoo animals are deprived of freedom for little social or scientific good, and that zoos cause suffering without producing compensatory benefits for animals or people. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language ^[16] Jamieson argues that a moral presumption against keeping animals in captivity outweighs any benefit that might accrue from education, science, or species preservation. Animals that live under human care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either Domesticated Animals ( Livestock ^[17] The animal rights philosophy refuses zoos as a matter of principle. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Keeping wild animals in captivity is seen as human domination over other creatures. Animals that live under human care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either Domesticated Animals ( Livestock ^[18]

French historians Baratay and Hardouin-Fugier see zoos as an allegory for the contradictions of modern Western societies: "The zoo made concrete, in an enclosed space, what society wanted to do in nature, as, with the advance of urbanization, people felt an increasing need to preserve the wild. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings But the desire remained unrealized, because Western society did not want its methods called into question, and because, in the final analysis, it preferred to transplant, delimit, cultivate and arrange nature however and wherever it liked, rather than leave places truly free of human influence. "^[19]

Recreation

Recreation, which is close to entertainment and pleasure, does not benefit the welfare of the zoo animals, but that of the zoo visitors. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people Pleasure is commonly conceptualized as a positive experience Happiness, Entertainment, Enjoyment, ecstasy, and euphoria, but is hard Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Jamieson points out that "we should have the honesty to recognize that zoos are for us rather than for the animals". ^[20] According to Swiss zoologist Heini Hediger recreation is one of the most important aims of the modern zoo in the face of proceeding urbanization and alienation from nature. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Heini Hediger (1908-1992 was a Swiss Zoologist noted for work in Proxemics in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology" Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. People, especially from urbanized areas, should be given the opportunity to relax and to enjoy a naturalistic environment in their very neighbourhood. ^[21]

Education

Since the beginning of the modern zoological gardens education and therefore the propagation of biological knowledge has been one of the most prominent aims claimed by zoo professionals. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Already in 1829, London Zoo published its first guide to the zoo. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display ZSL London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific Zoo. It was opened in London on April 27 1828, and was originally intended to be used ^[22] Today’s educational efforts of zoos concentrate mostly on ecological and conservation issues. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of The idea of conservation education at zoos has a longer history than it is often acknowledged. This idea was foremost among the goals of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum as it was planned in the early 1950s. The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is one of the most visited attractions in Tucson Arizona. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Animal exhibits were one component of the museum, which was begun with the goal of educating the public about the plant life and scenic value of the desert. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Although the museum's focus was regional, and it was not a traditional zoo, directors of many American zoos looked to it as a model. ^[23] Many zoos now have an education department, a classroom, and full time educational officers. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Edinburgh Zoo has pioneered a scheme called "interlink" which combines the resources of the zoo, local museums, and the botanical gardens to create educational courses. Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is a non-profit Zoological park located in Edinburgh, the capital city of A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes Like several other zoos it offers teachers a range of courses from day trips with infants to intensive courses for advanced students. In 1991, over 50,000 students were involved with structured courses at Edinburgh Zoo. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. ^[24] However, critics say that there is no educational value in exhibiting wild animals in artificial environments. According to them true respect for wildlife could only be stimulated by learning about animals in their natural habitat. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. ^[25] Rather than promoting respect for understanding behavioral and ecological aspects of animals, signs in zoos often provide little more information than an animal’s species, diet, and natural range.

Research

Classical zoological gardens played a role in research in comparative anatomy and physiology in the nineteenth century. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar ^[26] Contemporary research efforts focus on ethology and conservation breeding. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or Endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings such as wildlife preserves Zoos According to William Conway zoo science would contribute basic biological information and technological know-how to the increasingly demanding tasks of wildlife care in constricted habitats. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. ^[27]

Conservation

Up to now, only a few species such as the Przewalski’s Horse^[28], the American Bison, or the California Condor could be saved from extinction and reintroduced to the wild. Przewalski's Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii, Equus przewalskii or Equus caballus przewalskii classification is debated ʃɨˈvælskiː or /zɨˈvɑːlskiː/ The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The California Condor ( Gymnogyps californianus) is a North American Species of Bird in the New World vulture family Cathartidae The American Bison, for example, was close to extinction at the beginning of the twentieth century. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In 1907, the Bronx Zoo led by William T. Hornaday was the first zoo to help the American Bison Society with its reintroduction project, sending 15 bison to the Wichita Forest Reserve in Oklahoma. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its William Temple Hornaday, ScD ( December 1, 1854  – March 6, 1937) was an American Zoologist, realtor The American Bison Society (ABS was founded in 1905 by pioneering conservationists and sportsmen including William T Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Other reservation herds were established in succeeding years using additional zoo-bred animals. By 1933, there were 4,404 bison in the United States and 17,043 in Canada. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[29] Although most species maintained in zoos are not endangered, and those that are will likely seldom be released into natural habitats, biologist Colin Tudge emphasizes the urgency of ex-situ conservation in zoos in the face of increasing threat to natural habitats. Colin Tudge (born 22 April 1943) is a British science writer A biologist by training he is the author of numerous works on food agriculture genetics Ex-situ conservation means literally "off-site conservation " Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. ^[30]

In 1993, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), formerly known as the International Union of the Directors of Zoological Gardens, produced its first conservation strategy. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA is the "umbrella" organisation for the world zoo and aquarium community "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. In November 2004, WAZA adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the twenty-first century. ^[31] The captive breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programs. Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or Endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings such as wildlife preserves Zoos An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Under the auspices of WAZA, 182 International Studbooks are kept. These studbooks are coordinated by the Zoological Society of London. The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford About 810 animal species and subspecies are managed under cooperative breeding programmes at the level of the regional association members such as the Species Survival Plan (SSP), established 1981, or the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP), established 1985. The American Species Survival Plan or SSP program was developed in 1981 by the (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums to help ensure the survival of selected Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The European Endangered Species Programme or EEP is the most intensive type of population management for a species kept in European Association of Zoos and Aquaria Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) ^[32]

But critics point to the marginal contribution of zoos to the preservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Andrew Linzey, director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, argues that zoos make a "minuscule contribution to conservation. "^[33] Most conservation experts agree that few of the rare or endangered species can be saved from extinction by breeding them in captivity. In 1990, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) drew up an action plan for the survival of 1370 species. It considered that the reintroduction of captive bred animals could assist in the conservation of only 19 species (1. 4 percent). ^[34] How controversial ex-situ conservation is, shows the captive breeding program for the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros. Ex-situ conservation means literally "off-site conservation " Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or Endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings such as wildlife preserves Zoos Organisms with a conservation status of critically endangered have an extremely high risk of becoming extinct Hairy rhinoceros redirects here For the Extinct Megafauna, see Wooly rhinoceros. Between 1984 and 1996, 40 Sumatran Rhinos were transported from their native habitat to zoos and reserves across the world. After years of failed attempts and a dramatic decline of the captive population, one individual gave birth to a healthy male calf at Cincinnati Zoo in September 2001. The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, is the second-oldest Zoo in the United States and is located in Cincinnati, Ohio. This was the first successful captive birth of a Sumatran Rhino in 112 years. Two other calves followed in 2004 and 2007. Despite the recent successes in Cincinnati, the captive breeding program has remained controversial. Proponents argue that zoos have aided the conservation effort by studying the reproductive habits, raising public awareness and education about the rhinos, and helping raise financial resources for conservation efforts in Sumatra. Opponents of the captive breeding program argue that losses are too great; the program too expensive; removing rhinos from their habitat, even temporarily, alters their ecological role; and captive populations cannot match the rate of recovery seen in well-protected native habitats. ^[35]

Types

Urban zoos

Urban zoos are the classical zoological gardens that stand in the tradition of the nineteenth century zoo concept, even if some of them changed their names to Conservation Park or Biopark. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Most of them are relatively small in size and based within cities or urbanized areas, a fact that often complicates the construction of more sizable enclosures.

Open-range zoos

A number of open-range zoos have been established since the early 1930s in rural surroundings. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The prototype is Whipsnade Park, England, established by the Zoological Society of London in 1932 (600 acres, 2. ZSL Whipsnade Zoo is a Zoo located at Whipsnade, near Dunstable in Bedfordshire, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 4 km²). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Fewer species are exhibited in such zoos than in urban zoos, but they are mostly kept in more sizable enclosures. The largest zoo in terms of size is the 1,800-acre (7 km²) San Diego Wild Animal Park in the Pasqual Valley, California, that is run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. The San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park is a Zoo in the San Pasqual Valley area of San Diego California. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park, San Diego, California is one of the largest most progressive Zoos in the world with over 4000 animals The Werribee Open Range Zoo near Melbourne, Australia, concentrates on displaying animals living in a wide open savanna. Werribee Open Range Zoo is a Zoo in Werribee, about 32 km south-west of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, focusing on Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. This 500-acre zoo is managed by the Zoological Parks and Gardens Board which also manages Melbourne Zoo. The Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, commonly known as the Melbourne Zoo, contains more than 350 animal species from Australia and around the world One of only two American state supported zoos is the 535-acre North Carolina Zoo located in Asheboro, North Carolina. North Carolina Zoological Park is located in Asheboro, which is about 75 Miles (120 km) west of Raleigh North Carolina in the United Asheboro is a city in Randolph County, North Carolina, United States.

Safari parks

A safari park is a zoo-like commercial tourist attraction where visitors can drive in their own vehicles and observe the wildlife, rather than viewing animals in cages or small enclosures. A safari park is a Zoo -like commercial tourist attraction where visitors can drive in their own vehicles and observe the wildlife rather than viewing animals in cages or small Most safari parks were established in a short period of ten years, between 1966 and 1975. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Animal theme parks

An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marineland are more elaborate dolphinariums keeping whales, and containing additional entertainment attractions. A marine mammal park (sometimes Oceanarium) is a commercial theme park or Aquarium where Marine mammals such as Dolphins History Milton C Shedd, Ken Norris, David Demott, and George Millay brought SeaWorld to life yet that was not the initial idea A dolphinarium is an Aquarium for Dolphins The dolphins are usually kept in a large pool though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea either Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas

Another kind of animal theme park is Disney's Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida or Busch Gardens Africa in Tampa, Florida. Disney's Animal Kingdom is a Theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. Busch Gardens Africa (also known as Busch Gardens Tampa Bay) is a 335 acre 19th century African-themed park located in Tampa Florida. These commercial parks are similar to open-range zoos according to size (550 acres, 2 km²), but different in intention and appearance since they contain far more entertainment elements (stage shows, roller coasters, mythical creatures etc. ).

Roadside zoos

There are hundreds of substandard wildlife attractions throughout the United States and Canada called roadside zoos. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page These mainly amateur facilities are usually privately owned and occasionally accredited by the American zoo organization AZA. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA; previously American Zoo and Aquarium Association, and originally American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums The focus is on amusing customers, rather than on meeting the needs of the animals. Roadside zoos often lack trained, experienced animal care staff, proper funding and safety practices. Animals are confined to small, barren, often filthy cages, and suffer poor welfare as a result of inadequate housing, care and diet. For the graphic novel by Dave McKean, see Cages (comic series. Roadside zoos breed animals in order to have a constant supply of cute babies to attract the public. Big cat rescues, primate rescues, and native wildlife rescues are overwhelmed due to the constant influx of animals coming out of roadside zoos. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms ^[36]

Rescues and sanctuaries

Animal welfare supporters have funded the construction and set-up of sanctuaries for wild animals. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment An animal sanctuary is a facility where Animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives The animal welfare organization WSPA established several of these facilities for rescued bears worldwide. The World Society for the Protection of Animals (commonly WSPA) is an international Non-profit Animal welfare organisation and also a federation of such According to the organization those in Greece and Turkey have helped stamp out the tradition of forcing bears to perform tricks for public entertainment. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ^[37] Another type of sanctuary takes the form of a rehabilitation and release center. An example of this is the Idaho Black Bear Rehabilitation Center, where orphaned bear cubs are cared for and prepared for release back into the wild. ^[38] Another sanctuary, especially for apes and primates, is 65-acre (0. 26 km²) Monkey World near Wool, Dorset, England. Monkey World is a 65- Acre (026 km² Ape and Monkey Sanctuary and Zoo near Wool, Dorset, England Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Set up in 1987 it was originally intended to provide a home for abused chimpanzees used by Spanish beach photographers, but is now home to many different species of primates. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. ^[39]

Petting zoos

A petting zoo, also called children's farms or children's zoos, features a combination of domestic animals and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. A petting zoo (often called and/or part of a " children's zoo " features a combination of domestic animals and some wild species that are docile enough to touch This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by Humans. To ensure the animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby.

Specialized zoos

Some zoos specialized on specific groups of animals such as bird parks (public aviaries), reptile zoos (reptile centre, serpentaria), public aquaria or butterfly zoos. An aviary is a large enclosure for confining Birds. Unlike cages ' aviaries allow birds a larger living space where they can fly hence aviaries are also A reptile centre is typically a facility devoted to keeping living Reptiles, educating the public about reptiles and serving as a control center for collecting reptiles that A serpentarium is a reptile zoo or reptile park Many serpentariumsalso have reptile sales departments A public aquarium (plural public aquaria or public aquariums) is the aquatic counterpart of a Zoo, housing living aquatic species for viewing A butterfly zoo is a Zoo which is specifically intended for the breeding and display of Butterflies.

Exhibitry

Traditional enclosures and new approaches

The most traditional form of maintaining wild animals in captivity is keeping them in pits, cages constructed of metal bars or concrete, in aviaries, or fenced paddocks, although many zoos replaced these by more elaborate and spacious enclosures. Animals that live under human care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either Domesticated Animals ( Livestock The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag An aviary is a large enclosure for confining Birds. Unlike cages ' aviaries allow birds a larger living space where they can fly hence aviaries are also

German merchant Carl Hagenbeck developed a new form of animal exhibition at the beginning of the twentieth century. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Carl Hagenbeck ( June 10, 1844 - April 14, 1913) was a merchant of Wild animals who supplied many European Zoos as well The twentieth century of the Common Era began on When he opened his private owned zoo at Stellingen near Hamburg, (Tierpark Hagenbeck) in 1907, Hagenbeck had broken with a strong tradition to exhibit animals in accordance with taxonomy. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The Tierpark Hagenbeck is a Zoo in Stellingen, in Hamburg, Germany. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos He created a new style of exhibition based on ecological and geographical habitats including different species. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. For example, the "Northern Panorama" exhibited seals and walruses in a pool in the foreground, with reindeer behind them, and polar bears behind the reindeer. The walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered Marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas The different enclosures were divided with moats not visible to the public, and the successive enclosures were higher than the one in front. The exhibits were landscaped with plants and artificial rocks. This gave the public the impression they were seeing the animals together in one natural habitat. After initial skepticism, many zoological gardens throughout the world adopted Hagenbeck's ideas and replaced traditional enclosures. Edinburgh Zoo, for example, was one of these institutions inspired by Hagenbeck’s new design. ^[40] Even if this kind of exhibiting animals to the public was revolutionary in the history and evolution of zoo design, the actual space provided to the animals remained relatively small and was, in fact, not different from that of the traditional enclosures. The new panoramas benefited the aesthetic sense of visitors and can be seen as mainly anthropocentric constructions. Anthropocentrism (from Greek άνθρωπος anthropos, "human being" and κέντρον kentron, "center" Anthropos (the term

From the 1950s on, first attempts were made to integrate the behavioural needs of the animals into zoo design. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive This approach based on the ideas of Swiss zoologist Heini Hediger who published his book Wild Animals in Captivity in 1942, translated into English in 1950. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Heini Hediger (1908-1992 was a Swiss Zoologist noted for work in Proxemics in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology" Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[41] In this work he gave cogent arguments for a biological and particularly behavioural approach to zoo design and animal care. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles ^[42]But the attempts to integrate the knowledge about animal behaviour into zoo design were often ineffectual and not consequently implemented. More important than behaviour and welfare of the animals remained hygienic aspects and, above all, architectural innovation such as New Brutalism. The term Brutalist Architecture originates from the French Béton brut, or "raw concrete" a term used by Le Corbusier to describe The Elephant and Rhino Pavilion at London Zoo, built 1962-1965, is such an example. Most enclosures constructed from the 1950s to the 1970s were sterile and small cages made of concrete or ceramic tiles. ^[43]

Due to limited space and a lack of financial means it still remains difficult to construct adequate enclosures, particularly for large animals and their requirement for a sizable territory. According to animal rights groups, zoos lacking the financial means or the interest in constructing more elaborate enclosures still keep their animals in inadequate conditions. ^[44] These conditions can cause stereotypic behavior. A stereotypy (ˈstɛriəˌtаɪpi (plural stereotypies) is a repetitive or ritualistic movement posture or utterance found in patients with Mental retardation, ^[45]Elephants in zoos can also often suffer from arthritis and foot disease. Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body Only some zoological gardens are able to raise enough funds and have sufficient space to build more adequate enclosures for these animals. Such an example is urban Cologne Zoo, Germany, which opened in 2004 an indoor and outdoor elephant enclosure of about five acres. The Aktiengesellschaft Cologne Zoological Garden is the Zoo of Cologne, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " ^[46] In 2006, three American zoos (Lion Country Safari, Philadelphia Zoo, Gladys Porter Zoo) announced the closure of their elephant exhibits due to a lack of space. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lion Country Safari is a drive-through Safari park located in Loxahatchee (near Wellington) in Palm Beach County, Florida. The Philadelphia Zoo, located in Philadelphia Pennsylvania on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, was the first Zoo in the United Gladys Porter is also the name of a historial Nova Scotian politician Gladys Porter Zoo is a Zoological and Botanical Two other zoos, Bronx Zoo and Santa Barbara Zoo, announced the phase-out of their elephant exhibits. This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its The Santa Barbara Zoo is located on 30 acres near the ocean in Santa Barbara California. ^[47]

Landscape immersion

During the 1980s many zoological gardens, first in the United States, changed their policy of designing animal enclosures. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The so called "landscape immersion", a term coined by Seattle architect Grant Jones, transformed visibly the outlook and appearance of many zoos throughout the United States. An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic Zoo environment that gives visitors the sense they're actually in the animals' habitats An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction The idea and concept of landscape immersion combines a naturalistic and realistic imitation of natural habitats with the environmental needs of the animals. It was developed by several landscape architects during the wholesale renovation of Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle in the late 1970s encouraged by zoo director David Hancocks. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The first landscape immersion exhibit, an enclosure for gorillas, designed by Johnpaul Jones, opened in 1978 at Woodland Park Zoo. An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic Zoo environment that gives visitors the sense they're actually in the animals' habitats Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) For the first time, zoo gorillas had trees to climb, places to hide, a complex landscape to explore, and live vegetation to interact with. According to the original idea and philosophy of landscape immersion the visitors are given the sense they were actually in the animals' habitat. Buildings and barriers are hidden and vegetation plays a dominant role. ^[48]

Specific forms of exhibit that can also be referred to landscape immersion are walk-through enclosures and walk-in aviaries. A few European zoos had already realized such exhibits before the term landscape immersion was coined. These ideas were integrated into the concept of landscape immersion and consequently advanced. In contemporary zoos, there are a lot of walk-through exhibits, particularly for birds and small primates. One example is Apenheul Zoo, Netherlands, where visitors can get into direct contact with squirrel monkeys and lemuridae on moated islands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The squirrel monkeys are the New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. Lemuridae is a family of Prosimian Primates native to Madagascar, and one of four families commonly known as Lemurs These animals ^[49]

Associated with these changes of zoo design are large tropical indoor exhibits. Bronx Zoo’s 37,000-square-foot Asian rainforest "Jungle World", opened in 1985, is a pioneer exhibit of its kind. This article is about the zoo for the TV series see The Bronx Zoo (TV series; for the book "The Bronx Zoo" about the Yankees see Sparky Lyle, its Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) ^[50] Leipzig Zoo, Germany, is currently building a similar, but more giant project, the so called "Gondwanaland". The Leipzig Zoological Garden, or the Leipzig Zoo was opened in Leipzig, Germany on June 9, 1878. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[51] The transformation of zoos according to the concept of landscape immersion is slow and still in progress since the changes require extraordinarily financial and technical expenditures.

Management and animal care

Cooperation

Related and similar institutions in aims, staff and history are public aquaria. A public aquarium (plural public aquaria or public aquariums) is the aquatic counterpart of a Zoo, housing living aquatic species for viewing At the time when the first zoological gardens were established during the nineteenth century also public aquaria came into existence. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar A public aquarium (plural public aquaria or public aquariums) is the aquatic counterpart of a Zoo, housing living aquatic species for viewing Today, both zoos and public aquaria are integrated in the same national and international umbrella organizations. These zoo associations proclaim to force their members to achieve certain standards in animal management, veterinary care, aims, and stewardship. This is a partial list of Zoo and Aquaria associations: Global World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife

Staff

Most zoological gardens incorporated within international umbrella organizations are led by professionals such as zoologists or veterinarians. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician Responsible for the actual care of the animals within these institutions are well trained zoo keepers. A zookeeper is a worker in a Zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the Animals As part of their routine they clean the exhibits and report health Some keepers can become highly specialized such as those who concentrate on a specific group of animals like birds, great apes, elephants or reptiles. Daily basic duties of zoo keepers include cleaning and maintenance of animal enclosures and feeding of the animals. The educational requirements for an entry level zoo keeper vary but are often a college degree in zoology, biology or an animal-related field. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Some colleges offer programs oriented towards a career in zoos. Job advancement is also possible but more limited than in some other careers requiring a college degree. ^[52] Some zoos, particularly roadside zoos, are private-owned amateur facilities with a lack of well trained personnel.

Animal care

Most contemporary zoos led by professionals are aware of environmental enrichment, also called behavioral enrichment, as a part of the daily care of animals. Environmental enrichment, also called behavioral enrichment, refers to the practice of providing animals under managed care with environmental stimuli Environmental enrichment refers to the practice of providing animals with environmental stimuli. The goal of environmental enrichment is to improve an animal's quality of life by increasing physical activity, stimulating natural behaviors, and preventing or reducing stereotypical behaviors.

But sometimes even those zoos proclaiming high standards can fail to meet them in some way. After a series of publicized animal deaths at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Zoological Park (National Zoo) in early 2003, the National Academies released an interim report in 2004 and an final report in 2005. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of The Smithsonian National Zoological Park, commonly known as the National Zoo, is a Zoo located in Washington D The United States National Academies comprises four organizations the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS the United States National Academy of Engineering ^[53] Another example is the captive breeding management of great apes where these animals and their infants are traded and shuttled from place to place. ^[54]

Some practices in certain countries with low-income economies are frowned upon by many western, high-income societies. Some examples include:

The Badaltearing Safari Park's practices (China), where zoo visitors can throw live goats into the lions' enclosure and watch them being eaten, or can purchase live chickens tied to bamboo rods to dangle into lion pens. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily Visitors can drive through the lion's compound on buses with specially designed chutes leading into the enclosure into which they can also push the live chickens.

Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village's (near Guilin in south-east China) practice in which live cows are fed to tigers to amuse visitors. ^[55]

Qingdao Zoo's practices, (near Beijing, China) where visitors engage in "tortoise baiting, in which they are encouraged to throw coins at the turtle's heads. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The turtles here have elastic bands around their necks, so that they can't retract. ^[55]

Acquisition and surplus of animals

Controversy surrounded the importation of seven African elephants (an officialy endangered species) from the wilds of Swaziland to the San Diego Wild Animal Park in 2003, despite offers to move the elephants to reserves elsewhere in Africa. African elephants are the species of Elephants in the Genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. The San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park is a Zoo in the San Pasqual Valley area of San Diego California. Prior to the import, three resident elephants accustomed to San Diego's warm clime were shipped to chilly Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, despite welfare concerns. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Lincoln Park Zoo is a free Zoo located in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois All three elephants died within two years. The Wild Animal Park now houses nine African elephants on a cramped 2. African elephants are the species of Elephants in the Genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. 5 acres. At the San Diego Zoo, three Asian elephants live in a 17,000 square foot enclosure built in 1963. The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park, San Diego, California is one of the largest most progressive Zoos in the world with over 4000 animals The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of ^[56]

Orcas, Beluga Whales and Bottlenose Dolphins are caught from the wild for public display around the world. The Orca or Killer Whale ( Orcinus orca) less commonly Blackfish or Seawolf, is the largest species of the Oceanic dolphin family The Bottlenose Dolphin is one of the most common and well-known Dolphins. In the past, dolphins captured in so called dolphin drive huntings at the coasts of Japan have been exported to the United States for several marine mammal parks. whaling Dolphin drive hunting, also called dolphin drive fishing, is a method of Hunting Dolphins and occasionally other small Cetaceans by driving For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A marine mammal park (sometimes Oceanarium) is a commercial theme park or Aquarium where Marine mammals such as Dolphins Other countries are still importing dolphins from the Japanese drive hunts, for example China and Taiwan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. ^[57]

The downside to breeding the animals in captivity is that thousands of them are placed on "surplus lists", and sold to circuses, animal merchants, auctions, pet owners, and game farms. The San Jose Mercury News conducted a two-year study that suggested of the 19,361 mammals who left accredited zoos in the United States between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38 percent) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Zoos have advertised surplus animals in the Animal Finders' Guide, a newsletter in which the owners of hunting ranches post notices of sales and auctions. ^[58] Animals who breed frequently, such as deer, tiger, and lions may be killed for their meat. Deputy director of Nuremberg Zoo, Germany, said: "If we cannot find good homes for the animals, we kill them and use them as feed. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. "^[59] Other animals may be sold to smaller zoos with poor conditions. PETA cites the example of Edith, a chimpanzee found in a concrete pit in a roadside zoo called the Amarillo Wildlife Refuge in Texas. She had been born in Saint Louis Zoo, but had been sold just after her third birthday, and for the next 37 years was passed around five other facilities before landing in the roadside zoo. The Saint Louis Zoological Park is a Zoo in Forest Park in St ^[60] It was alleged in March 2008 that hundreds of the Berlin Zoo's 23,000 animals are missing, amid allegations that they have been slaughtered, and that some tigers and leopards were sent to China to make drugs for traditional Chinese medicine. The Berlin Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest and internationally most well known zoo in Germany. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. ^[61]

Regulations

In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and others. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act, the Animal Welfare Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s An Animal Welfare Act has been legislated in various countries including the US to protect the welfare of animals Under United States Code Title 16 Chapter 7 Subchapter II the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 is the United States legislation implementing the convention between the U ^[62] Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA; previously American Zoo and Aquarium Association, and originally American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZA's standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited. ^[63]

In April 1999, the European Union introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for their licensing and inspection. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ^[64] Zoos are regulated in the United Kingdom by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into force in 1984. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior. ^[64]

Gallery

Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in a landscape immersion exhibit at Zurich Zoo, Switzerland	King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at Edinburgh Zoo	Main entrance of San Diego Zoo
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) at Lahore Zoo, Pakistan	A painting of the London Zoo in 1835. The Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) also known as the Amur tiger, Manchurian tiger, or Ussuri tiger, is a rare Subspecies An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic Zoo environment that gives visitors the sense they're actually in the animals' habitats The Zürich Zoologischer Garten ( Zürich Zoological Garden) is a Zoo located in Zürich in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The King Penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus) is the second largest species of Penguin at about 90 cm (3 ft tall and weighing 11 to 16 kg (24 to Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is a non-profit Zoological park located in Edinburgh, the capital city of The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park, San Diego, California is one of the largest most progressive Zoos in the world with over 4000 animals Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The Lahore Zoo in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, established in 1872, was once considered one of the largest zoos in Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ZSL London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific Zoo. It was opened in London on April 27 1828, and was originally intended to be used	Artists at the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes (Painting from 1902)
Indoor exhibit at Burgers' Zoo (Netherlands)	Bears (Ursus arctos) in at San Francisco Zoo	One of the rarest species in a zoo or public aquarium is the Amazon River Dolphin (picture from Duisburg Zoo)
Sea lions at the Melbourne Zoo. The Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes is a Zoo in Paris, France, belonging to the botanical garden Jardin des Plantes. Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest zoos in the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The San Francisco Zoo, housing more than 250 animal species is located in the southwestern corner of San Francisco California nestled between Lake Merced and The Duisburg Zoo (founded on May 12[[ 934]] is one of the largest zoological gardens in Germany The Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, commonly known as the Melbourne Zoo, contains more than 350 animal species from Australia and around the world	A jaguar statue in Rio de Janeiro's Zoological Garden	The old style elephant enclosure at Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Brazil)
Monkey islands at the São Paulo Zoo	Chimpanzee in Warsaw Zoo / June 2006. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. The Quinta da Boa Vista ( English: Park of the Nice View) is a public park of great historical importance in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The Warsaw Zoological Garden, known simply as the Warsaw Zoo (Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny w Warszawie is a scientific Zoo in Warsaw, Poland	This chimpanzee was born in the Saint Louis Zoo and passed to five other facilities before landing in a Texas roadside zoo 37 years later. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The Saint Louis Zoological Park is a Zoo in Forest Park in St [65]
A sick macaque in the Zigong People's Park Zoo, Sichuan, China. The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. [66]	The bear cages, one square meter in size, in Dalian zoo, Port Arthur, Liaoning Province, China, in 1997	Stereotypic behavior of an Asian Elephant at San Diego Zoo
The macaque enclosure at Zigong People's Park Zoo, Sichuan, China, shows that small and close cages are still in use

Notes

External links

• Zoos Worldwide Zoos, aquariums, animal sanctuaries and wildlife parks
• World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
• Asian Elephants at the Zoological Gardens Zoological Gardens keeping Asian Elephants

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