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For other uses, see Zadar (disambiguation).
City of Zadar
Grad Zadar
View of the city
View of the city
City of Zadar (Croatia)
City of Zadar
City of Zadar
Location of Zadar in Croatia
Coordinates: 44°6′51″N 15°13′40″E / 44.11417, 15.22778
Country Croatia
County Zadar
Government
 - Mayor Dr. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The counties are primary territorial subdivisions of the Republic of Croatia. Zadar county - Zadarska županija is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Živko Kolega (HDZ)
Area
 - Total 194 km² (74. The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi)
Population (2001)
 - Total 70,916
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Zadar (Liburnian Iadera?, Greek: Idassa, Ίδασσα, Iàdeira, Ιαδειρα, Latin: Iader, Dalmatian: Jadra, Jadera, Italian: Zara) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 70,916 (2006). The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time The Liburnian language is an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical times Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. An inhabited settlement in the Republic of Croatia has the status of city ( grad; can also be translated as town) if it is the center of a Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between It is the fifth largest Croatian city. 93% of its citizens are ethnic Croats (2001 census).
It is the centre of modern Croatia's Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Zadar county - Zadarska županija is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Zadar is located opposite the islands of Ugljan and Pašman, from which it is separated by the narrow Zadar Strait. Ugljan (Italian Ugliano) is a Croatian Island in the Zadar Archipelago, northwest of the island of Pašman and southeast Pašman is an Island off the coast of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia, located to the south of Zadar, surrounded by the islands Ugljan
The promontory on which the old city stands used to be separated from the mainland by a deep moat which has since become a landfill. The harbor, to the north-east of the town, is safe and spacious.
Zadar is the seat of a Catholic archbishop. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar takes its name from its Episcopal see, the city of Zadar, in Croatia.

Contents

Name

In the Antique names of the city Iadera and Iader much older roots were hidden, of a name the most probably related to a hydrographical term. It was coined by an ancient Mediterranean people and their Pre-Indo-European language. Not to be confused is the term "Old European" as used by Hans Krahe in connection with hydronymy. They transmitted it to the later settlers, Liburnians. The Liburnians (or Liburni, Greek: Λιβυρνοί were an ancient people inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern The name of Liburnian city was first mentioned by a Greek inscription from Pharos (Starigrad) on the island of Hvar in 384 BC, where the citizens of Zadar were noted as Ίαδασινοί (Iadasinoi). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Hvar ( local Croatian dialect: Hvor or For, Pharos Φαρος Pharina Lesina is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off In Greek source Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax the city was Ίδασσα (Idassa), probably vulgar Greek form of the original Liburnian name. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax is an Ancient Greek Periplus, dating from 4th or 3rd century BC.

During Antiquity the name was often recorded in the sources in Latin language in two forms: Iader in the inscriptions and in the writings of the classic writers, Iadera predominantly among the late Antiquity writers, while usual ethnonyms were Iadestines and Iadertines. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Accent was on the first syllable in both forms Iader and Iadera, which influenced the early-Medieval Dalmatian language forms Jadra, Jadera and Jadertina, where accent kept its original place. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro

In Dalmatian language Jadra (Jadera) was pronounced Zadra (Zad(e)ra), due to phonetic transformation Ja- to Za-. That early change was also reflected in Croatian name Zadar, there was compensation with half-vocal and translation to male gender, so Zadъrъ became Zadar. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring The ethnonym graphy Jaderani from the legend of St. Krševan in 9th century, was identical to initial old-Slavic form Zadъrane, or Renaissance Croatian Zadrani. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

Dalmatian names Jadra, Jadera were transferred to other languages, in Venetian language Jatara (hyper urbanism in 9th century) and Zara, Tuscan Giara, Latin Diadora (Constantine VII in DAI, 10th century), Old French Jadres (Geoffroy de Villehardouinin in the chronicles of the Fourth Crusade in 1202), Arabic Jadora (Al-Idrisi, 12th century), Iadora (Guido, 12th century), Spanish Jazara, Jara, Sarra (14th century) and the others. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. The Tuscan Dialect ( dialetto toscano) or the Tuscan Language ( lingua toscana) is an Italian dialect spoken in Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ Πορφυρογέννητος De Administrando Imperio is the commonly used Latin title of a scholarly work written in Greek, by the 10th-century Byzantine emperor Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Jadera became Zara, when it fell under authority of the Republic of Venice in 15th century. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Zara was later used by the Austrian Empire in 19th century, but it was changed to Zadar provisionally from 1910 to 1920 and finally in 1945. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. [1] [2]

History

Prehistory

The entire district of present day Zadar was populated since prehistoric times. The earliest evidence of human life comes from the Late Stone Age, while numerous settlements have been dated as early as the Neolithic. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Before the Illyrians, the area was inhabited by an ancient Mediterranean people of Pre-Indo-European culture. Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Not to be confused is the term "Old European" as used by Hans Krahe in connection with hydronymy. They were assimilated with the Indo-Europeans, who were settling between 4th and 2nd millennium BC, into a new ethnical unity, that of the Liburnians, who were outlined materially in 9th century BC. The Liburnians (or Liburni, Greek: Λιβυρνοί were an ancient people inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern

Antiquity

In the 9th century BC Iadera was settled by the Liburnians, a tribe of Illyrians, who were known as great sailors and merchants. The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC The Liburnians (or Liburni, Greek: Λιβυρνοί were an ancient people inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly By the 7th Century BC it had become an important centre for their trading activities with the Greeks and the Romans. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000. The people of Iadera, the Iadasinoi were first mentioned in a Greek inscription (384 BC) as the leading enemies of the Greek colonists in the Adriatic in the period of Greek colonization (6th – 4th centuries BC). In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Romans began to gradually invade the region. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. After 59 BC, Iadera became a Roman municipium, and in 48 BC a Roman colony. Year 59 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Julius Caesar and Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A municipium (pl municipia) belonged to the second highest class of Roman cities being Year 48 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Julius Caesar, In the early days of the Roman domination, Iadera was a flourishing Roman colony. It lasted for several hundred years, until waves of marauding tribes battered the region. By some estimations, in the 4th century it had probably between 20 and 25 thousand citizens, an admixture of Romans and indigenous Liburnians. [3] In 441 and 447 Dalmatia was ravaged by the Huns. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy

The Medieval Period

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in 481 Dalmatia was added to the Ostrogothic kingdom, which already included the more northerly parts of Illyricum, i. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Ostrogothic Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. e. Pannonia and Noricum. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of In 536 the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great, started a military campaign to reconquer the territories of the former Western Empire (see Gothic War), Zadar became consequently part of the Byzantine Empire. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or See Gothic War (376-382 for the war on the Danube The Gothic War was a war fought in Italy and the adjoining regions of Dalmatia, Sardinia [4]

In 568 Dalmatia was devastated by the Avars invasion, and throughout the century Slavs (i. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. e. early Croatian and Serbian tribes), its modern occupants, gradually established themselves in Illyria, where, unlike the earlier barbarian conquerors, they formed permanent settlements. Between 600 and 650 the main body of the immigrants occupied Illyria. [4]

In other parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Serbs and Croats quickly absorbed the native population. However, the coastal cities managed to resist immediate cultural assimilation (mostly thanks to Byzantine influence). This sociologic process was instead to take many centuries to reach completion. Consequently, The rural aereas were settled by Croats and Serbs, while the native population, mostly consisting of romanized Illyrians, was either eventually assimilated or migrated to the cities (such as Spalatum, Iader and Ragusa. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; This gradual, long process took place in the 7th and 8th centuries. Dalmatia was, thus, a region culturally divided between the Romanic Byzantine cities and the Slavic hinterland (though the Slavs did establish coastal cities of their own, such as Šibenik). Šibenik is a historic town in Croatia, population 51553 (2001 These two communities were known to harbor dislike for one another, a grievous circumstance which sometimes resulted in disputes. [4][5] Other Romanic natives (later called Morlachs) took refuge in the mountainous interior of Dalmatia, where they preserved their culture for several centuries. Morlachs (in Serbian Morlaci or Морлаци in Greek Μαυροβλάχοι Mavrovlachi or Mauro-Vlachs, meaning "Black Vlachs " in [4]

Zadar survived the turbulent times, due its strategic position and its strong defensive system and managed to maintain its Roman heritage (such as its dialect of the independent Dalmatian language). Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro
Because of the destruction of Dalmatia's capital Salona and the relocation of its people to nearby Spalatum (Split), Zadar in time became the capital of the Byzantine Theme (administrative unit) of Dalmatia, and was the seat of the imperial Governor. Salona was an ancient Illyrian Delmati city in the first millennium BC. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Byzantium, as the protector of Dalmatia enjoyed a strong military and political presence there, due to the persistent threat of invasion by the new Venetian Republic. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica

However, the geographical position of Zadar, suffices to explain the relatively small influence exercised by Byzantine culture throughout the six centuries (535-1102) of Byzantine rule. [5] It maintained a large degree of autonomy throughout this time. Along with other Dalmatian cities it soon came to resemble a typical medieval commune. In 806 Dalmatia was briefly occupied by the Holy Roman empire under Pepin, but this was quickly reversed and the cities were given back to Byzantium in 812, by the Treaty of Aachen. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Pepin (April 773 &ndash 8 July 810) was the son of Charlemagne and King of Italy (781-810 under the authority of his father [5]

Meanwhile, the Croatian state formed inland, and trade and political links with Zadar began to develop. Croatian settlers began to arrive, becoming commonplace by the 10th century. In 925, the Duke of Croatian Dalmatia Tomislav, united Croatian Dalmatia and Pannonia establishing the Croatian Kingdom. For the area code see Area code 925. For the hallmark 925 see Sterling silver. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, The Kingdom of Croatia was an independent state from circa 925 until 1102 covering most of what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans He also was granted the position of protector of Dalmatia (the cities) by the Byzantine Emperor. He thus politically united the Dalmatian cities with their hinterland for the first time. In 998 Zadar sought Venetian protection against the Neretvian pirates, who had settled near the mouth of the Neretva river. Pagania, Merania or Neretvia (the Narentine Frontier, Ancient Greek:, Italian: Narentani Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The total length is 225 km of which 203 km are in Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the [6][5]

The Venetians were quick to fully exploit this opportunity: in 998 a fleet commanded by Doge Pietro Orseolo II, after defeating the pirates, landed in Korčula and Lastovo. The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf Pietro II Orseolo was the Doge of Venice from 991 to 1009He began the period of eastern expansion of Venice that lasted for the better part of 500 years Korčula ( Greek Κορκυρα Μελαινα Latin Corcyra Nigra, Korkyra Melaina, Old-Slavic Krkar, Venetian Lastovo ( Italian: Lagosta, German: Augusta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian Dalmatia was quickly captured by surprise and offered little serious resistance. Trogir was the exception and was subjected to Venetian rule only after a bloody struggle, whereas the Republic of Dubrovnik was forced to pay tribute. Trogir ( Italian & Dalmatian: Traù, Tragurium Greek Tragurion, Trau is a historic town and Harbour on the Adriatic The Republic of Pietro self-proclaimed himself Dux Dalmatianorum (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son (carefully agreeing to Byzantine suzerainty). [4][5]

The Croatian kings meanwhile established their own maritime cities, such as Nin and Biograd na Moru (also later Šibenik). Biograd na Moru ( Italian: Zaravecchia, Venetian: Xara Vècia) is a city and municipality in northern Dalmatia, Croatia Šibenik is a historic town in Croatia, population 51553 (2001 [5] The Church, on its part, was involved in general confusion; in 1059 on the church synod in Split it forbade the use of any language but liturgies in Greek or Latin, and so had accentuated the differences between Romanic and Slavic population. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [5] In the 10th century the cities came back under Crotian administration and Zadar sought independence from Byzantium. In 1069 the city was joined with Croatia by a treaty for the second time, by the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV the Great. Petar Krešimir IV, called the Great, was a notably energetic King of Croatia from 1059 to his death in 1074

Rivalry of Venice and Croatia-Hungary in Dalmatia

In 1099, the Kingdom of Croatia was invaded and forced into a personal union with the Hungarian king Coloman. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Coloman I the Book-lover (I (Könyves Kálmán) also spelled Koloman (c In 1105 Zadar recognized his rule.

Zadar was repeatedly invaded by Venice between 1111 and 1154 and then once more between 1160 and 1183.

In 1183 it finally rebelled, pleading to the Pope and to the Croato-Hungarian throne for protection, but it the year 1202 the Fourth Crusade began forming in Europe. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. The crusaders were, however, dependent upon Venice for transportation to Egypt and they were 34,000 marks short of amount required by them. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Ever the opportunist, Doge Enrico Dandolo instructed the crusader army, that for late payment (they were to pay the Venetians out the first spoils they gained in the crusade) they should lay siege to the troublesome Dalmatian capitol. Enrico Dandolo (also Anglicised Henry Dandolo or in Latin Henricus Dandulus, 1107? &ndash June 21 1205) was the Doge Forced by their lack of money the Crusaders agreed and besieged Zadar. The Siege of Zara ( Croatian - Zadar) ( November 10 - November 23, 1202) was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade. The overwhelmed city soon fell back under Venetian rule.

This did not break the spirit of the city, however. Its commerce was suffering due to lack of autonomy under Venice. They enjoyed considerable autonomy under the distant, much more feudal Croatian-Hungarian kings. A number of insurrections followed (1242-1243, 1320s, 1345-1346) which resulted finally in Zadar coming back under the crown of the Croatian-Hungarian king Louis I by the Treaty of Zadar, in 1358. Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I The Treaty of Zadar, also known as the Treaty of Zara, was a Peace treaty signed in Zadar, Dalmatia on Feb 18 1358 by which After the death of Louis, Zadar recognized the rule of king Sigismund, and after him, that of Ladislas Anjou. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Ladislas the Magnanimous (also spelled Ladislaus; July 14, 1376 / February 11, 1377 &ndash August 6 During his reign Croatia-Hungary was enveloped in a bloody civil war. In 1409, Venice, seeing that Ladislas was about to be the loser, and eager to exploit the situation despite its relative military weakness, offered to buy his "rights" on Dalmatia for a mere 100, 000 ducats. Knowing he lost the region in any case, Ladislas accepted. Zadar was, thus, sold back to the Venetians for a poultry sum.

Zadar's "Kopnena Vrata"
Zadar's "Kopnena Vrata"

Venetian Republic (1409-1797)

The Adriatic in 1560, with Dalmatia and Zadar
The Adriatic in 1560, with Dalmatia and Zadar

In the early 16th century the Ottoman Turks conquered Dalmatia's hinterland, and the city became, in essence, a military stronghold protecting Venetian trade in the Adriatic, as well as the administrative centre for the Venetian conquests in Dalmatia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
From 1726-1733 a part of its territory was settled by Catholic Albanian refugees. That Albanian settlement is called "Arbanasi".

Napoleonic era (1797-1813)

After the fall of Venice (1797) with the Treaty of Campo Formio, Zadar come under the Austrian crown and once again became united with the rest of Croatia. The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire Year VI of the French Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. In 1806 it was briefly given to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, until in 1809 it was added to the French Illyrian Provinces. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia, but also Regno Italico; 17 March 1805 – 11 April The Illyrian Provinces (Provinces illyriennes Ilirske province Ilirske pokrajne Province Illiriche were lands on the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea which were In 1813 all Dalmatia was reconquered and brought back under the control of the Austrian Empire.

During this time, it maintained its position as the capital of Dalmatia.
During the Napoleonic era, the first Dalmatian newspaper, "Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata" ("The Royal Dalmatian"), was printed in the city.

Austrian Empire (1815-1918): the age of nationalism

After 1815 Dalmatia (including Dubrovnik) came under the Austrian crown. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. After 1848, Italian and Slavic nationalism became accentuated and the city became divided between the Croats and the Italians, both of whom founded their respective political parties. There are conflicting sources for both sides claiming to have formed the majority in this period; in general the era saw Slavs grow more than Italians throughout Dalmatians, fostering a neatly distinct national spirit.

Italy (1920-1945)

In November 1918 Zadar was occupied by the Italian Army, like most of coastal Dalmatia, under the 1915 Treaty of London. Being the city with most Italians in Dalmatia, it was annexed to Italy in 1920, under the Treaty of Rapallo (1920), with the official name of "Zara". Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest See also Treaty of Rapallo 1922 The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes
The Italian enclave included Zadar/Zara and the localities of Arbanasi/Borgo Erizzo, Crno/Cerno, Bokanjac/Boccagnazzo, Puntamika/Puntamica and the island Lastovo/Làgosta. Arbanasi (Арбанаси also transliterated as Arbanassi) is a village in Veliko Tarnovo municipality Veliko Tarnovo Province of central northern Lastovo ( Italian: Lagosta, German: Augusta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian
According to the census of 1921, this area included 18. 623 people. After the advent of the fascism many Croats left the city because of the repressive assimilationist policies of the Italian fascist regime. Their place was mainly taken by ethnic Italians, who moved mainly from Split and Vis.

World War II

Germany (with Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian assistance) invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On April 17, the Yugoslav government surrendered, faced with the Wehrmacht's undivided attention. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The Italian Army in Zadar held a force of 9,000 that after limited fighting reached Šibenik and Split on April 15, a mere 2 days from surrender. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik, on April 17 they met invading troops that had started out from Italian-occupied Albania. Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The italian civilians had previously been evacuated to Ancona and Pula. Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Pula (Pietas Iulia Pulj Istriot Pula; Pola is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria Within a few weeks, Mussolini forced the newly formed Nazi puppet-state, the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) to hand over almost all of Dalmatia (including Split and even Knin) to fascist Italy. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. Knin ( Croatian: Knin Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian Tenin, Serbian: Книн is a historical town in the This is known as the Treaty of Rome.
The city became the center of a new Italian province, called Governatorate of Dalmatia. This treaty was, of course, recognized only by the Axis and was, thus, considered void. For the rest of the world, and, indeed, the local populace, Dalmatia was under Italian occupation.
Under fascist reign the Slavic population was subjected to a policy of forced assimilation. This created immense resentment among the Yugoslav people and the Yugoslav Partisan movement (which was already successfully spreading in the rest of Yugoslavia) particularly took wing here. The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani The Italians employed concentration camps (among others the Rab and Gonars camps), political repression against anti-Fascists, torture, reprisals at times against whole villages after partisan actions, forceful italianization and national repression of Slavs. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The Rab concentration camp ( Croatian: Koncentracijski logor Rab; Italian: Campo di concentramento per internati civili di Guerra – Arbe) was Gonars is a town and commune near Palmanova in the Province of Udine, Friuli, northeastern Italy. Italianization is a term used to describe a process of Cultural assimilation in which ethnically non- or partially- Italian people or territory become Italian
After Mussolini was removed from power, the government of Pietro Badoglio surrendered to the Allies, and on September 8, 1943, the Italian army collapsed and was quickly disarmed. Pietro Badoglio 1st Duke of Addis Abeba ( 28 September 1871 &ndash 1 November 1956) was an Italian soldier and politician The Armistice with Italy was an Armistice signed on September 3 and publicly declared on September 8, 1943, during World War II, between The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Il Duce" was rescued, however, and formed the Nazi-puppet Italian Social Republic in the north of the country. Duce is an Italian word meaning Leader or the second derived from Latin word dux of the same meaning of which Duke is a derivation The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The NDH proclaimed the Treaty of Rome to be void and occupied Dalmatia with German support. The Germans entered Zadar first, and on September 10 the German 114th Jäger Division took over. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. This avoided a temporary liberation by Partisans, as was the case in Split and Šibenik where several Italian fascist government officials were killed by an angry crowd. The Partisans enjoyed massive support from the locals in Split, and before the reoccupation by German forces, nearly a third of Split's population (including the entire local football team HNK Hajduk) joined the Partisan movement. HNK Hajduk Split is a Croatian football club one of two most popular football clubs in the country
The city was prevented from joining the NDH on the grounds that Zadar itself was not subject to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome. Despite this, the NDH's leader Ante Pavelić designated Zadar as the capital of the Sidraga-Ravni Kotari County, although its administrator was prevented from entering the city. For the vice president of the National assembly of the State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs see Ante Pavelić (1869 Ante Pavelić ( July Zadar remained under the local administration of the Italian Social Republic.
Zadar was bombed by the Allies, with serious civilian casualties. The bombing of Zadar (Zara during the Second World War by the Allies lasted from November 1943 to October 1944 Italian sources often claim that this was made in order to "ethnically cleanse" the ancient town and avoid subsequent troubles for the victorious Titoist army. Thousands died in the militarily pointless Allied carpet bombings, and many landmarks and centuries old works of art crumbled in dust. Many civilians fled to safety in Italy.
In 1944 the partisans entered the town. The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani The city, resettled by Croatians, successfully recovered and became once more an important regional city in the newly established Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian:

Coat of Arms of Zadar.
Coat of Arms of Zadar.

SFR Yugoslavia (1945-1991)

During this period Zadar underwent intensive reconstruction and revitalisation, followed by a large increase in both population and economic power. The Federal government sponsored numerous public works to this end, including the Adriatic highway (Jadranska magistrala) which created a modern road connection to the rest of the country. Besides the local infrastructure, the SFRY government initiated the industrialization of the city and nearly all its factories were either built or significantly revitalized and modernized in this period. In the 1970s Zadar particularly enjoyed a high standard of living as international tourism came to Dalmatia. Tourism in Croatia is a well-developed industry Many tourists visit to experience the country's extensive coastline and well-preserved coastal Renaissance towns

However, during this period the city lost its status as the capital of the region, with Split overwhelmingly surpassing Zadar in population numbers, which, though increasing throughout the 20th century, boomed in the new, post-WWII, Yugoslavia. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest

All in all, by the 1990s the city was not only rebuilt from the Second World War, but emerged as a modern and completely industrialized regional center, with as yet unsurpassed tourist numbers, GDP and employment rates, which were, surprisingly, significantly higher than the present day's.

Recent history

After the death of Tito Yugoslavia rapidly began to destabilize. In the early 1990s the tragic Yugoslav wars began to devastate the country. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and Zadar became a part of the new Republic of Croatia. Its economy suffered greatly in the period, not so much because of the war itself, but due to the shadowy and controversial privatization process, which caused most of its prosperous companies to go under. During the Croatian War of Independence, Krajina rebels with the protection of the serbianized Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) under Slobodan Milošević's control, converged on the city and subjected it to artillery bombardment, in what is now known as the Battle of Dalmatia. The Croatian War of Independence was a War in Croatia from 1991 to 1995 The Republic of Serbian Krajina abbreviated RSK (Република Српска Крајина РСК sometimes also translated "Republic of Serb Krajina" The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The Battle of Dalmatia (Bitka za Dalmaciju Битка за Далмацију) was a military engagement in Croatia for the coastal region of Dalmatia Their aim was to cut off Dalmatia from Croatia and give the remnants of the Yugoslav Navy (JRM) a port on the mainland. In 1990 the Yugoslav navy ( Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica) had 10000 sailors (4400 conscripts including 2300 in twenty-five coastal Artillery batteries and Along with other Croatian towns in the area, Zadar was sporadically shelled for several years, which damaged buildings and homes as well as UNESCO protected sites. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Attacks in nearby cities and villages occurred, the most brutal being the Škabrnja massacre, where 86 people were murdered. Škabrnja massacre (Masakr u Škabrnji was a War crime, atrocities committed by Serb forces during the Croatian War of Independence. Connections with Zagreb were severed for over a year, the only link between the north and south of the country was via the island of Pag. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Pag ( Latin Pagus, village Italian Pago, German: Baag) is an Island in the northern Adriatic Sea, The siege of the city lasted from 1991 until January 1993 when Zadar and the surrounding area came under the control of Croatian forces in Operation Maslenica. Operation Maslenica was a Croatian Army offensive launched in January 1993 to retake territory in northern Dalmatia and Lika from separatist Krajina Attacks on the city continued until the end of the war in 1995. Operation Storm ( Croatian: Operacija Oluja, Serbian Cyrillic: Oпeрaциja Oлуja was the Code name given to a large-scale military operation

Main sights

Architecture

Zadar gained its urban structure in Roman times; during the time of Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheatre and cemeteries. The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. The aqueduct which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Inside the ancient town, a medieval town had developed, when a series of churches and monasteries had been built. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism.

During the Middle Ages, Zadar had fully gained its urban aspect, which has been maintained until today. In the 16th century, Venice fortified the town with a new system of defensive walls on the side facing land. In the first half of the 16th century, architectural building in the Renaissance style was continued. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Defence trenches were built also (Foša), which were completely buried during the Italian occupation. In 1873 under Austrian rule the ramparts of Zadar were converted from fortifications into elevated promenades commanding extensive views to seaward and to landward, wall lines thus being preserved; of its four old gates one, the Porta Marina, incorporates the relics of a Roman arch, and another, the Porta di Terraferma, was designed in the 16th century by the Veronese artist Sanmichele. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In the bombardments during the Second World War, entire blocks were destroyed, but some of the structures were preserved.

St. Donatus' Church, a pre-Romanesque church from the 9th century.
St. Donatus' Church, a pre-Romanesque church from the 9th century.
St. Mary's Church, located in the old city across St. Donatus' Church.
St. Mary's Church, located in the old city across St. Donatus' Church.

Most important landmarks:

The chief interest of Zadar lies in its churches.

Other architectural acivments:

Culture

The first university of Zadar is mentioned in 1396 and it was a part of the Dominican monastery. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is It was closed in 1807.

Zadar was, along with Split and Dubrovnik, one of the centres of development of Croatian literature. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Medieval period (ca 800 Višeslavs baptismal font (ca11th cent Kartular of Supetar (ca

The 15th and the 16th centuries were marked by important activities of Croatian writers writing in the national language: Jerolim Vidolić, Petar Zoranić (who wrote first Croatian novel, Mountains), Brne Krnarutić, Juraj Barakovic, Šime Budinić. Petar Zoranić ( Italian: Pietro Albis) (1508 - after 1569 was a Croatian renaissance writer from Zadar. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story

During the French rule (1806–1810), the first Dalmatian newspaper Kraglski Dalmatin - Il Regio Dalmata was published in Zadar. It was printed in Italian and Croatian; this last used for the first time in a newspaper.

Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin. Printed in Italian and Croatian.
Il Regio Dalmata-Kraglski Dalmatin. Printed in Italian and Croatian.

In the second half of the 19th century, Zadar was a centre of the movement for the cultural and national revivals in Dalmatia (Italian and Croatian).

Today Zadar's cultural institutions include:

Government

The administrative area of the City of Zadar includes the nearby villages of Babindub, Crno, Kožino and Petrčane, as well as the islands of Ist, Iž, Molat, Olib, Premuda, Rava and Silba. The University of Zadar ( Croatian Sveučilište u Zadru, Latin Universitas Studiorum Jadertina) is a university located in Zadar Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Musical evenings in St Donatus in Zadar, Croatia is an international Music festival, it has been held since 1960 at St Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Iž (Isola Esa Ese is an Island in the Zadar Archipelago in the Croatian part of Adriatic Sea. Molat ( Italian: Melada) is an Island in Croatian part of Adriatic Sea. Olib (Italian Ulbo) is an island in northern Dalmatia, located northwest of Zadar, southwest of Pag, southeast of Lošinj and just Premuda is a little island in Croatia, off the northern Adriatic coast Silba (Italian Selve) is an island in Croatia, northern Dalmatia, south-east of Lošinj, between the islands of Premuda and Olib Total City area, including the islands, covers 194 km2.

Zadar is divided into 21 local committees: Arbanasi, Bili Brig, Bokanjac, Brodarica, Crvene Kuće, Diklo, Dračevac, Gaženica, Jazine I, Jazine II, Maslina, Novi Bokanjac, Poluotok, Ploča, Puntamika, Ričina, Smiljevac, Stanovi, Vidikovac, Višnjik, Voštarnica.

Economy

Major industries include tourism, traffic, seaborne trade, agriculture, fishing and fish farming activities, metal manufacturing and mechanical engineering industry, chemicals and non-metal industry and banking. The headquarters of the following companies are located in Zadar:

The farmland just northeast of Zadar, Ravni Kotari, is a well known source of marasca cherries. This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom. Distilleries in Zadar have produced Maraschino since the 16th century. Maraschino (ˌmærəˈskiːnoʊ marr-ə-SKEE-noe as in Italian or /ˌmærəˈʃiːnoʊ/ marr-ə-SHEE-noe) is a bittersweet clear Liqueur flavored with

Science

In 1998, Zadar hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). The Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI is an annual informatics competition for secondary school students

Transportation

In the 20th century, roads became more important than sea routes, but Zadar remained an important traffic point. The main road along the Adriatic passes through the city. In the immediate vicinity, there is the Zagreb-Split highway, finished in 2005. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since 1966, a railroad has linked it with Knin, where it joins the main railroad from Zagreb to Split. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Knin ( Croatian: Knin Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian Tenin, Serbian: Книн is a historical town in the It has an international sea line to Ancona in Italy. Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 The Zadar Airport is located in Zemunik, around 14 km to the east. Zemunik Donji is a municipality in Croatia in the Zadar county. It is planned to build a semi-highway from the port of Gaženica in Zadar to the highway hub of Zemunik. Another plan is the "Adriatic railroad" linking Gospić with Zadar and Split. Population/Demographics 1991 28010 total Croats - 17627 (6293% Serbs - 8955 (3197% others - 1428 (510%

Sports

The local basketball club is KK Zadar, and the football club NK Zadar. KK Zadar is a Croatian Basketball team from the city of Zadar. NK Zadar is a Croatian football club based in Zadar, a city on the Adriatic coast The bowling club Kuglački klub Zadar is also very successful.

Twinning

Zadar maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with:


See also

Sources

History about world

References

  1. ^ Mate Suić: O imenu Zadra, Zadar Zbornik, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb 1964
  2. ^ M. Suić: Prošlost Zadra 1, Zadar u starom vijeku, Filozofski Fakultet Zadar, 1981
  3. ^ V. Graovac: Populacijski razvoj Zadra, Odjel za geografiju, Sveučilište u Zadru, p. 52, UDK:314. 8(497. 5 Zadar)
  4. ^ a b c d e Britannica 1911: Illyria
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Britannica 1911: Dalmatia
  6. ^ Britannica 1911: Zara

External links


Gallery

St. Donat's Church and Roman Forum

Roman Forum in Zadar

St. Anastasia Cathedral/sv. Stošija in Zadar

St. The Cathedral of St Anastasia (Katedrala sv Stošije is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Zadar, Croatia. Mary's Church

St. Simeon's Church

St. Simeon/sv. Šimun

Morska vrata/Porta marina

University of Zadar (1396)

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