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30 copper ← zinc → gallium
-
↑
Zn
↓
Cd
General
Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30
Chemical series transition metals
Group, period, block 12, 4, d
Appearance bluish pale gray
Standard atomic weight 65.409(4) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic See also A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 14 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 57 g·cm−3
Melting point 692. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 68 K
(419. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 53 °C, 787. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 15 °F)
Boiling point 1180 K
(907 °C, 1665 °F)
Heat of fusion 7. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 32 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 123. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 6 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 0. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 39 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 610 670 750 852 990 (1185)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states +1(rare) +2
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 65 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st: 906. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 4 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1733. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 3 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3833 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 142 pm
Covalent radius 131 pm
Van der Waals radius 139 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 59. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 0 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 116 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 30. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 2 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (rolled) 3850 m·s−1
Young's modulus 108 GPa
Shear modulus 43 GPa
Bulk modulus 70 GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 25
Mohs hardness 2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness 412 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-66-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of zinc
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
64Zn 48. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally occurring Zinc ( Zn) is composed of the 5 stable Isotopes 64Zn 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn and 70Zn Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 6% 64Zn is stable with 34 neutrons
65Zn syn 244.26 d ε - 65Cu
γ 1. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 116 Days and 1157 days or 3 A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 1155 -
66Zn 27. 9% 66Zn is stable with 36 neutrons
67Zn 4. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 1% 67Zn is stable with 37 neutrons
68Zn 18. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 8% 68Zn is stable with 38 neutrons
69Zn syn 56. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 4 min β− 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 906 69Ga
70Zn 0. Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 6% 70Zn is stable with 40 neutrons
References
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Zinc (pronounced /ˈzɪŋk/, from German: Zink) is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton In nonscientific context it is sometimes called spelter. [1] Commercially pure zinc is known as Special High Grade, often abbreviated SHG, and is 99. 995% pure. [2]

Contents

Notable characteristics

Zinc is a moderately reactive bluish grey metal that tarnishes in moist air and burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs It reacts with acids, alkalis and other non-metals. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal If not completely pure, zinc reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. From 100 °C to 210 °C (212 °F to 410 °F) zinc metal is malleable and can easily be beaten into various shapes. Above 210 °C (410 °F), the metal becomes brittle and will be pulverized by beating. Zinc is nonmagnetic.

Applications

Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production

Popular misconceptions

The highly characteristic metal counters of traditional French bars are often referred to as zinc bars or vaguely zinc, but actually zinc has never been used for this purpose and the counters are actually made of an alloy of lead and tin. A bar is the counter at which drinks are mixed by a Bartender, mainly in Hotels Taverns and pubs. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A bar (also called a Pub or Tavern) is a business that serves drinks especially Alcoholic beverages such as beer liquor and mixed drinks for consumption Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50

History

Zinc
Zinc

The name of the metal zinc is unusual and, while vague in origin, was probably first used by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German chemist, who referred to the metal as "Zincum", in the 16th century. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, [4] These words in German apparently mean "tooth-like, pointed or jagged part" and, as zinc metallic crystals are needle-like, the derivation appears plausible.

In ancient India the production of zinc metal was very common. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Many mine sites of Zawar Mines, near Udaipur, Rajasthan, were active even during 1300–1000 BC. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the Charaka Samhita (300 BC). The Charaka Samhita Sutra is an ancient Indian Ayurvedic text on Internal medicine written by Charaka. The Rasaratna Samuccaya (800 AD) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. Rasaratna Samuccaya, also known as Rasaratna Samuchaya was the famous Scientific text written about 90 CE in India which gives elaborate description on various complex Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to 1400–1000 BC have been found in Israel and zinc objects with 87% zinc have been found in prehistoric Transylvania. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Because of the low boiling point and high chemical reactivity of this metal (isolated zinc would tend to go up the chimney rather than be captured), the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times.

The manufacture of brass was known to the Ebi by about 30 BC, using a technique where calamine and copper were heated together in a crucible. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC This article is about calamine in mineralogy For calamine used in calamine lotion see Calamine, for other uses of the word see Calamine (disambiguation. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The zinc oxides in calamine were reduced, and the free zinc metal was trapped by the copper, forming an alloy. Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has The resulting calamine brass was either cast or hammered into shape. Calamine brass is Brass produced by a particular Alloying technique using calamine, a zinc Ore, rather than metallic zinc

Smelting and extraction of impure forms of zinc was accomplished around 1200 AD in India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [4] China did not learn of the technique until 17th Century AD. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [4] In the West, impure zinc as a remnant in melting ovens was known since antiquity, but usually discarded as worthless. Strabo mentions it as pseudo-arguros — "mock silver". The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul, probably made from such zinc remnants. The Berne Zinc tablet (also Gobannus tablet) was found in the 1980s in Berne. For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day

Pure zinc in the West

The metallurgist Andreas Libavius received in 1597 a quantity of zinc metal in its pure form, which was unknown in the West before then. Andreas Libavius (1555 &ndash July 25, 1616) was a German doctor and Chemist. Libavius called it Indian/Malabar lead. It was regularly imported to Europe from the orient in the 17th and first half of the 18th century,[4] but was at times very expensive.

The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people:

In 1758, William's brother, John, developed a new process for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide for use in the retort process. Calcination (also referred to as calcining) is a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a Thermal decomposition Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] Prior to this only calamine could be used to produce zinc. This process was then used into the 20th century. In 1798, Johann Ruberg built the first horizontal retort smelter in Upper Silesia. This was much more fuel efficient and less labor intensive than the vertical retort process. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processes more. [4]

Biological role

Foods and spices that contain the essential mineral zinc
Foods and spices that contain the essential mineral zinc

Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3,000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups, one type of which is the so-called zinc finger. A prosthetic group is a non-protein (non- Amino acid) component of a Conjugated protein that is important in the protein's biological activity A zinc finger is a large superfamily of Protein domains that can bind to DNA. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Zinc ions are now considered to be neurotransmitters. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine use zinc signalling. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists [8]

Zinc is also involved in olfaction: the olfactory receptors contain zinc binding sites and a deficiency in zinc causes anosmia. Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell. Olfactory receptors expressed in the Cell membranes of Olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of Odor molecules Anosmia is the lack of Olfaction, or an absence of the ability to smell

Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of Enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of Carbon dioxide to Bicarbonate Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. It is also required in plants for leaf formation, the synthesis of indole acetic acid (auxin) and anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation). [9]

Food sources

Zinc is found in oysters, and to a far lesser degree in most animal proteins, beans, nuts, almonds, whole grains, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds. [10] A turkey's neck and beef's chuck or shank also contain good amounts of zinc. A turkey is either of two extant Species of large Birds in the Genus Meleagris native to North America. Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Phytates, which are found in whole grain breads, cereals, legumes and other products, have been known to decrease zinc absorption. IP6 redirects here For the Internet Protocol see IPv6 Phytic acid (known as Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6, or Clinical studies have found that zinc, combined with antioxidants, may delay progression of age-related macular degeneration. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Macular degeneration is a medical condition usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the Macula) because [11] Significant dietary intake of zinc has also recently been shown to impede the onset of flu. [12] Soil conservation analyzes the vegetative uptake of naturally occurring zinc in many soil types. Soil conservation is set of management strategies for prevention of Soil being eroded from the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse

The (US) recommended dietary allowance of zinc from puberty on is 11mg for males and 8mg for females, with higher amounts recommended during pregnancy and lactation. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient

Zinc deficiency

Main article: Zinc deficiency

Zinc deficiency is typically the result of inadequate dietary intake of zinc, disease states that promote zinc losses, or physiological states that require increased zinc. Zinc deficiency is a condition where insufficient Zinc is available for metabolic needs Populations that consume primarily plant based diets that are low in bioavailable zinc often have zinc deficiencies [13] [14] Diseases or conditions that involve intestinal malabsorption promote zinc losses. Fecal losses of zinc caused by diarrhea are one contributing factor [15], often common in developing countries. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties Changes in intestinal tract absorbability and permeability due, in part, to viral, protozoal, and bacteria pathogens may also encourage fecal losses of zinc [16]. Physiological states that require increased zinc include periods of growth in infants and children as well as in mothers during pregnancy [17].

Signs of zinc deficiency include hair loss, skin lesions, diarrhea, and wasting of body tissues. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Eyesight, taste,[18][19][20][21][22] smell and memory are also connected with zinc. A deficiency in zinc can cause malfunctions of these organs and functions. Congenital abnormalities causing zinc deficiency may lead to a disease called Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive Metabolic disorder affecting the uptake of Zinc, characterized by periorificial (around Conservative estimates suggest that 25% of the world's population is at risk of zinc deficiency. [23]

Zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea prevalence and mortality in children <5 years of age. [24]

Zinc deficiency during pregnancy can negatively affect both the mother and fetus. Animal studies indicate that maternal zinc deficiency can upset both the sequencing and efficiency of the birth process. An increased incidence of difficult and prolonged labor, hemorrhage, uterine dystocia and placental abruption has been documented in zinc deficient animals [25]. Dystocia ( Antonym eutocia) is an abnormal or difficult Childbirth or labour These effects may be mediated by the defective functioning of estrogen via the estrogen receptor, which contains a zinc finger protein [25]. A review of pregnancy outcomes in women with acrodermatitis enteropathica, reported that out of every seven pregnancies, there was one abortion and two malfunctions, suggesting the human fetus is also susceptible to the teratogenic effects of severe zinc deficiency. However, a review on zinc supplementation trials during pregnancy did not report a significant effect of zinc supplementation on neonatal survival [25].

Cognitive and motor function may also be impaired in zinc deficient children. Zinc deficiency can interfere with many organ systems especially when it occurs during a time of rapid growth and development when nutritional needs are high, such as during infancy [26]. In animal studies, rats who were deprived of zinc during early fetal development exhibited increased emotionality, poor memory, and abnormal response to stress which interfered with performance in learning situations [27]. Animal Studies is a recently recognized field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways Zinc deprivation in monkeys showed that zinc deficient animals were emotionally less mature, and also had cognitive deficits indicated by their difficulty in retaining previously learned problems and in learning new problems [27]. Human observational studies show weaker results. Low maternal zinc status has been associated with less attention during the neonatal period and worse motor functioning. [28] In some studies, supplementation has been associated with motor development in very low birth weight infants and more vigorous and functional activity in infants and toddlers. Birth weight is the weight of a baby at its birth. It has direct links with the Gestational age at which the child was born and can be estimated [28]

It is rarely recognised that lack of zinc can contribute to acne. Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle Leukonychia, white spots on the fingernails, are often seen as an indication of zinc deficiency. Leukonychia (or Leuconychia) is a medical term for white discoloration appearing on nails.

High dose of zinc, 30 mg 1-3 times a day, prevents dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea (or dysmenorrhoea) is a medical condition characterized by severe Uterine Pain during Menstruation. [29]

Plasma zinc levels have been found to be dependent upon vitamins A and D. This suggests that a Vitamin A or D deficiency could cause a secondary zinc deficiency. And that for treatment of zinc deficiency one should ensure adequate vitamin A and D intake. [30]

Zinc deficiency as a cause of anorexia nervosa

Main article: Anorexia nervosa

Zinc deficiency causes a decrease in appetite -- which could degenerate in anorexia nervosa (AN). Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Appetite disorders, in turn, cause malnutrition and, notably, inadequate zinc intake. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Anorexia itself is a cause of zinc defiency, thus leading to a vicious cycle: the worsening of anorexia worsens the zinc defiency. The use of zinc in the treatment of anorexia nervosa has been advocated since 1979 by Bakan. At least 15 trials showed that zinc improved weight gain in anorexia. A 1994 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed that zinc (14 mg per day) doubled the rate of body mass increase in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). Deficiency of other nutrients such as tyrosine and tryptophan (precursors of the monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively), as well as vitamin B1 (thiamine) could contribute to this phenomenon of malnutrition-induced malnutrition. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an Essential amino acid in the Human diet Monoamine neurotransmitters are Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators that contain one Amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 [31]

Zinc toxicity

Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms. The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this A recent example showed 6 micromolar killing 93% of all Daphnia in water. Daphnia are small Planktonic Crustaceans between.2 and 5  mm in length [32]

The free zinc ion is also a powerful Lewis acid up to the point of being corrosive. Stomach acid contains hydrochloric acid, in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive zinc chloride. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates Swallowing a post 1982 American one cent piece (97. The United States one-cent coin is a unit of Currency equaling one one-hundredth of a United States dollar. 5% zinc) can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach. [33] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of US pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is Anemia due to Hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of Red blood cells (RBCs either in the Blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis [34] In pet parrots zinc is highly toxic and poisoning can often be fatal[35].

There is evidence of induced copper deficiency at low intakes of 100–300 mg Zn/d. The USDA RDA is 15 mg Zn/d. Even lower levels, closer to the RDA, may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or to adversely affect cholesterol. [36].

Immune system

See also: Zinc gluconate

Zinc salts are effective against pathogens in direct application. Zinc gluconate is the Zinc salt of Gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two moles of gluconate for each mole of zinc A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious Gastroenteritis is strongly attenuated by ingestion of zinc, and this effect could be due to direct antimicrobial action of the zinc ions in the GI tract, or to absorption of the zinc and re-release from immune cells (all granulocytes secrete zinc), or both. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the Granulocytes are a category of White blood cells characterised by [37][38]

In clinical trials, both zinc gluconate and zinc gluconate glycine (the formulation used in lozenges) have been shown to shorten the duration of symptoms of the common cold. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices [39] The amount of glycine can vary from two to twenty moles per mole of zinc gluconate.

It should be known that there have been clinical trials that both support the use of zinc for the common cold, and are inconclusive of its effectiveness. All clinical trials have their critics, including the dosage amount used, and the highly subjective format of patient self-reporting the results of their trials. [40]

Abundance

See also: Zinc minerals

Zinc is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon The most heavily mined ores (sphalerite) tend to contain roughly 10% iron as well as 40–50% zinc. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Minerals from which zinc is extracted include sphalerite (zinc sulfide), smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), and franklinite (a zinc spinel). Sphalerite (( Zn, Fe) S) is a Mineral that is the chief Ore of Zinc. Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is Zinc Carbonate Zn[[carbon C]] O 3 a mineral ore of zinc Hemimorphite, is a sorosilicate Mineral which has been mined from days of old from the upper parts of Zinc and Lead Ores chiefly The spinels are any of a class of Minerals of general formulation XY2 O 4 which Crystallize in the cubic (isometric

The earth has been estimated to have 46 years supply of zinc. [41] A chemist estimated in 2007 that at the current rate of usage, the world's supply of zinc would be exhausted by about the year 2037. [42]

Zinc mining and processing

Zinc output in 2005
Zinc output in 2005
Main article: Zinc smelting

There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being China, Australia and Peru. Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates (ores China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. In 2005, China produced almost one-fourth of the global zinc output, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental Mines and refineries in Europe include Umicore in Belgium, Tara, Galmoy and Lisheen in Ireland and Zinkgruvan in Sweden. The Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK is a Belgian mining company once operating in Katanga, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Hill of Tara ( Irish Teamhair na Rí, "Hill of the Kings" located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Zinkgruvan is a small village located in Askersund Municipality, Örebro County in mid Sweden close to Sweden's second largest lake Vättern "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Extractive Metallurgy is the practice of extracting Metal from Ore, purifying it and recycling it

Alloys

The most widely used alloy of zinc is brass, in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 9% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass, along with much smaller amounts of lead and tin. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting. Die casting is the process of forcing molten Metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies Spin casting or Centrifugal Rubber Mold Casting ( CRMC) is a method of utilizing Centrifugal force to produce castings from a rubber mold An example of this is zinc aluminium. Zinc-aluminium alloys more commonly referred to as ZA are named as such because the main constituents are Zinc and Aluminium. Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications where ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. [43]

Compounds

See also: Zinc compounds

Zinc oxide is perhaps the best known and most widely used zinc compound, as it makes a good base for white pigments in paint. Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs It also finds industrial use in the rubber industry, and is sold as opaque sunscreen. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's A variety of other zinc compounds find use industrially, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory. Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates Zinc pyrithione is a coordination complex of Zinc. This colourless solid is used as an Antifungal and Antibacterial agent Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis) is due to the excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the Scalp. Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] Diethylzinc (C2H52Zn or DEZ is an Organozinc compound composed of zinc bonded to two Ethyl groups Roughly one quarter of all zinc output is consumed in the form of zinc compounds.

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of zinc

Naturally occurring zinc is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48. Naturally occurring Zinc ( Zn) is composed of the 5 stable Isotopes 64Zn 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn and 70Zn Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 6% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 26 days, and 72Zn with a half-life of 46. 5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 4 meta states. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies

Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A cobalt bomb, a type of salted bomb is a Nuclear weapon originally proposed by physicist Leó Szilárd, who suggested that it would be capable of destroying A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn-65 with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 2. Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific Isotopes of a Chemical element by removing other isotopes for example separating Natural uranium 27 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

Precautions

Metallic zinc is not considered to be toxic, but free zinc ions in solution (like copper or iron ions) are highly toxic. There is also a condition called zinc shakes or zinc chills (see metal fume fever) that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Metal fume fever is illness caused primarily by exposure to certain metal fumes Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Excessive intake of zinc can promote deficiency in other dietary minerals. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and

References

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  43. ^ Samans, Carl H. : Engineering Metals and their Alloys MacMillan 1949

External links

Dictionary

zinc

-noun

  1. a chemical element (symbol Zn) with an atomic number of 30.

-verb

  1. (rare) To electroplate with zinc.
  2. (rare) To coat with sunblock incorporating zinc oxide.
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