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This article is about the orbital carrier rocket, for the sounding rocket, see Zenit sounding rocket. In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. For other uses see Zenit (disambiguation. Zenit is the name for a Sounding rocket developed in Switzerland.
For other uses, see Zenit (disambiguation).
Zenit
Zenit-2 rocket (Baikonur, 10 December 2001)
Zenit-2 rocket (Baikonur, 10 December 2001)
Fact sheet
Function Medium expendable Carrier rocket
Manufacturer Yuzhnoye Design Bureau
Country of origin Soviet Union (Ukraine)
Size
Height 57-59. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Державне конструкторське бюро «Південне» ім The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 6 m (187-195 ft)
Diameter 3. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit 9 m (12. 7 ft)
Mass 444,900 -462,200 kg (1,011,700 - 1,038,000 lb lb)
Stages 2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO Zenit 2 - 13,740 kg (30,290lb)
Payload to
SSO		 Zenit 2 - 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Payload to
GTO		 Zenit 3SL - 5,250 kg (11,570 lb)
Launch History
Status Active
Launch sites LC-45, Baikonur Cosmodrome
Ocean Odyssey
Total launches 66
37 Zenit 2
27 Zenit 3SL
1 Zenit 2M
1 Zenit 3SLB
Successes 56
31 Zenit 2
24 Zenit 3SL
1 Zenit 2M
Failures 8
6 Zenit 2
2 Zenit 3SL
Partial failures 2
1 Zenit 3SL
1 Zenit 3SLB[1]
Maiden flight Zenit 2: 13 April 1985
Zenit 3SL: 28 March 1999
Zenit 2M: 29 June 2007
Zenit 3SLB: 28 April 2008
First Stage - Zenit
Engines 1 RD-171
Thrust 8. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass In military aircraft or space exploration the payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or space ship including as Cargo, Munitions scientific instruments A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The RD-170 is the world's most powerful multi-nozzle multi-chamber liquid Bipropellant rocket engine 18 MN (1,839,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 337 sec
Burn time 150 seconds
Fuel RP-1/LOX
Second Stage
Engines 1 RD-120, 1RD-8
Thrust 912 kN/79,5 kN (205,025 lbf)
Specific impulse 349 sec
Burn time 315 seconds
Fuel RP-1/LOX
Third Stage (Zenit-3SL/3SLB) - Block DM-SL
Engines 1 RD-58M
Thrust 84. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used The RD-8 engine was developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau for the second stage of the Zenit rocket. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used Block D ( Блок Д in Russian is the upper stage of USSR / Russia heavy Expendable launch systems used for the N1 rocket, Proton 9 kN (19,091 lbf)
Specific impulse 352 sec
Burn time 650 seconds
Fuel RP-1/LOX

The Zenit rocket (Ukrainian: Зеніт, Russian: Зени́т; meaning Zenith) is a space launch vehicle designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau of Ukraine. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Державне конструкторське бюро «Південне» ім Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Zenit was built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone rocket. A Liquid Rocket Booster ( LRB) is similar to a Solid rocket booster (SRB attached to the side of a Rocket to give it extra lift at takeoff The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed Moreover Zenit was planned to take over manned spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were abandoned after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Soyuz launch vehicle (Western designation A-2 is an Expendable launch system manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara Russia. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Zenits are launched from Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and by the Sea Launch consortium's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean. The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The engines of the Zenit's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket are supplied by Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Since the Zenit is not built in Russia, it is planned to be replaced in that service by the new and yet unflown Angara rocket, although Russia does still use the Zenit. The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit There are plans to use an improved Zenit-3SLB rocket for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning in April 2008. This service is marketed as "Land Launch. "

Zenit-3SL has launched 25 times with 22 successes, 2 failures, and 1 partial success as of January 2007. The first failure, of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications, occurred on the second commercial launch on March 12, 2000 and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket. Hughes Aircraft Company was a major aerospace and defense company founded by Howard Hughes. ICO Global Communications (Holdings Limited is a mobile satellite services company based in Reston Virginia. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The second failure occurred on January 30, 2007 when the rocket exploded on the Ocean Odyssey launch platform, seconds after engine ignition. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The NSS-8 communication satellite onboard was destroyed. See also Sea Launch 2007 in spaceflight

In the study entitled The Military Use of Space: A Diagnostic Assessment (csbaonline. org for copies), data compiled by Greg Lucas and Charles Murphy in Appendix 4 of the study shows that among the 16 launchers surveyed, the Zenit 2 is currently the lowest cost vehicle for achieving LEO in terms of payload weight per launch ($1167-1667 per pound), and one of the lowest in terms of total costs per launch ($35-$50 million). [1]

Contents

Specifications

Overview

Zenit-2 Zenit-3SL
Stages 2 3
Total length 57 m 59. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 6 m
Total empty mass 37,600 kg 40,320 kg
Total gross mass 444,900 kg 462,200 kg
Payload 13. 74 tonne to LEO ≈6 tonne to GTO
Launch site Baikonur Cosmodrome Sea Launch ocean platform
Launches 21 (6 failed) as of 2004-06-10 23 (2 failed, 1 partial success)
as of 2007-01-30
Success ratio 71. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 4% 91. 3%
Price per launch ~$45 million ~$90 million

Payload capacities

Two stage version (Zenit-2)

Payload to LEO 13,740 kg
Payload to PEO 5,000 kg
Payload to GEO Not designed for GEO

Three stage version (Zenit-3SL)

Payload to LEO 6,100 kg, 3rd stage structural limitation
Payload to MEO 3,965 kg (10,000 km, 45°)
Payload to GEO 1,840 kg
Payload to GTO 5,250 kg (upgraded to 6,000+ kg)

Production

The first and the second stages of the Zenit were designed by Yuzhnoye and are manufactured by Yuzhmash. In military aircraft or space exploration the payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or space ship including as Cargo, Munitions scientific instruments A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km A polar orbit is an Orbit in which a Satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's Medium Earth Orbit (MEO, sometimes called Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO is the region of space around the Earth above low Earth orbit ( and below Geostationary orbit A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit The AM Makarov Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant, or PA Yuzhmash (Виробниче Об'єднання Південний Машинобудівний Завод імені А [2]

Variants

Zenit 2

The Zenit 2 was the first Zenit to be designed for use as an orbital carrier rocket. It consists of two stages. The first uses an RD-171 engine, and an RD-120 engine powers the second stage. The RD-170 is the world's most powerful multi-nozzle multi-chamber liquid Bipropellant rocket engine It first flew on 13 April 1985, two years before the Energia, due to delays relating to the Energia's development. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar)

Energia booster

Main article: Energia

The Zenit first stage was used as a strap-on booster rocket for the Energia carrier rocket. The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed Four Zenit first stages were attached to the core vehicle to produce extra thrust at lift-off, in the same way that Solid Rocket Boosters are used on the US Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs are the pair of large solid rockets used by the Space Shuttle during the first two minutes of powered flight NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States Energia made two flights before the programme was abandoned.

Zenit-3SL

Zenit-3SL is a three stage carrier rocket developed for and used by the Sea Launch consortium. In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space.

It combines:[3]

Rockets used by Sea Launch are assembled in Long Beach, California. Long Beach is a city located in southern California, USA, on the Pacific coast Launches occur from the Ocean Odyssey offshore launch platform, situated at the equator. Ocean Odyssey is also used to transport rockets to the launch site. The 25th launch of a Zenit-3SL occurred on January 15, 2008. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [2]

Zenit 2M and 2SLB

Zenit 2M is a new version of the Zenit 2 with an upgraded control system and modernized engines. [4] The first Zenit 2M was launched on June 29, 2007, carrying a classified Russian military Cosmos satellite. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the Cosmos 1 solar sail &mdash not part of this series &mdash see Cosmos 1. The Zenit-2SLB designation applies to commercial launches through the Land Launch subsidiary of Sea Launch, which began satellite launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2008. Land Launch is a subsidiary of Sea Launch, which conducts commercial launches of Zenit rockets from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром

Zenit 2M/Fregat

The Zenit-2M/Fregat is a 3-stage derivative of the Zenit-2M, using a Fregat upper stage, as already used on the Soyuz, to propel spacecraft to higher orbits. Fregat is a is a type of rocket stage developed by NPO Lavochkin in the 1990s The Soyuz launch vehicle (Western designation A-2 is an Expendable launch system manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara Russia. It is scheduled to make its maiden flight in late 2008, with the Elektro-L-1 spacecraft for the Russian government. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

A Zenit-2SB with a Fregat-2CB upper stage will be used for the launch of RadioAstron, a 5,000-kilogram (11,000 lb) space telescope with a planned perigee of 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) and an apogee of 390,000 kilometres (240,000 mi). RadioAstron is a planned space Radio telescope. It is funded by the Russian Space Research Institute, and is expected to be launched into Earth orbit A space observatory is any instrument in Outer space which is used for observation of distant planets galaxies and other outer space objects In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from [5]

Zenit 3M and 3SLB

The Zenit-3M is a Zenit-2M with the Block-DM upper stage used on the Zenit-3SL. Block D ( Блок Д in Russian is the upper stage of USSR / Russia heavy Expendable launch systems used for the N1 rocket, Proton It is launched from Baikonur. The maiden flight was launched on 28 April 2008. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Land Launch commercially market the Zenit-3M under the designation Zenit 3SLB. Land Launch is a subsidiary of Sea Launch, which conducts commercial launches of Zenit rockets from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

References

  1. ^ Израиль корит Роскосмос за невыполненные обязательства (Russian). Izvestia (2008-05-06). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
  2. ^ a b Sea Launch: the Twenty-Fifth Launch of Zenit-3SL. Yuzhnoye (2008-01-21). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
  3. ^ Sea Launch Receives Zenit-3SL Hardware for Next Launches. Sea Launch.
  4. ^ Ukrainian Zenit rocket makes its return to flight. Spaceflight Now.
  5. ^ Spacecraft Design. Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute.

See also

National Space Agency of Ukraine

External links



The National Space Agency of Ukraine ( NSAU; Національне космічне агентство України Natsional'ne kosmichne ahentstvo Ukrayiny
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