| Zhuyin | |
|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese: | 注音符號 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 注音符号 |
| Bopomofo: | ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ |
| Literal meaning: | Symbols for Annotating Sounds |
| Zhuyin fuhao | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Alphabet with some features of a syllabary | |
| Spoken languages | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Time period | 1913 to the present, now used as ruby characters | |
| Parent systems | Chinese characters Zhuyin fuhao |
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| ISO 15924 | Bopo | |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ruby characters are small annotative Glosses that can be placed above or to the right of a Chinese character when writing logographic languages such as A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
| History of the alphabet |
|---|
|
Middle Bronze Age 19 c. The Romanization of Chinese is the use of the Latin alphabet to write Chinese Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Chinese transcription of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO was the most used phonetic transcription of Chinese in the French speaking world until the middle Gwoyeu Romatzyh (literally "National Romanization " abbreviated GR, is a system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR can be divided into its treatment of initials finals and tones GR uses contrasting unvoiced/voiced Latinxua Sin Wenz ( also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz, Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz, Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz or Latinxua Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式 abbreviated MPS II is a Romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China ( Taiwan Chinese Postal Map Romanization ( Traditional Chinese: 郵政式拼音 Simplified Chinese: 邮政式拼音 Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì Pīnyīn refers to the Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. Legge romanization is a Transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, used by the prolific 19th century sinologist James Legge. Simplified Wade is a modification of the Wade-Giles Romanization system for writing Mandarin Chinese. Below is a table from pinyininfo which compares the different Romanizations of Standard Mandarin. Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese The Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation ( not an official name is the more or less consistent way for romanising Cantonese Proper nouns Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK The Meyer-Wempe Romanization system was developed by two Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernhard F Sidney Lau is a system of romanisation for Standard Cantonese, developed by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese For Cantonese romanisation scheme derived by S L Wong see S L For Cantonese transcription scheme derived by S L Wong see S L Standard Cantonese Pinyin ( is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Yu Bingzhao (余秉昭 in 1971, and subsequently modified Standard Romanization is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Christian missionaries in South China in 1888 The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. The Barnett-Chao (abbreviated here as B-C) system of romanization for writing Cantonese is based on the principles of the Gwoyeu Romatzyh system (abbreviated Northern Wu Romanization Scheme So called "Long-short" (长短音 because its use of assigning 2 vowel letters for long vowels and 1 vowel letter for short vowels (those syllables that The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese The Eastern Min language or Min Dong ( Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province Foochow Romanized, aka Bàng-uâ-cê ( BUC for short Chinese characters: 平話字 or Mei County ( Chinese 梅县 pinyin Méixiàn is a county in northeastern Guangdong province the People's Republic of China. Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian General Chinese (GC is a phonetic system invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations of all major Chinese dialects simultaneously This transcription is known as the Palladiy system and is the official Cyrillization of Chinese in Russia. Xiao'erjing or Xiao'erjin ( Xiao'erjing ar شِيَوْ عَر دٍ or in its shortened form Xiaojing ( is the practice of writing Sinitic languages The Romanisation of the Chinese language in Singapore is not dictated by a single policy nor is its policy implementation consistent as the local The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral BCE
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| Meroitic 3 c. The Meroitic script is an Alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Meroë / BCE |
| Ogham 4 c. Ogham (ogam ˈɔɣam Modern Irish or, English) is an Early Medieval Alphabet used primarily to represent the Old Irish language (and CE |
| Hangul 1443 CE |
| Canadian syllabics 1840 CE |
| Zhuyin 1913 CE |
| complete genealogy |
Zhuyin fuhao, often abbreviated zhuyin (or jhuyin), is a phonetic system for transcribing Chinese, especially Mandarin, for people learning to read, write or speak Mandarin. Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian Nearly all the segmental scripts (loosely " Alphabets " but see below for more precise terminology used around the globe appear to have derived from the Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan This phonemic alphabet is currently in wide use in the Republic of China on Taiwan (see Uses). The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Consisting of 37 letters and 4 tone marks, it is a comprehensive system that can transcribe all the possible sounds in Mandarin
Although called an alphabet, zhuyin has features of a syllabary as well. A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional Like an alphabet the consonant phonemes of syllable initals are represented by individual symbols. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics and Phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a Syllable that precedes the Syllable nucleus. These constitute 21 of zhuyin's 37 letters. However, like a syllabary the phonemes of the syllable finals are not; rather, each possible final (excluding the medial glide) is represented by its own symbol. In the study of Phonology in Linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a Syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda Thus, a final letter may represent a vowel, a vowel cluster, or the combination of a vowel and a consonant coda. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Phonology, a syllable coda comprises the Consonant sounds of a Syllable that follow the nucleus, which is usually a Vowel For example, luan is represented as ㄌㄨㄢ (l-u-an), where the last letter ㄢ represents the entire final -an. These finals constitute the other 16 letters of zhuyin.
In everyday speech, it is also known as bopomo or bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) after the first letters in the alphabet. In official documents, it is occasionally called the "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (國語注音符號第一式), abbreviated as the "MPS I" (注音一式); however, this official name is almost never used in English. Either chu-yin or the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (without the numeral suffix) is preferred in official translations. [1] [2] The Roman numeral serves to distinguish it from its lesser known counterpart, the MPS II, a romanization system invented around the same period but now defunct (c. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式 abbreviated MPS II is a Romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China ( Taiwan f. Romanization of Chinese in Taiwan).
Contents |
History
The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Woo Tsin-hang from 1912 to 1913, created a system called guoyin zimu (國音字母 "National Pronunciation Letters") or zhuyin zimu (註音字母 or 注音字母 "Sound-annotating Letters") which is based on Zhang Binglin's shorthands. The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (讀音統一會 Pinyin: Dúyīn Tǒngyī Huì was established in the Republic of China from 1912 to 1913 Woo Tsin-hang 1 ( ( March 25, 1865 - October 30, 1953) born Wu Tiao (吳朓 Wú Tiǎo with the courtesy name Chih-hui Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Life Zhang was born with the given name Xuecheng (學乘 in Yuhang, Zhejiang to a scholarly family For differences with the Zhang system, see Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation. The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (讀音統一會 Pinyin: Dúyīn Tǒngyī Huì was established in the Republic of China from 1912 to 1913 A draft was released on July 11, 1913 by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until November 23, 1918. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Zhuyin zimu was renamed zhuyin fuhao in April 1930. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The use of zhuyin continued after 1949 on Taiwan. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. In mainland China, zhuyin was superseded by the pinyin system promulgated by the People's Republic of China, although the pronunciation of words in standard dictionaries are sometimes given in both pinyin and zhuyin. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
Taiwan's Education Ministry has attempted for many years to phase out the use of zhuyin in favor of a system based on Latin characters (such as MPS II). However, this transition has been extremely slow due to the difficulty in teaching elementary school teachers a new Latin-based system.
Input method
Zhuyin can be used as an input method for Chinese characters. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( It is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without the user having to download or install any additional software. It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones.
On-screen translations
On-screen Chinese translation software can be used in several ways. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional For students learning Chinese, zhuyin is one way for them to learn how to pronounce Mandarin.
Compared to pinyin, zhuyin's more compact alphabet makes it easier for some students--without remembering special pronunciation rules. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Since the zhuyin characters are similar, and sometimes identical to, Chinese characters, students learning zhuyin are also making incremental steps to learn reading and writing Chinese. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (
Origin of the letters
There is no official document explaining the details of the origins of the zhuyin letters, but many of them are apparent if one understands some basic Chinese characters. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The zhuyin letters are mainly variant ancient Chinese characters or simplifications thereof, the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents, and most if not all Bopomofo signs have one or more encoded CJK counterparts. CJK is a collective term for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which constitute the main East Asian languages.
For example:
- ㄝ (e) ← 也 (yě); cp. ancient Seal form
- ㄞ (ai) ← 𠀅 (hài); ancient form of 亥
- ㄟ (ei) ← 乁 (yí) [not 飞 (fēi)]
- ㄉ (d) ← 刀 (dāo)
- ㄌ (l) ← 力 (lì)
- ㄘ (c) ← 𠀁 (cī, now pronounced qī); ancient form of 七; '7'
- ㄅ (b) ← 勹 (bāo); ancient form of 包
- ㄨ (u) ← 㐅 (wǔ); ancient form of 五
- ㄓ (zh) ← 㞢 (zhī); ancient form of 之
- ㄋ (n) ← 乃 (nǎi)
- ㄒ (x) ← 丅 (xià); ancient form of 下
- ㄙ (s) ← 厶 (sī); ancient form of 私
- ㄜ (o) ← 𠀀 (hā); the sound made by breathing in; oh![3]
Some are virtually identical to Chinese characters in common use, for example:
- 一 (i) ← 一 (yī)
- ㄚ (a) ← 丫 (yā)
- ㄠ (ao) ← 幺 (yāo)
- ㄦ (er) ← 儿 (ér); modern simplified and ancient form
Many are nearly entirely identical to radicals with the same sounds, for example:
- ㄆ (p) ← 攵 (pū)
- ㄇ (m) ← 冖 (mì)
- ㄈ (f) ← 匚 (fāng)
- ㄎ (k) ← 丂 (kǎo)
- ㄏ (h) ← 厂 (hǎn)
- ㄗ (z) ← 卩 (zié, now pronounced jié)
- ㄕ (sh) ← 尸 (shī)
- ㄤ (ang) ← 尢 (wāng)
- ㄩ (ü) ← 凵 (qū)
- ㄡ (ou) ← 又 (yòu)
- ㄖ (r) ← 日 (rì)
- ㄔ (chi) ← 彳 (chì)
The zhuyin characters usually are represented in typographic fonts as if drawn with an ink brush (as in Regular Script). This disambiguation page differentiates the various historical uses of the term radical in the context of Chinese characters In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises The regular script or standard script, or in Chinese kaishu ( and Japanese kaisho, also commonly known as standard regular They are encoded in Unicode in the Bopomofo block, in the range U+3105. . U+312D, including the 3 dialect (non-Mandarin) letters at the last four through last second, and the apical vowel ㄭ at the end.
Uses
These phonetic symbols sometimes appear as ruby characters printed next to the Chinese characters in young children's books, and in editions of classical texts (which frequently use characters that are uncommon in modern writing). Ruby characters are small annotative Glosses that can be placed above or to the right of a Chinese character when writing logographic languages such as A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together In advertisements, these phonetic symbols are sometimes used to write certain particles (e. g. , ㄉ instead of 的); other than this, one seldom sees these letters used in mass media adult publications except as a pronunciation guide (or index system) in dictionary entries. A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed Words in a specific language with definitions etymologies pronunciations and other information or a book of alphabetically Bopomofo letters are also mapped to the ordinary Latin character keyboard (1 = bo, q = po, a = mo, and so forth) used in one method for inputting Chinese text when using a computer. Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or
Unlike pinyin, the sole purpose for zhuyin in elementary education is to teach Standard Mandarin pronunciation to children. Grade one textbooks of all subjects (including Mandarin) are entirely in zhuyin. After that year, Chinese character texts are given in annotated form. Around grade four, presence of zhuyin annotation is greatly reduced, remaining only in the new character section. Schoolchildren learn the letters so that they can decode pronunciations given in a Chinese dictionary, and also so that they can find how to write words for which they know only the sounds. Chinese dictionaries date back over two millennia to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a significantly longer Lexicographical history than any other language
Pinyin, on the other hand, is dual-purpose. Besides being a pronunciation notation, pinyin is used widely in publications in mainland China. Some books from mainland China are published purely in pinyin with not even a single Chinese character. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Those books are targeted to minority tribal groups or Westerners who know spoken Mandarin but have not yet learned written Chinese characters. Ethnic minorities in China refer to the non- Han Chinese population in Mainland China and Taiwan. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (
Zhuyin is also used to write some of the aboriginal languages of Taiwan, such as Atayal [2], Seediq [3], Paiwan [4], or Tao [5]. The Atayal language is spoken by the Atayal people of Taiwan Squliq and C’uli’ (which includes the well-documented Mayrinax are two major dialects Seediq is an Austronesian language spoken in the mountains of Northern Taiwan, also known as Truku. Paiwan is a native Language of Taiwan, spoken by the Paiwan people, one tribe of the Taiwanese aborigines. The Tao ( commonly known by the misnomer Yami (雅美 are a Taiwanese aboriginal people native to tiny outlying Orchid Island in Taiwan. For these it is a primary writing system, not an ancillary system as it is for Chinese.
For non-native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, zhuyin can be useful as a learning tool. Because it does not use romanization, confusion over "Latin alphabet" sounds and "Chinese" sounds is not an issue. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or As well zhuyin's formation of initials and finals to form syllables is more straightforward than pinyin's. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use However, for one not familiar with zhuyin, it can be more difficult to first understand the proper pronunciations. With its own keyboard layout, it is also less easily used to enter Chinese by people using a standard Latin-based keyboard.
It is also the basis for Chinese Braille. Chinese braille ( literally "Current Braille" is a Braille system for the Chinese language, especially in People's Republic of China.
Writing
Zhuyin letters are written like Chinese characters, including the general order of strokes and positioning. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( They are always placed to the right of the Chinese characters, whether the characters are arranged vertically or horizontally. Technically, these are Ruby characters. Ruby characters are small annotative Glosses that can be placed above or to the right of a Chinese character when writing logographic languages such as Very rarely do they appear on top of Chinese characters when written horizontally as furigana would be written above kanji in a Japanese text. is a Japanese reading aid consisting of smaller Kana printed next to a Kanji or other character to indicate its Pronunciation. Because a syllable block contains usually two or three zhuyin letters (which themselves fit in a square format) stacked on top of each other, the blocks are rectangular.
The tone marks are similar to the later developed pinyin tone symbols, except that the natural tone (5th tone) is denoted with a black dot (natural dot), while pinyin does not carry any accent mark. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The neutral dot is the only mark to be placed on top of the vertical zhuyin syllable block; the remaining three are in a vertical strip to the right of the character.
The tone marks are sometimes given in Regular Script style, matching the associated Chinese characters, and have the same basic shape as do those of the pinyin tone symbols. However, they vary in detail. The thickened end of zhuyin's second (rising) tone is always at the lower left, whereas the second tone mark in the pinyin system is a straight line of uniform width. The third tone mark displays the greatest variation.
Zhuyin's tone symbolization was used in the ROC-sponsored romanizations created by the Mandarin Promotion Council. The National Languages Committee, formerly Mandarin Promotion Council ( was established by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China (Taiwan with the purpose The tone symbols in that system were identical with the zhuyin tone symbols, except that they were not in Regular Style calligraphy, but in a Western font face and so resemble the tone symbols used in pinyin.
Most zhuyin letters are written in the same stroke order as Chinese characters. However, because they are an alphabet, some are written faster. For example, both zh (ㄓ) and r (ㄖ) are written in three strokes. (
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)
Zhuyin vs. tongyong pinyin & Hanyu pinyin
Zhuyin and pinyin are based on the same Mandarin pronunciations, hence there is a mostly 1-to-1 mapping between the two systems. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use In the table below, the 'zhuyin' and 'pinyin' columns show equivalency.
- 【】represents the form used in combination with other letters.
A comparison between pinyin and zhuyin for Standard Mandarin can also be done by comparing the transcription of various syllables at Comparison of Chinese Phonetic Systems. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Below is a table from pinyininfo which compares the different Romanizations of Standard Mandarin.
| Initials | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhuyin | Tongyong Pinyin | Hanyu Pinyin | Wade-Giles | Example(Zhuyin, Pinyin) |
| ㄅ | b | b | p | 八 (ㄅㄚ, bā) |
| ㄆ | p | p | p' | 杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá) |
| ㄇ | m | m | m | 馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ) |
| ㄈ | f | f | f | 法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ) |
| ㄉ | d | d | t | 地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì) |
| ㄊ | t | t | t' | 提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí) |
| ㄋ | n | n | n | 你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ) |
| ㄌ | l | l | l | 利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì) |
| ㄍ | g | g | k | 告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào) |
| ㄎ | k | k | k' | 考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo) |
| ㄏ | h | h | h | 好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo) |
| ㄐ | j | j | ch | 叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào) |
| ㄑ | c | q | ch' | 巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo) |
| ㄒ | s | x | hs | 小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo) |
| ㄓ | jhih 【jh】 | zhi 【zh】 | chih 【ch】 | 主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ) |
| ㄔ | chih 【ch】 | chi 【ch】 | ch'ih 【ch'】 | 出 (ㄔㄨ, chū) |
| ㄕ | shih 【sh】 | shi 【sh】 | shih 【sh】 | 束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù) |
| ㄖ | rih 【r】 | ri 【r】 | jih 【j】 | 入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù) |
| ㄗ | zih 【z】 | zi 【z】 | tzû 【ts】 | 在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài) |
| ㄘ | cih 【c】 | ci 【c】 | tz'û 【ts'】 | 才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái) |
| ㄙ | sih 【s】 | si 【s】 | ssû 【s】 | 塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi) |
| Finals | ||||
| Zhuyin | Tongyong Pinyin | Hanyu Pinyin | Wade-Giles | Example(Zhuyin, Hanyu) |
| ㄚ | a | a | a | 大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà) |
| ㄛ | o | o | o | 多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō) |
| ㄜ | e | e | e | 得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé) |
| ㄝ | e | ê | eh | 爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē) |
| ㄞ | ai | ai | ai | 晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài) |
| ㄟ | ei | ei | ei | 誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi) |
| ㄠ | ao | ao | ao | 少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo) |
| ㄡ | ou | ou | ou | 收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu) |
| ㄢ | an | an | an | 山 (ㄕㄢ, shān) |
| ㄣ | en | en | en | 申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn) |
| ㄤ | ang | ang | ang | 上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng) |
| ㄥ | eng | eng | eng | 生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng) |
| ㄦ | er | er | erh | 而 (ㄦˊ, ér) |
| ㄧ | yi 【i】 | yi 【i】 | yi 【i】 | 逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì) |
| yin 【in】 | yin 【in】 | yin 【in】 | 音 (ㄧㄣ, yīn) | |
| ying 【ing】 | ying 【ing】 | ying 【ing】 | 英 (ㄧㄥ, yīng) | |
| ㄨ | wu 【u】 | wu 【u】 | wu 【u】 | 努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ) |
| wun 【un】 | wen 【un】 | wen 【un】 | 文 (ㄨㄣˊ, wén) | |
| wong 【ong】 | weng 【ong】 | ng 【ung】 | 翁 (ㄨㄥ, wēng) | |
| ㄩ | yu 【u, yu】 | yu 【u, ü】 | yü 【ü】 | 女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ) |
| yun 【un, yun】 | yun 【un】 | yün 【ün】 | 韻 (ㄩㄣˋ, yūn) | |
| yong | yong 【iong】 | yung 【iung】 | 永 (ㄩㄥˇ, yǒng) | |
Another comparison table
| IPA | ɑ | ɔ | ɤ | aɪ | eɪ | ɑʊ | ɤʊ | an | ən | ɑŋ | ɤŋ | ɑɻ | ʊŋ | i | iɛ | iɤʊ | iɛn | iɪn | jiŋ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | a | o | e | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | er | ong | yi | ye | you | yan | yin | ying |
| Tongyong Pinyin | a | o | e | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | er | ong | yi | ye | you | yan | yin | ying |
| Wade-Giles | a | o | o/ê | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | ên | ang | êng | êrh | ung | i | yeh | yu | yen | yin | ying |
| Zhuyin | ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄜ | ㄞ | ㄟ | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ | ㄦ | ㄨㄥ | ㄧ | ㄧㄝ | ㄧㄡ | ㄧㄢ | ㄧㄣ | ㄧㄥ |
| example | 阿 | 哦 | 俄 | 艾 | 黑 | 凹 | 偶 | 安 | 恩 | 昂 | 冷 | 二 | 中 | 一 | 也 | 又 | 言 | 音 | 英 |
| IPA | u | uɔ | ueɪ | uan | uən | uʊn | uɤŋ | uʊŋ | y | yɛ | yɛn | yn | iʊŋ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | wu | wo | wei | wan | wen | weng | yu | yue | yuan | yun | yong | ||
| Tongyong Pinyin | wu | wo | wei | wan | wun | wong | yu | yue | yuan | yun | yong | ||
| Wade-Giles | wu | wo | wei | wan | wên | wêng | yü | yüeh | yüan | yün | yung | ||
| Zhuyin | ㄨ | ㄨㄛ | ㄨㄟ | ㄨㄢ | ㄨㄣ | ㄨㄥ | ㄩ | ㄩㄝ | ㄩㄢ | ㄩㄣ | ㄩㄥ | ||
| example | 五 | 我 | 位 | 完 | 文 | 翁 | 玉 | 月 | 元 | 云 | 用 | ||
| IPA | p | pʰ | m | fəŋ | fʊŋ | tiou | tuei | tʰ | ny | ly | kəɻ | kʰ | xə |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | b | p | m | feng | diu | dui | t | nü | lü | ger | k | he | |
| Tongyong Pinyin | b | p | m | fong | diou | duei | t | nyu | lyu | ger | k | he | |
| Wade-Giles | p | p' | m | fêng | tiu | tui | t' | nü | lü | kêrh | k' | ho | |
| Zhuyin | ㄅ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄈㄥ | ㄉㄧㄡ | ㄉㄨㄟ | ㄊ | ㄋㄩ | ㄌㄩ | ㄍㄜㄦ | ㄎ | ㄏㄜ | |
| example | 玻 | 婆 | 末 | 封 | 丟 | 兌 | 特 | 女 | 旅 | 歌儿 | 可 | 何 | |
| IPA | tɕiɛn | tɕyʊŋ | tɕʰɪn | ɕyɛn | ʈʂə | ʈʂɚ | ʈʂʰə | ʈʂʰɚ | ʂə | ʂɚ | ʐə | ʐɚ | tsə | tsuɔ | tsɨ | tsʰə | tsʰɨ | sə | sɨ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | jian | jiong | qin | xuan | zhe | zhi | che | chi | she | shi | re | ri | ze | zuo | zi | ce | ci | se | si |
| Tongyong Pinyin | jian | jyong | cin | syuan | jhe | jhih | che | chih | she | shih | re | rih | ze | zuo | zih | ce | cih | se | sih |
| Wade-Giles | chien | chiung | ch'in | hsüan | chê | chih | ch'ê | ch'ih | shê | shih | jê | jih | tsê | tso | tzŭ | ts'ê | tz'ŭ | sê | szŭ |
| Zhuyin | ㄐㄧㄢ | ㄐㄩㄥ | ㄑㄧㄣ | ㄒㄩㄢ | ㄓㄜ | ㄓ | ㄔㄜ | ㄔ | ㄕㄜ | ㄕ | ㄖㄜ | ㄖ | ㄗㄜ | ㄗㄨㄛ | ㄗ | ㄘㄜ | ㄘ | ㄙㄜ | ㄙ |
| example | 件 | 窘 | 秦 | 宣 | 哲 | 之 | 扯 | 赤 | 社 | 是 | 惹 | 日 | 仄 | 左 | 字 | 策 | 次 | 色 | 斯 |
| IPA | ma˥˥ | ma˧˥ | ma˨˩˦ | ma˥˩ | ma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinyin | mā | má | mǎ | mà | ma |
| Tongyong Pinyin | ma | má | mǎ | mà | må |
| Wade-Giles | ma1 | ma2 | ma3 | ma4 | ma0 |
| Zhuyin | ㄇㄚ | ㄇㄚˊ | ㄇㄚˇ | ㄇㄚˋ | ㄇㄚ・ |
| example (traditional/simplfied) | 媽/妈 | 麻/麻 | 馬/马 | 罵/骂 | 媽媽/妈妈 |
Chinese dialects and languages other than Standard Mandarin
Three letters formerly used in non-standard dialects of Mandarin are now also used to write other Chinese lannguages as well. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tongyong pinyin ( was the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) between 2002 and 2008 Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin (Some zhuyin fonts do not contain these letters; see External links for PDF pictures. )
| Char | Name |
|---|---|
| 万 | V |
| 兀 | Ng |
| 广 | Gn |
In addition, diacritics were used to create new letters for Min-nan and Hakka. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects
| Char | Name | Char | Name | Char | Name | Char | Name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ㆠ | Bu | ㆦ | Oo | ㆬ | Im | ㆲ | Ong | |||
| ㆡ | Zi | ㆧ | Onn | ㆭ | Ngg | ㆳ | Innn | |||
| ㆢ | Ji | ㆨ | Ir | ㆮ | Ainn | ㆴ | Final P | |||
| ㆣ | Gu | ㆩ | Ann | ㆯ | Aunn | ㆵ | Final T | |||
| ㆤ | Ee | ㆪ | Inn | ㆰ | Am | ㆶ | Final K | |||
| ㆥ | Enn | ㆫ | Unn | ㆱ | Om | ㆷ | Final H |
See also
- Furigana
- Zhuyin table
- Chinese language
- Mandarin (linguistics)
- Standard Mandarin
- Pinyin
- Chinese input methods for computers
- Ruby character
References
- ^ The Republic of China government, Government Information Office. is a Japanese reading aid consisting of smaller Kana printed next to a Kanji or other character to indicate its Pronunciation. This bopomofo table is a complete listing of all Zhuyin/Bopomofo syllables used in Standard Mandarin. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or Ruby characters are small annotative Glosses that can be placed above or to the right of a Chinese character when writing logographic languages such as Taiwan Yearbook 2006: The People & Languages. “Also available at [1]”
- ^ Taiwan Headlines. Taiwan Headlines:. The Republic of China government.
- ^ Unihan data for U+ 20000.
External links
- Unicode reference glyphs for bopomofoPDF (69. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's 6 KB) & extended bopomofoPDF (61. 6 KB)
- Mandarin Dictionary (need Chinese font for Big5 encoding)
- Chinese Romanization Converter - Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems. Big-5 or Big5 is a character encoding method used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau for Traditional Chinese characters
- Zhuyin -> Wade-Giles -> Pinyin -> Word List
- NPA->IPA National Phonetic Alphabet (zhuyin fuhao) spellings of words transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet (The vowel values have been verified against the official IPA site. See [6] )
- Zhuyin Fuhao to Hanyu Pinyin converter and reverse
- zhuyin fuhao syllable chart, with Hanyu Pinyin equivalents
- Pinyin Annotator Add zhuyin (bopomofo) or pinyin on top of any Chinese text. Prompts alternative pronunciations to homonyms. Has the option of exporting into OpenOffice Writer for further editing.
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