| Yugoslavs Југословени - Jugosloveni Jugoslaveni Jugoslovani |
|---|
|
Josip Broz Tito, Sava Kovacevic, Lepa Brena. Fahreta Živojinović ( Cyrillic: Фахрета Живојиновић born October 20, 1960) or better known as
|
| Total population |
|
exact figure unknown (over 400,000) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States: 328,547 (2000 census)[1] Serbia: 80,721 (2002 census)[2] Canada: |
| Languages |
| Serbo-Croatian, fewer Slovenian or Macedonian |
| Religions |
| Eastern Orthodoxy, Sunni Islam and Roman Catholicism, with minority practicing Judaism |
| Related ethnic groups |
| South Slavs |
Yugoslavs (Bosnian: Jugosloveni/Jugoslaveni; Macedonian and Serbian: Југословени, Jugosloveni; Croatian: Jugoslaveni; Slovenian: Jugoslovani) is an ethnic designation used by some people across the former Yugoslavia and by some of its diasporans, which continues to be used in some of its successor countries. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Republic of Macedonia (Република For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian
In socialist Yugoslavia, 1943-1991, official designation for those who wanted to declare themselves that way was with quotation marks, "Yugoslavs" (introduced in census 1971). The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Quotation marks were added to distinguish the ethnicity from statehood (legal statuses such as citizenship), which was written without quotation marks.
A few years before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, most of those who declared themselves "Yugoslavs" reverted to or adopted traditional nationalities such as "Muslims" (in the sense of nationality), Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes as well as those which were played down including Janjevci, Bunjevci and Šokci etc) but the designation continues to be used by some. Muslims by nationality ( Muslimani, Муслимани was a term used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of nationality of Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Janjevci (ˈjaːɲev͡tsi are Croatian inhabitants of the Kosovo town of Janjevo and surrounding villages located near Priština as well as Bunjevci ( Bunjevac, Croatian and Serbian: Bunjevci / Буњевци singular Bunjevac / Буњевац (pronounced 'boo-nyev-tsi Šokci, ( Croatian, Bosnian Šokci, singular Šokac, Serbian Cyrillic: Шокци in Hungarian: Sokácok
It was estimated, according to comparison of census statistics (such as declared language), that Yugoslavs came mostly from within Serbia. It is also suspected that many to have declared themselves as Yugoslavs will have at some time - either previously or later - declared themselves Serbs. In the 2002 census, 49,881 inhabitants of the Serbian province Vojvodina declared themselves as "Yugoslav" (at a time when Serbia was part of the country still called FR Yugoslavia). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state
Contents |
Background
One use of the term Yugoslavs is for people who believe that Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, and Montenegrins are one and the same people, and that Slovenes and Macedonians are slightly different linguistically but are an extended and crucial part of the Yugoslav identity, who have cultural differences (mainly religious) because of empires which ruled their tribes in the past. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people For instance, if one wished to see the impact of Germanic and Hungarian influences on the Yugoslavs, they would look to the (Catholic) Croatian and Slovenian region, the (Muslim) Bosnian region under the Ottoman influence, and the (Orthodox) Serbian region under both Ottoman, Russian and, in the middle ages, Greek influence. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Those who were raised in the Yugoslav spirit embrace the three different nationalities as one ethnicity who speak one language, and see this as the reason to unite in a similar way that Italy was unified in 1861. [6]
History
Since the late 18th century, when traditional European ethnic affiliations started to mature into modern ethnic identities, there have been numerous attempts to define a common South Slavic ethnic identity. The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of The word Yugoslav itself, means South Slavic.
Before the First World War
The Illyrian movement sought to identify Southern Slavs with ancient Illyrians and to construct the Illyrian literary language which would unite not only Serbian and Croatian, but also Slovenian. Illyrian movement (Ilirski pokret also Croatian national revival ( Hrvatski narodni preporod) was a cultural and political campaign initiated by a group of Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Some Serbian writers contended that all Southern Slavs (or at least those speaking Serbo-Croatian) were Serbs, some Croatian writers thought that they were all Croats. Some settled for a common designation of Serbo-Croats.
Also, in the 18th century Hristofor Zhefarovich promoted the idea of unity between South Slavic people, in particular the kinship between Bulgarians and Serbs. Hristofor Zhefarovich (original Cyrillic: Христофоръ Жефаровичъ Bulgarian: Христофор Жефарович Hristofor Zhefarovich This idea was somewhat revived during the early 1950s when Tito and Stalin contemplated extending Yugoslavia to include Bulgaria as well.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the term Yugoslavs started to be used as a synonym for South Slavs, especially to denote those in Austria-Hungary.
World War I
On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip ( Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип gaʋ'rilɔ 'prinʦip ( &ndash) was a Bosnian Serb and proclaimed himself to be a Yugoslav Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of Princip was a member of Young Bosnia, a group whose aims included the unification of the Yugoslavs and independence from Austria-Hungary. . [7]
After the assassination, Princip was captured. During his trial he stated "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria. "[8]
Corfu agreement
During June and July 1917, the Yugoslav Committee met with the Serbian Government in Corfu and on 20 July a declaration that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. Yugoslav Committee ( Jugoslavenski odbor) was a political interest group formed by South Slavs from Austria-Hungary during World War I aimed Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were "the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undividedly, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life. " The future state was to be called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and was to be a constitutional monarchy under the Karađorđević dynasty. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The House of Karađorđević (Карађорђевићи Serbian Latin Karađorđevići House of Karageorgevich was a Serbian ruling Dynasty descended from
Before the Second World War
After the First World War, when South Slavic lands were united in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the term Yugoslavs was used to refer to all of its inhabitants, but particularly to those of Southern Slavic origin. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija In reality and according to Croatian, Bosnian and other Yugoslav nationalists: the hands of power resided in an ethnic Serb majority who ruled the multiethnic kingdom from the capital of Belgrade in Serbia and the demographic fact Serbs were the largest ethnic group: 40-45% of the country's population to hold "majority" status. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia.
In 1929, King Alexander sought to resolve a deep political crisis brought on by ethnic tensions by assuming dictatorial powers, renaming the country "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and officially pronouncing that there is one single Yugoslav nation with three tribes. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The title Aleksandar of Yugoslavia also has other uses. Alexander I also called Alexander the Unificator ( Serbo-Croatian The Yugoslav ethnic designation was thus for a time imposed on all South Slavs in Yugoslavia. Changes in Yugoslav politics after King Alexander's death in 1934 brought an end to this policy, but the designation continued to be used by some people. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Second Yugoslavia and later
After liberation from Axis Powers in 1945, the new socialist Yugoslavia became a federal country which officially recognized and valued its ethnic diversity. Fahreta Živojinović ( Cyrillic: Фахрета Живојиновић born October 20, 1960) or better known as Flag of Yugoslavia describes flags of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Traditional ethnic identities again became the primary ethnic designations used by most inhabitants of Yugoslavia. However, many people still declared themselves as "Yugoslavs" because they wanted to express an identification with Yugoslavia as a whole, but not specifically with any of its peoples.
The 1971 census recorded 273,077 "Yugoslavs", or 1. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population 33% of the total population. The 1981 census recorded 1,216,463 or 5. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 4% Yugoslavs. In the 1991 census of 5. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. 51% (239,777) of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves to be "Yugoslav". 4. 25% of the population of the republic of Montenegro also declared themselves "Yugoslav" in the same census. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE!
The Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 that ratified a Presidency of 7 member-Presidents accounted 1 of them to be elected amongst/by the republic's "Yugoslavs", thereby introducing the Yugoslavs next to Muslims, Serbs and Croats into the Constitutional framework of BH, although on an inferior level. But due to the Bosnian War that erupted in 1992, this Constitution was short-lived and unrealized. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995
The 1981 census showed that "Yugoslavs" made up around 8% of the population in Croatia, this to date has been the highest percentage of "Yugoslavs" within Croatia's borders. The 1991 census data indicated that the number of "Yugoslavs" had dropped to 2% of the population in Croatia. The 2001 census in Croatia (the first since independence) registered only 176 Yugoslavs. [9]
Just before and after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, most "Yugoslavs" switched back to traditional ethnic designations. Nevertheless, the concept has survived into Bosnia and Herzegovina (where most towns have a tiny percentage), and Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006), which kept the name "Yugoslavia" the longest, right up to February, 2003. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. New censa will show whether Yugoslav is still being used in the new states of Serbia and Montenegro respectively.
Famous Yugoslavs
Yugoslavs have affected world history on many occasions. [10][11] One prime example is the leader, president for life, and founder of second Yugoslavia, Marshal Josip Broz Tito. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: First to organize a resistance against Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia,[12][13][14] he effectively expelled Nazi occupation in Yugoslavia, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement, and defied Stalin's Soviet pressure on Yugoslavia. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Other prominent figures include writer Ivo Andrić and Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip. Ivo Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић October 9, 1892 &ndash March 13, 1975) was a novelist Short story Gavrilo Princip ( Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип gaʋ'rilɔ 'prinʦip ( &ndash) was a Bosnian Serb and proclaimed himself to be a Yugoslav Princip, also being a prime example of a Yugoslav who impacted world history when he triggered the first World War by successfully assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in the city of Sarajevo. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with
Other Yugoslavs include entertainers and singers, such as Lepa Brena, Goran Bregović, Branko Đurić and Mile Kitić. Fahreta Živojinović ( Cyrillic: Фахрета Живојиновић born October 20, 1960) or better known as Goran Bregović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Бреговић (born March 22, 1950) is a Yugoslav Musician from Bosnia and Branko "Đuro" Đurić (born May 28, 1962) is an Actor and director from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Milojko "Mile" Kitić ( Cyrillic: Милојко "Миле" Китић (born January 1, 1952 in Derventa, Bosnia Most recently, Oliver Dulić, Serbia's parliament speaker, identified himself as a Yugoslav. Oliver Dulić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Оливер Дулић (born 21 January 1975 in Belgrade) is a Serbian politician long-time member
See also
- Ethnic Bosnians
- Bosniaks
- Montenegrins
- Serbs
- Croats
- Slovenes
- Ethnic Macedonians
- Demographics of Yugoslavia
- Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Demographics of Croatia
- Demographics of the Republic of Macedonia
- Demographics of Montenegro
- Demographics of Serbia
- Demographics of Slovenia
References
- ^ US census
- ^ 2002 census in Republic of Serbia
- ^ Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada
- ^ Slovenian census 2002 (in English)
- ^ Croatian 2001 census, detailed classification by nationality
- ^ A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples
- ^ Wikipedia's World War I Article
- ^ Gavrilo Princip
- ^ Population of Croatia 1931-2001
- ^ World War 1 Lecture 15: The Balkan causes of World War I
- ^ Tito-Stalin Split
- ^ Tito and his People by Howard Fast
- ^ Liberation of Belgrade and Yugoslavia
- ^ The Resistance Movement in Yugoslavia
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic