Zbigniew Brzezinski
10th United States National Security Advisor
In office 1977 – 1981
President	Jimmy Carter
Preceded by	Brent Scowcroft
Succeeded by	Richard V. Allen
Born	March 28, 1928 (1928-03-28) (age 80) Warsaw, Poland
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	McGill University Harvard University

Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Polish: Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński, pronounced [ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski]) : (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman who served as United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Richard Vincent Allen (born 1936 was the United States National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1982 Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A Polish American is an American citizen of Polish descent There are an estimated 10 million Americans of Polish descent This is a list of notable political scientists See the List of political theorists for those who study politics without using the Scientific method. Geostrategy, a subfield of Geopolitics, is a type of Foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform constrain or affect political A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Known for his hawkish foreign policy at a time when the Democratic Party was increasingly dovish, he is a foreign policy realist and considered by some to be the Democrats' response to Republican realist Henry Kissinger. War Hawk is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Realism, also known as political realism, in the context of International relations, encompasses a variety of theories and approaches all of which share a belief Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 ^[1]

Major foreign policy events during his term of office included the normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China (and the severing of ties with the Republic of China), the signing of the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II), the brokering of the Camp David Accords, the transition of Iran to an anti-Western Islamic state, encouraging reform in Eastern Europe, emphasizing human rights in U. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, S. foreign policy, the arming of the mujaheddin in Afghanistan^[2] to fight against the Soviet-friendly Afghan government and later to counter the Soviet invasion, and the signing of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties relinquishing U.S. control of the Panama Canal after 1999. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty) are two treaties signed by the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the

He is currently a professor of American foreign policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and a member of various boards and councils. The Center for Strategic and International Studies is a Washington D He appears frequently as an expert on the PBS program The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the For other uses see News Hour. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer is an evening Television News program broadcast

Biography

Early years

Zbigniew Brzezinski was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1928. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland His family had moved from Brzeżany in Galicia. Berezhany (Бережани Brzeżany is a City located in the Ternopil Oblast ( province) of western Ukraine. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, This town is given as the source of his surname. His father was Tadeusz Brzeziński, a Polish diplomat who was posted to Germany from 1931 to 1935; Zbigniew Brzezinski thus spent some of his earliest years witnessing the rise of the Nazis. Tadeusz Brzeziński ( February 21, 1896 &ndash January 7, 1990) was a Polish consular official and the father of President Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German From 1936 to 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to the Soviet Union during Stalin's Great Purge. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution

In 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In 1939, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was agreed to by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union; subsequently the two powers invaded Poland. The 1945 Yalta Conference between the Allies allotted Poland to the Soviet sphere of influence, meaning Brzezinski's family could not safely return to their country. The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose

Rising influence

After attending prep school in Montreal, ^[3] Brzezinski entered McGill University in 1945 to obtain both his BA and MA degrees (received in 1949 and 1950 respectively). Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec His Master's thesis focused on the various nationalities within the Soviet Union. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered ^[4] Brzezinski's plan for doing further studies in Great Britain in preparation for a diplomatic career in Canada fell through, principally because he was ruled ineligible for a scholarship he had won that was only open to persons with British subject status. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings Brzezinski then went on to attend Harvard University in the United States to work on a PhD, focusing on the Soviet Union and the relationship between the October Revolution, Lenin's state, and the actions of Stalin. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party He received his doctorate in 1953; the same year, he traveled to Munich and met Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, head of the Polish desk of Radio Free Europe. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (October 3 1914 Berlin – January 20 2005 Warsaw) was a Polish Journalist, Writer, Politician This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM He later collaborated with Carl J. Friedrich to develop the concept of "totalitarianism" and apply it to the Soviets in 1956. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private

As a Harvard professor he argued against Dwight Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles's policy of rollback, saying that antagonism would push Eastern Europe further toward the Soviets. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general John Foster Dulles ( February 25, 1888 &ndash May 24, 1959) served as U " Rollback " was a term used by American Foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Polish strike and Hungarian Revolution in 1956 lent some support to Brzezinski's idea that the fundamentally non-communist Eastern Europeans could gradually counter Soviet domination. In 1957, he visited Poland for the first time since he left as a child, and it reaffirmed his judgment that splits within the Eastern bloc were profound. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were

In 1958 he became a United States citizen, although he probably also continues to be considered a Polish citizen under Polish law. Despite his years of residence in Canada and the presence of family members there, he never became a Canadian citizen. Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada or birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen

In 1959 Brzezinski was not granted tenure at Harvard, and he moved to New York City to teach at Columbia University. The City of New York Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Here he wrote Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, which focused on Eastern Europe since the beginning of the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the He also became a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and attended meetings of the Bilderberg Group. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an unofficial annual invitation-only conference of around

During the 1960 presidential elections, Brzezinski was an advisor to the John F. Kennedy campaign, urging a non-antagonistic policy toward Eastern Europe. The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Seeing the Soviet Union as having entered a period of stagnation, both economic and political, Brzezinski predicted the breakup of the Soviet Union along lines of nationality (expanding on his master's thesis). ^[4]

Brzezinski continued to argue for and support detente for the next few years, publishing "Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe" in Foreign Affairs,^[5] and supporting non-antagonistic policies after the Cuban Missile Crisis. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. Such policies might disabuse Eastern European nations of their fear of an aggressive Germany and pacify Western Europeans fearful of a superpower condominium along the lines of Yalta. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe '

In 1964, Brzezinski supported Lyndon Johnson's presidential campaign and the Great Society and civil rights policies, while on the other hand he saw Soviet leadership as having been purged of any creativity following the ousting of Khrushchev. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Through Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, Brzezinski met with Adam Michnik, the future Polish Solidarity activist. Adam Michnik (born October 17 1946 Warsaw, Poland) is the editor-in-chief of Gazeta Wyborcza, where he sometimes writes under the pen-names of

Brzezinski continued to support engagement with Eastern Europe, while warning against De Gaulle's vision of a "Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye " He also supported intervention in Vietnam to counter Chinese leader Mao Zedong's claim that the United States was a paper tiger. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Paper tiger is a literal English translation of the Chinese phrase zhǐ lǎohǔ ( meaning something which seems as threatening as a From 1966 to 1968, Brzezinski served as a member of the Policy Planning Council of the U.S. Department of State (President Johnson's 7 October 1966 "Bridge Building" speech was a product of Brzezinski's influence). The Policy Planning Staff (sometimes referred to as the Policy Planning Council or by its inhouse acronym "S/P" is the chief strategic arm of the U Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar.

Events in Czechoslovakia further reinforced Brzezinski's criticisms of the right's aggressive stance toward Eastern Europe. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. His service to the Johnson administration, and his fact-finding trip to Vietnam made him an enemy of the New Left, despite his advocacy of de-escalation. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a

For the 1968 presidential campaign, Brzezinski was chairman of the Hubert Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving He advised Humphrey to break with several of President Johnson's policies, especially concerning Vietnam, the Middle East, and condominium with the USSR.

Brzezinski called for a pan-European conference, an idea that would eventually find fruition in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe. ^[6] Meanwhile he became a leading critic of both the Nixon-Kissinger detente condominium, as well as McGovern's pacifism. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 George Stanley McGovern ^[7]

In his 1970 piece Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era, Brzezinski argued that a coordinated policy among developed nations was necessary in order to counter global instability erupting from increasing economic inequality. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Out of this thesis, Brzezinski co-founded the Trilateral Commission with David Rockefeller, serving as director from 1973 to 1976. The Trilateral Commission is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation between America Europe and Japan David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch The Trilateral Commission is a group of prominent political and business leaders and academics primarily from the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Its purpose is to strengthen relations among the three most industrially advanced regions of the free world. For other uses of the word see Free world (disambiguation. The Free World is a Cold War -era term often applied to or used by non- Brzezinski selected Georgia governor Jimmy Carter as a member. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002

Government

Jimmy Carter standing with Zbigniew Brzezinski

Jimmy Carter announced his candidacy for the 1976 presidential campaign to a skeptical media and proclaimed himself an "eager student" of Brzezinski. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M Brzezinski became Carter's principal foreign policy advisor by late 1975. He became an outspoken critic of the Nixon-Kissinger over-reliance on detente, a situation preferred by the USSR, favoring the Helsinki process instead, which focused on human rights and peaceful engagement in Eastern Europe. The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, known as the Helsinki Final Act, Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration, was Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Carter beat Ford in foreign policy debates by contrasting the Trilateral vision with Ford's detente.

After his victory in 1976, Carter made Brzezinski National Security Advisor. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Earlier that year, major labor riots broke out in Poland, laying the foundations for Solidarity. Brzezinski began by emphasizing the "Basket III" human rights in the Helsinki Final Act, which inspired Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia shortly thereafter. Charter 77 ( Charta 77 in Czech and in Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in Czechoslovakia from 1977 to 1992 named after the document ^[8]

Brzezinski had a hand in writing parts of Carter's inaugural address, and this served his purpose of sending a positive message to Soviet dissidents. ^[9] The Soviet Union and Western European leaders both complained that this kind of rhetoric ran against the "code of detente" that Nixon and Kissinger had established. ^[10][11] Brzezinski ran up against members of his own Democratic Party who disagreed with this interpretation of detente, including Secretary of State Cyrus Vance. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State Vance argued for less emphasis on human rights in order to gain Soviet agreement to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), whereas Brzezinski favored doing both at the same time. Brzezinski then ordered Radio Free Europe transmitters to increase the power and area of their broadcasts, a provocative reversal of Nixon-Kissinger policies. This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM ^[12] West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt bitterly objected to Brzezinski's agenda, even calling for the removal of Radio Free Europe from German soil. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born 23 December 1918 is a German Social Democratic Politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany ^[13]

The State Department was alarmed by Brzezinski's support for East German dissidents and strongly objected to his suggestion that Carter's first overseas visit be to Poland. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state He visited Warsaw, met with Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski (against the strong objection of the U. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Stefan Wyszyński (3 August 1901 - 28 May 1981 was a Polish Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. S. Ambassador to Poland), recognizing the Roman Catholic Church as the legitimate opposition to Communist rule in Poland. ^[14]

By 1978, Brzezinski and Vance were more and more at odds over the direction of Carter's foreign policy. Vance sought to continue the style of detente engineered by Nixon-Kissinger, with a focus on arms control. Arms control is an umbrella term for restrictions upon the development production stockpiling Proliferation, and usage of Weapons especially Weapons of mass Brzezinski believed that detente emboldened the Soviets in Angola and the Middle East, and so he argued for increased military strength and an emphasis on human rights. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Vance, the State Department, and the media criticized Brzezinski publicly as seeking to revive the Cold War.

Brzezinski advised Carter in 1978 to engage the People's Republic of China and traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for the normalization of relations between the two countries. This also resulted in the severing of ties with the United States' longtime anti-Communist ally the Republic of China. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Also in 1978, Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyła was elected Pope John Paul II—an event which the Soviets believed Brzezinski orchestrated. Pope

1979 saw two major strategically important events: the overthrow of U. S. ally the Shah of Iran, and the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR. The Iranian Revolution precipitated the Iran hostage crisis, which would last for the rest of Carter's presidency. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Brzezinski anticipated (some have claimed ^[15] he even engineered) the Soviet invasion, and, with the support of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the PRC, he created a strategy to counter the Soviet advance. See below under "Major Policies - Afghanistan. "

Using this atmosphere of insecurity, Brzezinski led the U. S. toward a new arms buildup and the development of the Rapid Deployment Forces—policies that are both more generally associated with Ronald Reagan now. In 1977 a presidential directive called for a mobile force capable of responding to worldwide contingencies but to be established without diverting forces from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization In 1980, Brzezinski planned Operation Eagle Claw, which was meant to free the hostages in Iran using the newly created Delta Force and other Special Forces units. Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light) was a United States military operation to rescue the 53 hostages from the U For the computer game see Delta Force (video game. For the movie see The Delta Force (film. The mission was a failure and led to Secretary Vance's resignation.

Brzezinski was criticized widely in the press and became the least popular member of Carter's administration. Edward Kennedy challenged President Carter for the 1980 Democratic nomination, and at the convention Kennedy's delegates loudly booed Brzezinski. Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic The 1980 National Convention of the US Democratic Party nominated President Jimmy Carter for President and Vice President Walter Mondale Hurt by internal divisions within his party and a stagnant domestic economy, Carter lost the 1980 presidential election in a landslide. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan

Brzezinski, acting under a lame duck Carter presidency, but encouraged that Solidarity in Poland had vindicated his preference for engagement and evolution in Eastern Europe, took a hard-line stance against what seemed like an imminent Soviet invasion of Poland. He even made a midnight phone call to Pope John Paul II—whose visit to Poland in 1979 had foreshadowed the emergence of Solidarity—warning him in advance. The U. S. stance was a significant change from previous reactions to Soviet repression in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.

After power

Brzezinski left office concerned about the internal division within the Democratic party, arguing that the dovish McGovernite wing would send the Democrats into permanent minority.

He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as seemingly the only alternative to the Democrats' pacifism, but he also strongly criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms.

He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of Martial Law in Poland in 1981, and more so of Western European acquiescence to the imposition in the name of stability. Martial law in Poland (Stan wojenny w Polsce refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983 Brzezinski briefed Vice President George Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement.

In 1985, under the Reagan administration, Brzezinski served as a member of the President’s Chemical Warfare Commission. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. From 1987 to 1988, he worked on the NSC-Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy. The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government From 1987 to 1989 he also served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB is an advisor to the Executive Office of the President of the United States.

In 1988, Brzezinski was co-chairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force and endorsed Bush for president, breaking with the Democratic party (coincidentally hurting the career of his former student Madeleine Albright, who was Dukakis's foreign policy advisor). George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. Brzezinski published The Grand Failure the same year, predicting the failure of Gorbachev's reforms and the collapse of the Soviet Union in a few more decades. He said there were five possibilities for the Soviet Union: successful pluralization, protracted crisis, renewed stagnation, coup (KGB, Military), or the explicit collapse of the Communist regime. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 He called collapse "at this stage a much more remote possibility" than protracted crisis. He also predicted that the chance of some form of communism existing in the Soviet Union in 2017 was a little more than 50% and that when the end did come it would be "most likely turbulent". In the event, the Soviet system collapsed totally in 1991 following Moscow's crackdown on Lithuania's attempt to declare independence, the Nagorno-Karabakh War of the late 1980s, and scattered bloodshed in other republics. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic Enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh This was a less violent outcome than Brzezinski and other observers anticipated.

In 1989 the Communists failed to mobilize support in Poland, and Solidarity swept the general elections. Later the same year, Brzezinski toured Russia and visited a memorial to the Katyn Massacre. This served as an opportunity for him to ask the Soviet government to acknowledge the truth about the event, for which he received a standing ovation in the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National Ten days later, the Berlin Wall fell, and Soviet-supported governments in Eastern Europe began to totter. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including

Strobe Talbott, one of Brzezinski's long-time critics, conducted an interview with him for TIME magazine entitled "Vindication of a Hardliner. Nelson Strobridge "Strobe" Talbott III (born April 25, 1946 in Dayton Ohio to Jo & Bud Talbott) is an American journalist Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and "

In 1990 Brzezinski warned against post–Cold War euphoria. He publicly opposed the Gulf War, arguing that the U. S. would squander the international goodwill it had accumulated by defeating the Soviet Union and that it could trigger wide resentment throughout the Arab world. He expanded upon these views in his 1992 work Out of Control.

However, in 1993 Brzezinski was prominently critical of the Clinton administration's hesitation to intervene against Serbia in the Yugoslavian civil war. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and Wary of a move toward the reinvigoration of Russian power, Brzezinski negatively viewed the succession of former KGB agent Vladimir Putin to Boris Yeltsin. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 In this vein, he became one of the foremost advocates of NATO expansion. The North Atlantic Treaty

Post 9/11

After 9/11 Brzezinski was criticized for his role in the formation of the Afghan mujaheddin network, some of which would later form the Taliban and would shelter Al Qaeda camps. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or He asserted that blame rightfully ought to be laid at the feet of the Soviet Union, whose invasion he claimed radicalized the relatively stable Muslim society.

Brzezinski also became a leading critic of the Bush administration's "war on terror. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U " Some painted him as a neoconservative because of his links to Paul Wolfowitz and his 1997 book The Grand Chessboard. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U Brzezinski wrote The Choice in 2004 which expanded upon The Grand Chessboard but sharply criticized the Bush administration's foreign policy. He has defended the paper The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy (a condensed version used the title The Israel Lobby) is the title of a work by John Mearsheimer He has been outspoken in his criticism of the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent conduct of the war. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign

Brzezinski currently lives in the suburbs of Washington, D. C. He is married to internationally recognized sculptor Emilie Anna Benes (grandniece of Czechoslovakia’s former president Edvard Beneš) and has three children. Emilie Benes Brzezinski, born Emilie Anna Benes in 1932 in Geneva Switzerland, is an American Sculptor. Edvard Beneš ( pronounced) ( May 28 1884 Kožlany, Bohemia (then part of Austria-Hungary Ian served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO and is now a Principal at Booz Allen Hamilton. The North Atlantic Treaty Mark is a partner in McGuire Woods LLP, Washington, D. Mark Brzezinski (b 1965 a lawyer and foreign policy expert is the son of Polish-born former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and the grandson of Polish diplomat C. , and a foreign policy advisor to Barack Obama. His daughter Mika is a reporter who is currently the co-host and news reader on Morning Joe on MSNBC. Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (born May 2, 1967) is a television news journalist at MSNBC. Morning Joe is a Weekday Morning Talk show on MSNBC, hosted by Joe Scarborough with co-hosts Mika Brzezinski MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada.

United States presidential election 2008

Brzezinski is one of Senator Barack Obama's foreign policy advisers for the presidential campaign of 2008. The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive ^[16]

As National Security Advisor

Main article: History of the United States National Security Council 1977-1981

President Carter chose Zbigniew Brzezinski for the position of National Security Adviser (NSA) because he wanted an assertive intellectual at his side to provide him with day-to-day advice and guidance on foreign policy decisions. This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Carter Administration 1977-1981: President Carter's goals Jimmy Brzezinski would preside over a reorganized National Security Council (NSC) structure, fashioned to ensure that the NSA would be only one of many players in the foreign policy process.

Brzezinski's task was complicated by his (hawkish) focus on East-West relations in an administration where many cared a great deal about North-South relations and human rights.

Initially, Carter reduced the NSC staff by one-half and decreased the number of standing NSC committees from eight to two. All issues referred to the NSC were reviewed by one of the two new committees, either the Policy Review Committee (PRC) or the Special Coordinating Committee (SCC). The PRC focused on specific issues, and its chairmanship rotated. The SCC was always chaired by Brzezinski, a circumstance he had to negotiate with Carter to achieve. Carter believed that by making the NSA chairman of only one of the two committees, he would prevent the NSC from being the overwhelming influence on foreign policy decisions it was under Kissinger's chairmanship during the Nixon administration. The SCC was charged with considering issues that cut across several departments, including oversight of intelligence activities, arms control evaluation, and crisis management. Much of the SCC's time during the Carter years was spent on SALT issues.

The Council held few formal meetings, convening only 10 times, compared with 125 meetings during the 8 years of the Nixon and Ford administrations. Instead, Carter used frequent, informal meetings as a decision-making device, typically his Friday breakfasts, usually attended by the Vice President, the secretaries of State and Defense, Brzezinski, and the chief domestic adviser. No agendas were prepared and no formal records were kept of these meetings, sometimes resulting in differing interpretations of the decisions actually agreed upon. Brzezinski was careful, in managing his own weekly luncheons with secretaries Vance and Brown in preparation for NSC discussions, to maintain a complete set of notes. Brzezinski also sent weekly reports to the President on major foreign policy undertakings and problems, with recommendations for courses of action. President Carter enjoyed these reports and frequently annotated them with his own views. Brzezinski and the NSC used these Presidential notes (159 of them) as the basis for NSC actions.

From the beginning, Brzezinski made sure that the new NSC institutional relationships would assure him a major voice in the shaping of foreign policy. While he knew that Carter would not want him to be another Kissinger, Brzezinski also felt confident that the President did not want Secretary of State Vance to become another Dulles and would want his own input on key foreign policy decisions.

Brzezinski's power gradually expanded into the operational area during the Carter Presidency. He increasingly assumed the role of a Presidential emissary. In 1978, for example, Brzezinski traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for normalizing U.S.-PRC relations. Like Kissinger before him, Brzezinski maintained his own personal relationship with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin. Brzezinski had NSC staffers monitor State Department cable traffic through the Situation Room and call back to the State Department if the President preferred to revise or take issue with outgoing State Department instructions. He also appointed his own press spokesman, and his frequent press briefings and appearances on television interview shows made him a prominent public figure, although perhaps not nearly as much as Kissinger had been under Nixon.

The Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 significantly damaged the already tenuous relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. Vance felt that Brzezinski's linkage of SALT to other Soviet activities and the MX, together with the growing domestic criticisms in the United States of the SALT II Accord, convinced Brezhnev to decide on military intervention in Afghanistan. Brzezinski, however, later recounted that he advanced proposals to maintain Afghanistan's "independence" but was frustrated by the Department of State's opposition. An NSC working group on Afghanistan wrote several reports on the deteriorating situation in 1979, but President Carter ignored them until the Soviet intervention destroyed his illusions. Working Group can mean Working group, an interdisciplinary group of researchers or Working Group (dogs, kennel club designation for Only then did he decide to abandon SALT II ratification and pursue the anti-Soviet policies that Brzezinski proposed.

The Iranian revolution was the last straw for the disintegrating relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. As the upheaval developed, the two advanced fundamentally different positions. Brzezinski wanted to control the revolution and increasingly suggested military action to prevent Khomeini from coming to power, while Vance wanted to come to terms with the new Khomeini regime. As a consequence, Carter failed to develop a coherent approach to the Iranian situation. In the growing crisis atmosphere of 1979 and 1980 due to the Iranian hostage situation, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and a deepening economic crisis, Brzezinski's anti-Soviet views gained influence but could not end the Carter administration's malaise. Vance's resignation following the unsuccessful mission to rescue the American hostages in March 1980, undertaken over his objections, was the final result of the deep disagreement between Brzezinski and Vance.

Major policies

During the 1960s Brzezinski articulated the strategy of peaceful engagement for undermining the Soviet bloc and persuaded President Johnson, while serving on the State Department Policy Planning Council, to adopt in October 1966 peaceful engagement as U. S. strategy, placing detente ahead of German reunification and thus reversing prior U. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany S. priorities.

During the 1970s and 1980s, at the height of his political involvement, Brzezinski participated in the formation of the Trilateral Commission in order to more closely cement U. S. -Japanese-European relations. As the three most economically advanced sectors of the world, the people of the three regions could be brought together in cooperation that would give them a more cohesive stance against the communist threat.

While serving in the White House, Brzezinski emphasized the centrality of human rights as a means of placing the Soviet Union on the ideological defensive. With Jimmy Carter in Camp David I, he assisted in the attainment of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, He actively supported Polish Solidarity and the Afghan resistance to Soviet invasion, and provided covert support for national independence movements in the Soviet Union. He played a leading role in normalizing U. S. -PRC relations and in the development of joint strategic cooperation, cultivating a relationship with Deng Xiaoping, for which he is thought very highly of in mainland China to this day. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer

In the 1990s he formulated the strategic case for buttressing the independent statehood of Ukraine, partially as a means to ending a resurgence of the Russian Empire, and to drive Russia toward integration with the West, promoting instead "geopolitical pluralism" in the space of the former Soviet Union. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings He developed "a plan for Europe" urging the expansion of NATO, making the case for the expansion of NATO to the Baltic states. The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the He also served as U. S. Presidential emissary to Azerbaijan in order to promote the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a crude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Further, he led, together with Lane Kirkland, the effort to increase the endowment for the U. Joseph Lane Kirkland ( March 12 1922 &ndash August 14 1999) was a US labor union leader who served as President S. –sponsored Polish-American Freedom Foundation (info) from the proposed $112 million to an eventual total of well over $200 million.

He has consistently urged a U. S. leadership role in the world, based on established alliances, and warned against unilateralist policies that could destroy U. Unilateralism ("one+side -ism " is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action S. global credibility and precipitate U.S. global isolation. Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism

On February 2, 1979, Brzezinski wrote a memo to the president claiming that Islamic fundamentalism was not an imminent threat and would not gain prominence in the Middle East.

Afghanistan

Main article: Operation Cyclone

Zbigniew Brzezinski speaking with Pakistani officer holding an RPD

Brzezinski, known for his hardline policies on the Soviet Union, initiated in 1979 a campaign supporting mujaheddin in Pakistan and Afghanistan, which were run by Pakistani security services with financial support from the CIA and Britain's MI6. Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency program to arm the Afghan Mujahideen during the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The RPD is a 762 mm Light machine gun developed in the Soviet Union by Vasily Degtyaryov for the intermediate 7 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. This policy had the explicit aim of promoting radical Islamist and anti-Communist forces to overthrow the secular communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government in Afghanistan, which had been destabilized by coup attempts against Hafizullah Amin, the power struggle within the Soviet-supported parcham faction of the PDPA and a subsequent Soviet military intervention. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند PDPA was a Communist Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Hafizullah Amin ( حفيظ الله امين) ( August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan

Years later, in a 1997 CNN/National Security Archive interview, Brzezinski detailed the strategy taken by the Carter administration against the Soviets in 1979:

We immediately launched a twofold process when we heard that the Soviets had entered Afghanistan. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in The first involved direct reactions and sanctions focused on the Soviet Union, and both the State Department and the National Security Council prepared long lists of sanctions to be adopted, of steps to be taken to increase the international costs to the Soviet Union of their actions. International sanctions are actions taken by Countries against others for political reasons either Unilaterally or Multilaterally. And the second course of action led to my going to Pakistan a month or so after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, for the purpose of coordinating with the Pakistanis a joint response, the purpose of which would be to make the Soviets bleed for as much and as long as is possible; and we engaged in that effort in a collaborative sense with the Saudis, the Egyptians, the British, the Chinese, and we started providing weapons to the Mujaheddin, from various sources again—for example, some Soviet arms from the Egyptians and the Chinese. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National We even got Soviet arms from the Czechoslovak communist government, since it was obviously susceptible to material incentives; and at some point we started buying arms for the Mujaheddin from the Soviet army in Afghanistan, because that army was increasingly corrupt. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. ^[17]

Milt Bearden wrote in The Main Enemy that Brzezinski, in 1980, secured an agreement from the Saudi king to match American contributions to the Afghan effort dollar for dollar and that Bill Casey would keep that agreement going through the Reagan administration. Bill Casey can also refer to former CIA director William J Casey. ^[18]

In 1998, Brzezinski was interviewed by the French newspaper Nouvel Observateur on the topic of Afghanistan. Le Nouvel Observateur (often shorten to Le Nouvel Obs) is a weekly French Newsmagazine. He revealed that CIA support for the mujaheddin had started before the 1979 Soviet invasion, knowingly increasing the probability of a Soviet invasion. Brzezinski saw the invasion as an opportunity to embroil the Soviet Union in a bloody conflict comparable to America's experience in Vietnam. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He referred to this as the "Afghan Trap" and viewed the end of the Soviet empire as worth the cost of strengthening militant Islamic groups. ^[19]

In his 1997 book The Grand Chessboard, Brzezinski says that assistance to the Afghan resistance was a tactic designed to bog down the Soviet army while the United States built up a deterrent military force in the Persian Gulf to prevent Soviet political or military penetration farther south (see: the Carter Doctrine). The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January

In a footnote in his 2000 book The Geostrategic Triad, Brzezinski notes:

The full story of the productive U. S. -China cooperation directed against the Soviet Union (especially in regard to Afghanistan), initiated by the Carter Administration and continued under Reagan, still remains to be told.

A memo from Zbigniew Brzezinski to President Carter] on December 26, 1979, discusses the implications of a Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on U. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) S. foreign policy, especially regarding Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. ^[20]

Iran

The Iranian Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, meeting with Arthur Atherton, William H. Sullivan, Cyrus Vance, President Jimmy Carter, and Zbigniew Brzezinski, in 1977

Facing a revolution, the Shah of Iran sought help from the United States. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. William Healy Sullivan (born October 12, 1922) is a career United States Foreign Service officer and served as United States Ambassador to Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Iran occupied a strategic place in U. S. foreign policy toward the Middle East, acting as an island of stability and a buffer against Soviet penetration into the region. The Shah was pro-American, but domestically oppressive. The U. S. ambassador to Iran, William H. Sullivan, recalls that Brzezinski “repeatedly assured Pahlavi that the U. William Healy Sullivan (born October 12, 1922) is a career United States Foreign Service officer and served as United States Ambassador to S. backed him fully. " These reassurances would not, however, amount to substantive action on the part of the United States. On November 4, 1978, Brzezinski called the Shah to tell him that the United States would "back him to the hilt. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) " At the same time, certain high-level officials in the State Department decided that the Shah had to go, regardless of who replaced him. Brzezinski and Energy Secretary James Schlesinger (former Secretary of Defense under Ford) continued to advocate that the U. The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President S. support the Shah militarily. Even in the final days of the revolution, when the Shah was considered doomed no matter what the outcome of the revolution, Brzezinski still advocated a U. S. invasion to stabilize Iran. President Carter could not decide how to appropriately use force and opposed a U. S. coup. He ordered the aircraft carrier Constellation to the Indian Ocean but ultimately supported a regime change. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with History 1960–1969 Following fitting out and acceptance trials Constellation departed her home port of Norfolk Virginia, on 7 February The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface A deal was worked out with the Iranian generals to shift support to a moderate government, but this plan fell apart when Khomeini and his followers swept the country, taking power on February 12, 1979. Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

China

Deng Xiaoping and Zbigniew Brzezinski meeting in 1979

Shortly after taking office in 1977, President Carter again reaffirmed the United States' position of upholding the Shanghai Communique. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer The Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqué (1972 was an important diplomatic document The United States and People's Republic of China announced on December 15, 1978, that the two governments would establish diplomatic relations on January 1, 1979. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) This required the severing of relations with the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Consolidating U. S. gains in opening China was a major priority stressed by Brzezinski during his time as National Security Advisor.

The most important strategic aspect of the invigorated U. S. -Chinese relationship was in its effect on the Cold War. China was no longer considered part of a larger Sino-Soviet bloc but instead a third pole of power due to the Sino-Soviet Split, helping the United States to balance against Russia. The Sino-Soviet split was a gradual divergence of diplomatic ties between the People's Republic of China (PRC and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR A notable example, discussed above, is Chinese assistance in Brzezinski's efforts to draw Russia into a Vietnam-style conflict in Afghanistan. This strategy, initiated under Nixon and Kissinger, and consolidated under Carter and Brzezinski, is really the first instance of statesmen altering the world's polarity by design.

In the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations dated January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing. The Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations of January 1, 1979, established official relations between the United States and the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of The U. S. reiterated the Shanghai Communique's acknowledgment of the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China; Beijing acknowledged that the American people would continue to carry on commercial, cultural, and other unofficial contacts with the people of Taiwan. The Taiwan Relations Act made the necessary changes in U. The Taiwan Relations Act is an act of the United States Congress passed in 1979 after the establishment of relations with the People's Republic of S. domestic law to permit such unofficial relations with Taiwan to flourish.

In addition the severing relations with the ROC, the Carter administration also agreed to unilaterally pull out of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty (made with the ROC), pull out U. Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty was a treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China; it was signed on December 2 1954 and came into force S. military personnel from Taiwan, and gradually reduce arms sales to the ROC. There was widespread opposition in Congress, notably from Republicans, due to the Republic of China's status as an anti-Communist ally in the Cold War. In Goldwater v. Carter, Barry Goldwater made a failed attempt to stop Carter from terminating the mutual defense treaty. Goldwater v Carter, 444 US 996 ( 1979) was a United States Supreme Court case which was the result of a Lawsuit filed by Senator

Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping's January 1979 visit to Washington, D. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer C. , initiated a series of high-level exchanges, which continued until the spring of 1989. This resulted in many bilateral agreements, especially in the fields of scientific, technological, and cultural interchange and trade relations. Since early 1979, the United States and China have initiated hundreds of joint research projects and cooperative programs under the Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology, the largest bilateral program.

On March 1, 1979, the United States and People's Republic of China formally established embassies in Beijing and Washington. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) During 1979, outstanding private claims were resolved, and a bilateral trade agreement was concluded. Vice President Walter Mondale reciprocated Vice Premier Deng's visit with an August 1979 trip to China. __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party This visit led to agreements in September 1980 on maritime affairs, civil aviation links, and textile matters, as well as a bilateral consular convention.

As a consequence of high-level and working-level contacts initiated in 1980, U. S. dialogue with the PRC broadened to cover a wide range of issues, including global and regional strategic problems, political-military questions—including arms control—UN and other multilateral organization affairs, and international narcotics matters. Arms control is an umbrella term for restrictions upon the development production stockpiling Proliferation, and usage of Weapons especially Weapons of mass The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss

Nuclear weapons

Nuclear strategy

Presidential Directive 59, "Nuclear Employment Policy" (PDF), dramatically changed U. S. targeting of nuclear weapons aimed at the Soviet Union. Implemented with the aid of Defense Secretary Harold Brown, this directive officially set the U. S. on a countervailing strategy.

Cambodia

In 1981 Brzezinski revealed that he encouraged the Chinese to support Pol Pot. Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as This was part of a wider policy of forcing the Vietnamese out of Cambodia by funding anti-Vietnamese guerrilla groups that the U. S. helped create. ^[21] Between 1979 and 1981, the World Food Program, which was strongly under US influence, provides nearly $12 million in food aid to Thailand. Much of this aid makes its way to the Khmer Rouge. ^[22] In January 1980 the US started funding Pol Pot while he was in exile. The extent of this support was $85m from 1980 to 1986. ^[23] Brzezinski's support of the Khmer Rouge was a continuation of the friendly relations the US had with the Khmer Rouge during the presidency of Gerald Ford. Kissinger had already asked Thailand's foreign minister in 1975 to tell the Khmer Rouge that the US would be friends with them. ^[24] Brzezinski himself however denied that his administation helped China fund Pol Pot in a letter he sent to the New York Times in 1998. ^[25]

Arms control

See also: Arms Control

President Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty, 16 June 1979, in Washington D.C. Zbigniew Brzezinski is directly behind President Carter and is the only person smiling in the picture. Arms control is an umbrella term for restrictions upon the development production stockpiling Proliferation, and usage of Weapons especially Weapons of mass James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

Arab-Israeli peace

See also: Camp David Accords (1978)

President Jimmy Carter with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Cyrus Vance at Camp David in 1977

Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin engages Zbigniew Brzezinski in a game of chess at Camp David

^[26] NPR interview with Brzezinski on Camp David

On Oct 10, 2007 Brezezinski along with other influential signatories sent a letter to President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice titled 'Failure Risks Devastating Consequences'. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States The letter was partly an advice and a warning of the failure of an upcoming ^[27] US sponsored Middle East conference scheduled for Nov 2007 between Israelis and Palestinians. The letter also suggested to engage in "a genuine dialogue with Hamas" than to isolate it further. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة ^[28]

Poland, the Pope, and Solidarity

Ending détente

Presidential Directive 18 on U. S. National Security, signed early in Carter's term, signalled a fundamental reassessment of the value of détente, and set the U. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s S. on a course to quietly end the stability and accommodation associated with Kissinger's strategy. ^[29]

Academia

Brzezinski was on the faculty of Harvard University from 1953 to 1960, and of Columbia University from 1960 to 1989 where he headed the Institute on Communist Affairs. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. He is currently a professor of foreign policy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C.

As a scholar he has developed his thoughts over the years, fashioning fundamental theories on international relations and geostrategy. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales During the 1950s he worked on the theory of totalitarianism. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private His thought in the 1960s focused on wider Western understanding of disunity in the Soviet Bloc, as well as developing the thesis of intensified degeneration of the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the 1970s he propounded the proposition that the Soviet system was incapable of evolving beyond the industrial phase into the “technetronic” age.

By the 1980s, Brzezinski argued that the general crisis of the Soviet Union foreshadowed communism’s end. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based After the fall of the Soviet Union, he spent the 1990s warning that global discord may get out of control and formulating a geostrategy for U. S. global preponderance.

Geostrategy

Brzezinski laid out his most significant contribution to post–Cold War geostrategy in his 1997 book The Grand Chessboard. He defined four regions of Eurasia and in which ways the United States ought to design its policy toward each region in order to maintain its global primacy. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The four regions are:

• Europe, the Democratic Bridgehead
• Russia, the Black Hole
• The Caucasuses and Central Asia, the Eurasian Balkans
• East Asia, the Far Eastern Anchor

In his subsequent book, The Choice, Brzezinski updates his geostrategy in light of globalization, 9/11, and the intervening six years between the two books. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones

Public life

Brzezinski is a past member of the board of directors of Amnesty International, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Atlantic Council, and the National Endowment for Democracy. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at Atlantic Councils (also called Atlantic Associations, Atlantic Clubs, or Euro-Atlantic Councils) are non-profit, Non-governmental organizations The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a US Non-profit organization that was founded in 1983 to promote Democracy by providing cash

He was formerly a director of the Trilateral Commission (see ^[30]), now serving only on the executive committee, and was formerly a boardmember of Freedom House. The Trilateral Commission is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation between America Europe and Japan Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political

He is currently a trustee and counselor for the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a board member for the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus (see ^[31]), on the advisory board of America Abroad Media (see ^[32]), and on the advisory board of Partnership for a Secure America (see ^[33]). The Center for Strategic and International Studies is a Washington D The Partnership for a Secure America ( PSA) is a Non-profit organization is a policy center in the United States.

He is married to Czech-American sculptor Emilie Benes, with whom he has three children. Emilie Benes Brzezinski, born Emilie Anna Benes in 1932 in Geneva Switzerland, is an American Sculptor. His son, Mark Brzezinski (b. Mark Brzezinski (b 1965 a lawyer and foreign policy expert is the son of Polish-born former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and the grandson of Polish diplomat 1965), is a lawyer who served on President Clinton's National Security Council as an expert on Russia and Southeastern Europe. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. A National Security Council (NSC is usually an Executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief His daughter, Mika Brzezinski (b. Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (born May 2, 1967) is a television news journalist at MSNBC. 1967), is a television news journalist and a regular anchor on MSNBC. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar.

Bibliography

Major works by Brzezinski

• The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1956)
• Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, Harvard University Press (1967), ISBN 0-674-82545-4
• Between Two Ages : America's Role in the Technetronic Era, New York: Viking Press (1970), ISBN 0-313-23498-1
• Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981, New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux (March 1983), ISBN 0-374-23663-1
• Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the U. Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing. S. -Soviet Contest, Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press (June 1986), ISBN 0-87113-084-X
• Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1989), ISBN 0-02-030730-6
• Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century, New York: Collier (1993), ISBN 0-684-82636-4
• The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives, New York: Basic Books (October 1997), ISBN 0-465-02726-1, subsequently translated and published in nineteen languages
• The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership, Basic Books (March 2004), ISBN 0-465-00800-3
• Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower , Basic Books (March 2007), ISBN 0-465-00252-8

Other books and monographs

• Russo-Soviet Nationalism, M. The Grand Chessboard American Primacy And Its Geostrategic Imperatives (ISBN 0-465-02726-1 is one of the major works of Zbigniew Brzezinski, former United States Zbigniew Brzezinski was President Carter's National Security advisor andremains a scholar of American foreign policy as a professor atthe School of Advanced International A. Thesis, McGill University (1950)
• Political Control in the Soviet Army: A Study on Reports by Former Soviet Officers, New York, Research Program on the U. S. S. R (1954)
• with Carl J. Friedrich, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1956)
• Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics, New York: Praeger (1962)
• with Samuel Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR, New York: Viking Press (April 1963), ISBN 0-670-56318-8
• Alternative to Partition: For a Broader Conception of America's Role in Europe, Atlantic Policy Studies, New York: McGraw-Hill (1965)
• The Implications of Change for United States Foreign Policy, Department of State (1967)
• International Politics in the Technetronic Era, Sofia University Press (1971)
• The Fragile Blossom: Crisis and Change in Japan, New York: Harper and Row (1972), ISBN 0-06-010468-6
• with P. Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his " Clash of Civilizations Edward Haley, American Security in an Interdependent World, Rowman & Littlefield (September 1988), ISBN 0-8191-7084-4
• with Marin Strmecki, In Quest of National Security, Boulder: Westview Press (September 1988), ISBN 0-8133-0575-6
• The Soviet Political System: Transformation or Degeneration, Irvington Publishers (August 1993), ISBN 0-8290-3572-9
• with Paige Sullivan, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe (1996), ISBN 1-56324-637-6
• The Geostrategic Triad : Living with China, Europe, and Russia, Center for Strategic & International Studies (December 2000), ISBN 0-89206-384-X

Selected essays and reports

• with William E. Griffith, Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe, Foreign Affairs, XXXIX, 4 (July 1961)
• with David Owen, Michael Stewart, Carol Hansen, and Saburo Okita, Democracy Must Work: A Trilateral Agenda for the Decade, Trilateral Commission (June 1984), ISBN 0-8147-6161-5
• with Brent Scowcroft and Richard W. Murphy, Differentiated Containment: U. Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Richard William Murphy (b July 29, 1929, Boston Massachusetts) is an American diplomat S. Policy Toward Iran and Iraq, Council on Foreign Relations Press (July 1997), ISBN 0-87609-202-4
• U. S. Policy Toward Northeastern Europe: Report of an Independent Task Force, Council on Foreign Relations Press (July 1999), ISBN 0-87609-259-8
• with Anthony Lake, F. Anthony Lake (born April 2, 1939) is an American diplomat, political figure, and academic. Gregory, and III Gause, The United States and the Persian Gulf, Council on Foreign Relations Press (December 2001), ISBN 0-87609-291-1
• with Robert M. Gates, Iran: Time for a New Approach, Council on Foreign Relations Press (February 2003), ISBN 0-87609-345-4

See also

• Promethean project: a project directed at breaking up the Russian empire into its ethnic constituents, formulated by Polish statesman Józef Piłsudski. Prometheism ( Polish: " Prometeizm " was a political project initiated by Poland 's Józef Piłsudski. Compare above with Brzezinski's master's thesis and the aims of his policies in office.
• Jan Karski: influential Polish-American emigre professor of political science. Jan Karski ( 24 June, 1914 &ndash 13 July, 2000) was a Polish World War II resistance fighter and
• Predictions of Soviet collapse. Conventional wisdom discounted a collapse US analysts Predictions of the Soviet Union's impending demise were discounted by many if not most Western academic
• Information revolution. The term information revolution (sometimes called also the "information al revolution" describes current economic social and technological trends
• Zbigniew Brzezinski in pop culture: Brzezinski has been portrayed in the novel The Fifth Internationale by Jack King, as Zbigniew Penskie. Jack King could refer to Jack King (author, pseudonym for an author of spy thrillers Jack King (animator, cartoon director and animator

References

Further reading

• Gerry Argyris Andrianopoulos, Kissinger and Brzezinski: The NSC and the Struggle for Control of U. S. National Security Policy, Palgrave Macmillan (June 1991), ISBN 0-312-05743-1
• Aleksandra Ziolkowska: Dreams and Reality, Toronto 1984, ISBN 0-9691756-0-4
• Aleksandra Ziolkowska: Kanada, Kanada, Warszawa 1986, ISBN 83-7021-006-6
• Aleksandra Ziolkowska: Korzenie sa polskie, Warszawa 1992, ISBN 83-7066-406-7
• Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm: The Roots Are Polish, Toronto 2004, ISBN 0-920517-05-6
• Andrzej Bernat, Pawel Kozlowski: Zycie z Polska, Warszawa 2004, ISBN 83-7386-084-3
• Professor Patrick Vaughan is in the last stages of preparing a first-ever full biography of Brzezinski, to be published in the beginning of 2008. Aleksandra Ziółkowska Boehm (born 1949 PhD in humanities from Warsaw University, is a member of PEN American Center (New York Fulbright Association Patrick Vaughan (born 1965 is an American historian and scholar currently teaching in Institute for American Studies and Polish Diaspora at the Jagiellonian University

External links

• Interview about US relations with China for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
• Brzezinski at CSIS
• Brzezinski at Jamestown
• Brzezinski at AAB
• Brzezinski at the Trilateral Commission
• Brzezinski at PAFF
• Brzezinski at The American Interest
• The Modern History Project: Zbigniew Brzezinski
• CNN Cold War - Profile: Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski
• Brzezinski article discussing Solidarity and the fall of communism in Poland.
• Interview with Brzezinski on his Polish roots - see the book: Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm "The Roots Are Polish", Toronto 2004 ISBN 0-920517-05-6
• NNDB Profile of Zbigniew Brzezinski, Notable Names Database
• Profile: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Johns Hopkins University
• Profile of Zbigniew Brzezinski, SourceWatch. Aleksandra Ziółkowska Boehm (born 1949 PhD in humanities from Warsaw University, is a member of PEN American Center (New York Fulbright Association The Notable Names Database ( NNDB) produced by Soylent Communications, is an Online database of biographical details of over 33000 people SourceWatch (formerly Disinfopedia) is an internet site which is a "collaborative project" of the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD
• Cold War: interview with Brzezinski, The National Security Archive, June 13, 1997. The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. A geostrategy for Eurasia, Foreign Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations, September 1997. Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at
• Brzezinski: NATO enlargement is central to secure Euro-Atlantic alliance, United States Information Service, October 10, 1997.
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Eurasian Balkans, The Grand Chessboard, Caspian Sea Library, 1997.
• Interview with Brzezinski: CIA's intervention in Afghanistan, Le Nouvel Observateur, January 1998. Le Nouvel Observateur (often shorten to Le Nouvel Obs) is a weekly French Newsmagazine.
• Brzezinski: How Jimmy Carter and I started the Mujahedeen
• The CIA's Intervention in Afghanistan
• Kissinger & Brzezinski discuss the surveillance plane standoff with China, The NewsHour, Public Broadcasting Service, April 4, 2001. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
• Geopolitically Speaking: Brzezinski on Eurasia Azerbaijan International, Winter 1995 (3. 4).
• Geopolitically Speaking: Brzezinski on the Caucasus Azerbaijan International, Summer 1997 (5. 2).
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy in Eurasia
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. Confronting Anti-American Grievances, New York Times, September 1, 2002.
• Stephen Bender. From Brzezinski's Between Two Ages to the Crisis of Democracy, American Idealism, October 18, 2002.
• Neal Conan. Brzezinski discusses his participation in the 1978 Camp David, Talk of The Nation, National Public Radio, September 16, 2003.
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. We are going to live in an insecure world, October 28, 2003.
• Brzezinski on repercussions for diplomacy and the war on terror, The NewsHour, Public Broadcasting Service, March 19, 2004. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
• History Makers Series: Conversation with Brzezinski, The Council on Foreign Relations, March 24, 2004. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. New American Strategies for Security, August 25, 2004.
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. Speaker's notes: Threats, Dangers, and Uncertainties, Johns Hopkins University. October 12, 2004.
• Marie-Laure Germon. Brzezinski: "The Neo-Conservative Formula Doesn't Work", Le Figaro, October 18, 2004. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of
• Arthur Lepic. Brzezinski: the Empire’s Adviser, Voltaire Network, October 22, 2004. The Réseau Voltaire (Voltaire Network is an international non-profit organisation based in Paris.
• Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Dilemma Of The Last Sovereign (PDF-140KB), The American Interest, Autumn 2005.
• Brzezinski to chair RAND center for Middle East public policy advisory board, RAND Military Corporation, December 8, 2005. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis
• Brzezinski's role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Payvand News, March 10, 2006.
• Air Strike on Iran Could ‘Merit the Impeachment of the President’, April 26, 2006.
• The Christopher J. Makins Lecture by Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, May 31, 2006.
• Former National Security Advisors Clash on Iraq Policy, The NewsHour, Public Broadcasting Service, February 1, 2007. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
• Brzezinski's Testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , February 1, 2007
• A road map out of Iraq, LA Times, February 11, 2007
• Terrorized by 'War on Terror', Washington Post, March 25, 2007. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D
• Transcript: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Henry Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft interviewed by Charlie Rose, International Herald Tribune, June 18 2007. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper
• Brzezinski: U.S. in danger of 'stampeding' to war with Iran, CNN, September 24, 2007