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Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ (Persian and Arabic: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع ) (c. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language 789—857), nicknamed Ziryab (Arabic زرياب, Kurdish Zorab, also means golden water in Persian language), was an Iranian (Persian[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] or Kurdish[10][11][12][13][14][15]) poet, musician, singer, fashion designer, trendsetter and strategist[16] at the Umayyad court in Córdoba in Spain. Events By Place Asia An uprising in Japan leads to a major defeat for Emperor Kammu, alongside a severe Drought and Events By Place Europe The Vikings raid Dorestad. Byzantine Empire Michael III The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Islamic poetry is poetry written by Muslims on the topic of Islam. Islamic music is Muslim religious Music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions Fashion design is the Applied art dedicated to Clothing and lifestyle Accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time A strategist is a person skilled in designing and planning action and policy to achieve a major or overall aim ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. According to some sources, he was a former slave, possibly a Zanj of Tanzanian descent. Zanj ( Arabic and Persian زنج "Land of the Blacks" was a name used by medieval Arab geographers to refer to both a certain portion of the Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The name "Ziryab" (Blackbird) was given to him for his dark complexion, eloquence, and melodious voice. [17] He first achieved notoriety at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, Iraq, his birth place, as a performer and student of the great musician and composer, Ishaq al-Mawsili. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Zyriab came originally from the Dasht-e Arzhan area of the Fars Province of Persia. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia [18]

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili. He had to leave Baghdad when his skills as a musician surpassed those of his teacher. He moved to Córdoba in southern Spain and was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd al-Rahman II of the Umayyad Dynasty (822-52). ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Contents

Career

According to a few sources, Zyriab was a liberated black slave from the Baghdad court of Haroun al-Rashid[1]. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Ziryab left Baghdad some time after the death of the Caliph al-Amîn in 813 and traveled first to Sham (Syria), then to Ifriqiyya (Tunisia), where he lived at the Aghlabid court of Ziyadat Allah (ruled 816-837). Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to Al-Andalus by the Umayyad prince, al-Hakam I. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, Abd ar-Rahman II, renewed his father's invitation. Events By Place Europe Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. Abd ar-Rahman II (عبد الرحمن الثاني ‎ (788-852 was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia) Ziryab settled in Córdoba, where he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him. In the 9th Century he introduced the New Year celebration based on the Iranian holiday Newroz to the courts of Andalusia in Spain and thence to Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Nowrūz ( /noruz/ ↔, (English New Day various local pronunciations and spellings) is the traditional Iranian New year Holiday celebrated Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area [19]

Music

Ziryab is said to have improved the 'ud by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Spain for generations. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the Andalusian music traditions of North Africa and the Middle East. Andalusian classical music (or Arabo-Andalusian music, moussiqua al-âla) is a style of Arabic music found across North Africa, though it evolved North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Zyriab is thought to have codified the disparate elements of Arab poetic traditions of qasidah, mwashah and zajal. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Qasida (also spelled qasidah) in Arabic: قصيدة, plural qasā'id, قــصــائـد; in Persian: قصیده Zajal ( Arabic: زجل) is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect (most notably in one of the many dialects of Arabic with ancient [2]

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Zyriab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of music. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. He was a great virtuoso on the 'ud and an amazing singer. A virtuoso (from Italian virtuoso, late Latin virtuosus, Latin virtus meaning skill manliness excellence is an individual Ziryab also introduced musical instruments—notably the Persian lute that became the Spanish guitar[17]—as well as passionate songs, tunes and dances of Persia and Mesopotamia that later, mixed with Gypsy influence, evolved into the famed Spanish flamenco. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Flamenco is a Spanish term that refers both to a musical genre known for its intricate rapid passages and a dance genre characterized by its audible footwork Ziryab established a music conservatory at the court of Abdel-Rahman at Cordoba. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. (The German scholarly book "Moorish Architecture" by Barrucand states that Ziryab also introduced good taste, fine court manners and even new hair cuts into Spain)

Fashion

Ziryab is said to have had a lasting influence on fashion, bringing styles from the Middle East to Al-Andaluz, including sophisticated styles of clothing based on seasonal and daily timings. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time In winter, for example, costumes were made essentially from warm cotton or wool items usually in dark colours and summer garments were made of cool and light costumes involving materials such as cotton, silk and flax in light and bright colours. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Brilliant colours for these clothes were produced in tanneries and dye works which the Muslim world perfected its production, for example, in 12th century Fes, Morocco, there were more than 86 tanneries and 116 dye works. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa [20]

In daily timing Ziryab suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henry Terrace, a French historian, commented on the fashion work of Ziryab; "He introduced winter and summer dresses, setting exactly the dates when each fashion was to be worn. He also added dresses of half season for intervals between seasons. Through him, the luxurious dress of the Orient was introduced in Spain. Under his influence a fashion industry was set up, producing coloured striped fabric and coats of transparent fabric, which is still found in Morocco today. ", though Terrace goes on to caution "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general, although historic legend attributes all these changes to Ziryab and his promoter, Abd-Al-Rahman II"[21]

Ziryab is known to have invented an early toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. Toothpaste is a Paste or Gel Dentifrice used to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of Teeth. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or [22] The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,[23] but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste. "[22] He also introduced under-arm deodorants and "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,"[24] as well as shaving for men. Deodorants are substances applied to the body particularly the Armpits mainly to reduce Body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of Perspiration. Haircut redirects here For the financial term see Haircut (finance.

Cuisine

He also "revolutionized the local cuisine," by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as asparagus, and by introducing the three-course meal, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of soup, the main course, and dessert. Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set Asparagus officinalis is a flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus from which the Vegetable known as asparagus is obtained Soup is a Food that is made by combining ingredients such as Meat and Vegetables in stock or hot/boiling Water, until the flavor Main Course is the Bee Gees ' eleventh album released in 1975 and their last album to be released by Atlantic Records in the U Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal usually consisting of sweet Food but sometimes of a strongly-flavored one such as some Cheeses The He also introduced the use of crystal as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal goblets. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating A drink, or beverage, is a Liquid specifically prepared for Human consumption A chalice (from Latin calix, cup borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell husk is a goblet intended to hold drink [24]

He was an arbiter of fashion and taste. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Ziryab's influence is felt to this day, especially in music and food. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Prior to his arrival in al-Andalus in 822, there had been no style in food presentation since the Roman Empire. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, much as remains the "traditional" style in the middle east to this day. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [25]

Ziryab changed that. He brought with him many dishes form his native Baghdad, introduced fine tablecloths and glassware instead of metal goblets, and developed a new order of service for the table. This "more elegant, better-bred and modern style" became established in al-Andalus, thence spread across the Pyrenees to Europe, and became the standard service we still use today. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Hence the banquet will be served according to the precepts of Ziryab, and so will differ from a the "traditional" style of serving one associates with Islamic food. A banquet is a large public meal or feast complete with main courses and desserts [26]

Legacy

Louie Provencal, the renowned historian of Spanish civilization says about Ziryab, "he was a genius and his influence in Spanish society of the time not only encompassed music but also all aspects of Society. ” Titus Burckhardt, the German historian of Islam writes, “he was a genius musical scholar and at the same time the one who brought Persian music to Spain and consequently to all of the western world. Titus Burckhardt, a German Swiss was born in Florence Italy in 1908 and died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1984 For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music He was able to replace the primitive ways of Arabs of that time with Persian elegance. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ”

Notes

  1. ^ A Literary History of the Arabs. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. p. 418
  2. ^ Persian and Turkish Loan-words in Malay. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. 1982. p. 80
  3. ^ Hispano Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology. James T. Monroe. Gorgias Press. 2004. p. 7
  4. ^ Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East. Sherifa Zuhur. 2001. p. 324
  5. ^ The Holy Sword: The Story of Islam from Muhammad to the Present. Robert Payne. 1961. p. 186
  6. ^ Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages. Paul Edward Szarmach. 1979. p. 55
  7. ^ The Story of the Moors in Spain. Stanley Lane-Poole, Arthur Gilman. p. 81
  8. ^ Shojaedin Shafa (شجاع الدین شفا) in his book Iran and Spain (ایران و اسپانیا) goes into detail about the fallacy of claims of Ziryab's "Arab origins". His argument can be found on p. 325-340 of his book. Farzad publications 2005 (نشر فرزاد). A copy of the book is located at the Perry-Castañeda Library at DS274 S523
  9. ^ Andalusian Feast
  10. ^ Ana Ruiz, page 53, Vibrant Andalusia: Moorish Culture in Southern Spain, Published 2007, Algora Publishing, ISBN 0875865399
  11. ^ Cello - Los Kurdos - Transoxiana 2
  12. ^ CULTURA | Flamenco y música kurda: un tronco común
  13. ^ La Gastronomia En Al-Andalus: Islam Y Al-Andalus
  14. ^ http://www.dipucadiz.es/Portada/cultura/dosorillas.pdf
  15. ^ La Orden Sufi Nematollahi / Sufismo
  16. ^ Andalusian Feast
  17. ^ a b Sertima, Ivan Van (1992), The Golden Age of the Moor, Transaction Publishers, p. The Perry-Castañeda Library ( PCL) is the main central Library of the University of Texas at Austin library system in Austin Texas. Transaction Publishers is a Publishing house that specializes in Social sciences books and journals since 1962 17, ISBN 1560005815 
  18. ^ Music | Iranian.com
  19. ^ Newroz Films
  20. ^ al-Hassani, Woodcok and Saoud (2004), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publisinhg, p. 38-39.
  21. ^ Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp. 52-53.
  22. ^ a b Sertima, Ivan Van (1992), The Golden Age of the Moor, Transaction Publishers, p. Transaction Publishers is a Publishing house that specializes in Social sciences books and journals since 1962 267, ISBN 1560005815 
  23. ^ Lebling Jr. , Robert W. (July-August 2003), “Flight of the Blackbird”, Saudi Aramco World: 24-33, <http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm>. Saudi Aramco World is a bi-monthly magazine published by Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved on 28 January 2008 
  24. ^ a b Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993
  25. ^ Andalusian Feast
  26. ^ Andalusian Feast

References

Other sources

Further reading

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