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The Zizhi Tongjian (traditional Chinese: 資治通鑒; simplified Chinese: 资治通鉴; pinyin: Zīzhì Tōngjiàn; Wade-Giles: Tzu-chih T'ung-chien; literally "Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government") was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Chinese Historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history. Emperor Yingzong of Song ordered Sima Guang and other scholars to begin compiling this universal history of China in 1065 CE and they presented it to his successor Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1084 CE. Emperor Yingzong ( February 16, 1032 &ndash January 25, 1067) was the fifth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. Life profession and works He was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng Shanxi to a wealthy family and obtained early success as a scholar and officer Emperor Shenzong ( May 25, 1048 &ndash April 1, 1085) was the sixth emperor of Song Dynasty China. It contains 294 volumes (巻) and about 3 million words (or Chinese characters). A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (

The book chronologically narrates the history of China from the Warring States period in 403 BCE to the beginning of the Song Dynasty in 959 CE. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the For the cars see Peugeot 403 and Bristol 403. For the HTTP status code, see HTTP 403. This article is about the year 959 For the automobile see Porsche 959. The major contributor of this work was Sima Guang, from collecting previously existence events and dates in Twenty-Four Histories, to drafting and publication. The Twenty-Four Histories ( is a collection of Chinese Historical books covering a period of history from 3000 BC to the Ming Dynasty in the

It changed a tradition dating back almost 1,000 years to the Shiji; standard Chinese dynastic histories (collectively the Twenty-Four Histories) primarily divided chapters between annals (紀) of rulers and biographies (傳) of offcials. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC In Chinese terms, the book changed the format of histories from biographical style (紀傳體) to chronological style (編年體), which is better suited for analysis and criticism. According to Wilkinson, "It had an enormous influence on later Chinese historical writing, either directly of through its many abbreviations, continuations, and adaptations. It remains an extraordinarily useful first reference for a quick and reliable coverage of events at a particular time. "[1]

Contents

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wilkinson (2000:499)

References

This article contains Chinese text. The Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD was a culturally-rich and sophisticated age for China. The Song Dynasty ( Chinese: 宋朝; Pinyin: Sòng cháo 960 - 1279) of China was a ruling Dynasty that controlled China proper Chinese literature extends back thousands of years from the earliest recorded dynastic court Archives to the mature fictional Novel that arose during the Ming Dynasty
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (

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