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Yul Brynner

from the film Anastasia (1956)
Born Yuliy Borisovich Brynner
July 11, 1920(1920-07-11)
Vladivostok, Far Eastern Republic
Died October 10, 1985 (aged 65)
New York, New York
Years active 1944 - 1980
Spouse(s) Virginia Gilmore (1944-1960)
Doris Kleiner (1960-1967)
Jacqueline de Croisset (1971-1981)
Kathy Lee (1983-1985)

Yul Brynner (July 11, 1920October 10, 1985)[1] was a Russian-born Academy Award-winning Broadway and Hollywood actor. Anastasia is a 1956 20th Century Fox Historical drama film directed by Anatole Litvak. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика ДВР romanised: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika DVR) sometimes called the Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York The year 1944 in film involved some significant events Events July 20 - Since You Went Away is released The year 1980 in film involved some significant events Events April 30 - The Roger Daltrey film McVicar, opens Virginia Gilmore ( July 26, 1919 – March 28, 1986) was an American Film, stage, and television actress Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works He appeared in many movies and stage productions in the United States. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He is best known for his portrayal of the Siamese king in the Rodgers & Hammerstein musical The King and I on the stage and on the screen, as well as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille film The Ten Commandments and as Chris Adams in The Magnificent Seven. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Cecil Blount DeMille ( August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 Western film directed by John Sturges about a group of hired gunmen protecting a Mexican village from

He was noted for his deep, rich voice and for his shaved head, which he kept as a personal trademark since adopting it in his role in The King and I.

Contents

Biography

Early life

He was born Yuliy Borisovich Brynner (Russian: Юлий Бори́сович Бри́нер) in Vladivostok, Russia. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending His mother, Marusya Blagovidova (Russian: Маруся Благовидова), was the daughter of a Russian Jewish doctor[2] and his father, Boris Brynner (Russian: Борис Бринер), was an alcoholic inventor and engineer born to a religious Jewish family, who spent his life denying his Judaism, claiming to be of Swiss and Mongolian ancestry. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation [3]

Brynner's early life was exotic, but he made it out to be even more exotic than it actually was, claiming that he was born Taidje Khan of part-Mongol parentage, on the Russian island of Sakhalin, in 1915. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated A biography published by his son Rock Brynner in 1989, and the diaries of the poet Todja Tartschoff Newman, with whom he went to cheder[4], clarified these issues. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account A Cheder (alternatively Cheider, in Hebrew חדר, meaning "room" is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism

After Boris Brynner abandoned his family, his mother took Yul and his sister, Vera Bryner (Russian: Вера Бринер), to Harbin, China, where they attended a school run by the YMCA, and in 1934 she took them to Paris. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

During WWII (1941-D-Day) Brynner worked as a French speaking radio announcer and commentator for the US Office of War Information, broadcasting propaganda to occupied France. The United States Office of War Information (OWI was a US government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services

Career

He began acting and modeling in his twenties.

Brynner's best-known role was that of King Mongkut of Siam in the Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical The King and I which he played 4,626 times onstage over the span of his career. Sometimes especially in Thai language documents King Mongkut might also refer to Vajiravudh (Rama VI, reigning title Phra Mongkut Klao Chaoyuhua (พระมงกุฏเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. He appeared in the original production and subsequent touring productions, as well as a 1977 Broadway revival, and another Broadway revival in 1985. He also appeared in the film version for which he won an Academy Award as Best Actor, and in a short-lived TV version (Anna and the King) on CBS in 1972. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize Anna and the King is a short-lived sitcom broadcast in the United States by CBS as part of its 1972 fall lineup. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Brynner is one of only nine people who have won both a Tony Award and an Academy Award for the same role. The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American Theatre and are presented "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. This is a list of persons who have won Grammy, Academy, Tony, and Emmy Awards, "GATE", the four major entertainment awards

from the trailer for The Ten Commandments (1956).
from the trailer for The Ten Commandments (1956). The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian

He made an immediate impact upon launching his film career in 1956, appearing not only in The King and I that year, but also in major roles in The Ten Commandments opposite Charlton Heston and Anastasia opposite Ingrid Bergman. The year 1956 in film involved some significant events Events August 4 - The last film serial Blazing the Overland The King and I is a 1956 Musical film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of Anastasia is a 1956 20th Century Fox Historical drama film directed by Anatole Litvak. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Brynner, at 5'10", was reportedly concerned about being overshadowed by Charlton Heston's physical presence in the film The Ten Commandments, and prepared with an intensive weight-lifting program. Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of

He later starred in such films as the Biblical epic Solomon and Sheba (1959), as Solomon, The Magnificent Seven (1960), and Westworld (1973). Solomon and Sheba is a 1959 Biblical Epic film made by Edward Small Productions and distributed by United Artists. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 Western film directed by John Sturges about a group of hired gunmen protecting a Mexican village from WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. He co-starred with Marlon Brando in Morituri; Katharine Hepburn in The Madwoman of Chaillot and William Shatner in a film version of The Brothers Karamazov. Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century Morituri (also known as The Saboteur and Code Name Morituri) is a 1965 film about Robert Crain a German Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12 1907 – June 29 2003 was an American actress of film television and stage The Madwoman of Chaillot is a 1969 satirical comedy-drama film made by Commonwealth United Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian double Emmy - Golden Globe - and Saturn Award -winning The Brothers Karamazov is a 1958 historical film made by MGM, based on Fyodor Dostoevsky 's novel The Brothers Karamazov He starred with Barbara Bouchet in Death Rage, 1976. Barbara Bouchet, (born as Barbara Goutscher on August 15, 1943 in Reichenberg) is an actress and entrepreneuse His final feature film appearance was in the sequel to Westworld, titled Futureworld with Peter Fonda and Blythe Danner, in 1976. WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. Futureworld is a 1976 sequel to the 1973 Science fiction film Westworld. Peter Henry Fonda (born February 23[[ 940]] is an American actor Blythe Katharine Danner (born February 3, 1943) is an American Emmy - and Tony Award -winning actress.

Brynner also appeared in drag in an unbilled role in the Peter Sellers comedy The Magic Christian (1969). Richard Henry Sellers, CBE, commonly known as Peter Sellers ( 8 September 1925 &ndash 24 July 1980) was a British The Magic Christian is a 1969 film directed by Joseph McGrath and starring Peter Sellers and Ringo Starr.

Towards the end of his life he contracted trichinosis and subsequently sued Trader Vic's restaurant in the Plaza Hotel in New York City for serving him undercooked pork, from which, allegedly, he caught the disease. Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a Parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked Pork and Wild game Trader Vic is also the nickname of Wall Street trader Victor Sperandeo. The Plaza Hotel in New York City is a Landmark 19-story luxury Hotel with a height of 250 feet (76 m and length of that occupies the west side of The City of New York

Photographer, author, and musician

In addition to his work as a performer, Brynner was an active photographer, and wrote two books. His daughter Victoria put together a book of his photographs of family, friends, and fellow actors, as well as those he took while serving as a UN special consultant on refugees. The book is titled Yul Brynner: Photographer (ISBN 0-8109-3144-3). Brynner also published Bring Forth the Children: A Journey to the Forgotten People of Europe and the Middle East in 1960 and The Yul Brynner Cookbook: Food Fit for the King and You (ISBN 0-8128-2882-8) in 1983.

A student of music from childhood, Brynner was an accomplished guitarist and singer. In his early period in Europe he often played and sang gypsy songs in Parisian nightclubs with Aliosha Dimitrievitch. He sang some of those same songs in the film The Brothers Karamazov. In 1967, he and Dimitrievitch released a record album, The Gypsy and I: Yul Brynner Sings Gypsy Songs (Vanguard VSD 79265).

Personal life

Yul Brynner was married four times, the first three ending in divorce. He had three children and adopted two others.

Brynner also had an affair with Marlene Dietrich in the early 1950s and, allegedly, another with Judy Garland in the mid-1950s. Marlene Dietrich maɐˈleːnə ˈdiːtrɪç (December 27 &ndashMay 6) was a German -born American Actress, Singer and Entertainer Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10 1922 – June 22 1969 was an American actress and singer

Death

Brynner died of lung cancer on October 10, 1985 (the same day as Orson Welles, his co star in The Battle of Neretva) in New York City. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television The Battle of Neretva (Serbo-Croatian Bitka na Neretvi) is a 1969 Yugoslavian War film. The City of New York

Throughout his life, Brynner was often seen with a cigarette in his hand. In January 1985, nine months before his death, he gave an interview on Good Morning America, expressing his desire to make an anti-smoking commercial. Good Morning America ( GMA) is a morning news show that is broadcast on the ABC television network debuting on November [8] A clip from that interview was made into just such a public service announcement by the American Cancer Society, and released after his death; it includes the warning "Now that I'm gone, I tell you, don't smoke. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to " This advertisement is now featured in the Body Worlds exhibition. Body Worlds ( German title Körperwelten) is a Traveling exhibition of preserved Human bodies and body parts that are prepared using a technique

Yul Brynner is interred in the cemetery at the Saint-Michel-de-Bois-Aubry monastery not far from Luzé, between Tours and Poitiers, Vienne, France. Luzé is a Village and commune in the Indre-et-Loire département of central France. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France. This article is about the French department Do not confuse with the Austrian capital Vienna. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Credits

Filmography

Features

Broadway credits

Radio and Television credits

Honors and awards

Brynner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6162 Hollywood Blvd, and his childhood home, in Vladivostok, is now a museum. See also Port of New York Authority, New York Harbor Port of New York is a 1949 film shot in Semidocumentary style The King and I is a 1956 Musical film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian Anastasia is a 1956 20th Century Fox Historical drama film directed by Anatole Litvak. The Buccaneer is a 1958 film made by Paramount Pictures and shot in Technicolor and VistaVision. The Sound and the Fury is one of the most celebrated novels of the Twentieth century, written by American author William Faulkner, which makes use Solomon and Sheba is a 1959 Biblical Epic film made by Edward Small Productions and distributed by United Artists. This article discusses the 1960 film For other topics of the same name see Once More with Feeling Once More with Feeling! is a Testament of Orpheus ( French: Le Testament d'Orphée) is a 1960 film directed by and starring Jean Cocteau. The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 Western film directed by John Sturges about a group of hired gunmen protecting a Mexican village from Goodbye Again, also known as Aimez Vous Brahms?, is a 1961 Franco - American romantic Drama film " Taras Bulba (film " redirects here For other films with the same title see Taras Bulba (disambiguation Taras Bulba is a Kings of the Sun is a 1963 movie directed by J Lee Thompson set in Mesoamerica at the time of the conquest of Chichen Itza Flight from Ashiya is a 1964 film about the US Air Force Air Rescue Service, flying out of Ashiya Air Base Japan, and their Morituri (also known as The Saboteur and Code Name Morituri) is a 1965 film about Robert Crain a German Cast a Giant Shadow is a Film, produced written and directed by Melville Shavelson based on Ted Berkman 's biography of Colonel The Poppy Is Also a Flower is a 1966 ABC made-for-television spy and anti-drug film Return of the Seven (also Return of the Magnificent Seven) is the first sequel to the 1960 western, The Magnificent Seven The Battle of Neretva (Serbo-Croatian Bitka na Neretvi) is a 1969 Yugoslavian War film. The Madwoman of Chaillot is a 1969 satirical comedy-drama film made by Commonwealth United Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros The Magic Christian is a 1969 film directed by Joseph McGrath and starring Peter Sellers and Ringo Starr. Adiós Sabata ( Italian: Indio Black sai che ti dico Sei un gran figlio di. The Light at the Edge of the World is a 1971 Suspense thriller Movie, adapted from Jules Verne's classic 1905 Action-adventure Catlow is a 1971 Western movie based on a 1969 Western novel written by Louis L'Amour. Night Flight from Moscow or Le Serpent is a French thriller made in 1973. WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. Futureworld is a 1976 sequel to the 1973 Science fiction film Westworld. Twelfth Night Or What You Will is a Comedy by William Shakespeare, based on the Short story "Of Apolonius and Silla" by Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Mr I Magination "the man with the magic reputation" was one of the earliest television shows for children The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a Sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood Los Angeles California, USA, that Hollywood Boulevard is a boulevard in Hollywood Los Angeles California, United States, beginning at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest He made "Top 10 stars of the year", in both 1957 and 1958.

Popular culture references

References

  1. ^ Record of Yul Brynner, #108-18-2984. Social Security Administration. Social Security Death Index (Death Master File). Provo, Utah: MyFamily. com, Inc. , 2006.
  2. ^ Yul Brynner: Actor | Jewish,Synagogue,Torah,Judaism,Kosher
  3. ^ Yul Brynner: Actor | Jewish,Synagogue,Torah,Judaism,Kosher
  4. ^ Yul Brynner: Actor | Jewish,Synagogue,Torah,Judaism,Kosher
  5. ^ Mosnews.com
  6. ^ http://www.elsur.cl/archivo/marzo2000/22marzo2000/elsur/despacho/opinion4.htm
  7. ^ ITDb: Show Query: The King and I
  8. ^ http://boss.streamos.com/wmedia/musc/ybpsa2.wvx
  9. ^ Chess Lyrics - One Night In Bangkok Lyrics

External links

Persondata
NAME Brynner, Yul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Brynner, Yuliy Borisovich
SHORT DESCRIPTION actor
DATE OF BIRTH July 11, 1920
PLACE OF BIRTH Vladivostok, Russian SFSR
DATE OF DEATH October 10, 1985
PLACE OF DEATH New York, New York, U.S.
Turner Classic Movies ( TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial -free classic movies mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner The Internet Broadway Database ( IBDB) is an online Database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel TVcom is a website owned by CNET Networks. The service was launched on June 1 2005 and replaced the popular TV Tome website Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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