Statue of Yue Fei, from the Yue Fei Mausoleum in Hangzhou. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, The four characters on the banner reads, Huan wo he shan , or "Return my rivers and mountains".
Names (details)
Known in English as:	Yue Fei, Yueh Fei, Yo Fei, Yao Fei, Ngok Fei, Nawk Fai
Traditional Chinese:	岳飛
Simplified Chinese:	岳飞
Hanyu Pinyin:	Yuè Fēi
Wade-Giles:	Yüeh Fei
Cantonese:	Ngok6 Fei1
Courtesy name:	Pengju
Traditional Chinese:	鵬舉
Simplified Chinese:	鹏举
Hanyu Pinyin:	Péngjǔ
Wade-Giles:	P'eng Chü
Cantonese:	Paang4 Geui2
Posthumous name(s):	Wumu , Zhongwu
Chinese:	武穆 , 忠武
Hanyu Pinyin:	Wǔmù , Zhōngwǔ
Wade-Giles:	Wumu , Jungwu
Cantonese:	Mou5 Muk6 , Jung1 Mou5

Yue Fei (traditional Chinese: 岳飛; simplified Chinese: 岳飞; pinyin: Yuè Fēi; March 24, 1103 - January 27, 1142) was a famous Chinese patriot and military general who fought for the Southern Song Dynasty against the Jurchen armies of the Jin Dynasty. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty ^[1] Since his political execution, Yue Fei has evolved into the standard model of loyalty in Chinese culture. This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause For its use in business see Loyalty business model or Loyalty Marketing. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history

Contents 1 Yue Fei’s biographies 1.1 Yue Fei Biography 1.2 The Story of Yue Fei 1.3 Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E 2 Birth and early life 2.1 Martial training 2.2 Famous tattoo 3 Adult life 3.1 Portrait 3.2 Character 3.3 Family 3.4 Military record 3.4.1 Six methods for wielding an army 4 Death 4.1 Kneeling Iron Statues 5 Talents 5.1 Martial arts 5.1.1 Connection to Praying Mantis boxing 5.2 Poetry 6 Modern day 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Yue Fei’s biographies

Yue Fei Biography

It was written 60 years after Yue's death by his grandson, the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯) (1183-post 1240). ^[2] It was later compiled with other such biographies in 1345 as part of the Sòng Shǐ (宋史 - "History of the Song Dynasty"), a massive 496 volume record of various historical events and biographies of noted Song Dynasty personage, by Yuan Dynasty Prime-Minister Toktoghan (脫脫) (1314-1355). The Twenty-Four Histories ( is a collection of Chinese Historical books covering a period of history from 3000 BC to the Ming Dynasty in the The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai ^[3] It is located in the 365th volume in this collection and is numbered biography 124. ^[4]

Although it is part of a historic text, this biography includes supernatural elements. For instance, it mentions how Yue's father, Yue Huo (岳和), named him Fei (飛 - "flight") because a magical Peng alighted on the roof of their family home. Peng ( is the Romanization of the Chinese character for a mythological bird It also states Yue Fei "possessed supernatural power" and could "draw a bow of 300 catties". Catty is the English word for a traditional Chinese unit of Mass called a jīn ( Chinese characters: 斤) in Mandarin Chinese ^[4]

The Story of Yue Fei

Yue Fei's second biography, a wuxia fiction named Shuo Yue Quan Zhuan (說岳全傳 - "The Story of Yue Fei", literally "Telling the Complete Biography of Yue Fei"), was written by Qian Cai (錢彩), who lived sometime during the reigns of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng (1661-1735). Wuxia or Wǔxiá ( Mandarin ùɕiɑ̌ Hanyu Pinyin: Wǔxiá, Cantonese Pinyin: mou5 hap6 Taiwanese/Hokkien bu hiap Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 ^[5] A dating symbol in its preface points either to the year 1684 or to 1744. ^[6] It was banned in the reign of Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September There are two main versions of this novel in existence. The original had eighty chapters. There was an illustrated edition of this version published in 1912. ^[7] The other also had eighty chapters and was published during the reign of Emperor Tongzhi (1861-1875). The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Starting in 1964 and finally finishing in 1995, Honorable Sir T. L. Yang (楊鐵樑爵士) (1934-present), former Chief Justice of Hong Kong from 1988 to 1995, current Chairman of the Hong Kong Red Cross, combined the first chapters of these works (in an attempt to weed out the overabundance of supernatural elements) to create a seventy-nine chapter version with 961 pages, which he translated into English. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth or other countries with an Anglo-Saxon justice system based on English Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Hong Kong Red Cross ( is a Red Cross society in Hong Kong It is currently sold under the name General Yue Fei (ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0).

Some people mistakenly take this novel to be historical fact when it is purely fiction. ^[8] In the introduction of his translation, Honorable Sir T. L. Yang states:

"The work is a historical novel in form, but it is in fact based almost mainly on legends which were current amongst the common people for centuries. Indeed some of the events described there are nothing more than Qian Cai's own imagination. "^[5]

Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E

The Song Yue E Wang Nianpu (宋岳鄂王年譜 – "Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E [Wuchang, Hubei]") was written by Qian Ru Wen (钱汝雯) in 1924. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. ^[7]

Birth and early life

Several sources state Yue was born into a poor tenant farmer's family in Tanyin County, Anyang Prefecture, Henan province. A tenant farmer is one who resides on and farms land owned by a Landlord. Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country ^{[4][5][9][10]} According to The Story of Yue Fei, the Chinese immortal Chen Tuan, disguised as a wandering priest, warned the future-general's father, Yue Huo (岳和), to put his wife and child inside of a certain clay jar if baby Yue began to cry. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Chen Tuan (陳摶 (birthname Chen Tuan name as a sage Chen Hsi I Chen Xi Yi (871-989 was a legendary Taoist sage A few days later, a young child squeezed Yue's hand too hard and he began to cry. Soon, it began to rain and the Yellow River flooded, wiping out Yue's village. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the His father held onto the clay jar as it was swept down the river, but eventually drowned. This well-known story is actually fiction. Although the much older Yue Fei Biography mentions the flood, it states Yue Huo survived the flood. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 It reads, "侗死，溯望設祭于其冢。父義之，曰：“汝為時用，其徇國死義乎。"

"After [the death of his teacher Zhou Tong], [Yue Fei] would offer sacrifices at his tomb. History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military His father praised him for his faithfulness and asked him, 'When you are employed to cope with the affairs of the time, will you then not have to sacrifice yourself for the empire and die for your duty?'"^[4][11]

It must be taken into account that the Yue Fei Biography was written roughly five-hundred years before The Story of Yue Fei. Yue Fei's father used his family's plot of land for humanitarian efforts, but after it was destroyed in the flood, young Yue Fei was forced to help his father toil in the fields to survive. Yue received most of his primary education from his father. In 1122 Yue joined the army, but had to return home later that year after the death of his father. ^[11] In ancient China, a person was required by law to temporarily resign from their job so they could observe the customary period of mourning. ^[12] For instance, Yue would have had to mourn his father’s passing for three years, but in all actuality only twenty-seven months. During this time, he would wear varying degrees of coarse mourning robes, caps, and slippers, while abstaining from silken garments. ^[13] When his mother died in 1136, he retired from a decisive battle against the Jin for the mourning period, but he was forced to cut the bereavement short because his generals begged him to come back. ^[11]

The Story of Yue Fei gives a very detailed fictional account of Yue’s early life. The novel states after being swept from Henan to Hubei, Yue and his mother are saved by the country squire Wang Ming (王明) and are permitted to stay in the Wang manor as live-in-help. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Young Yue Fei later becomes the adopted son and student of the Wang family’s teacher, Zhou Tong, a famous master of military skills. History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military (Zhou Tong is not to be confused with the similarly named "Little King" of the Water Margin. Zhou Tong (周通 the 'Little King' (小霸王 is a fictional character in the epic Chinese novel Water Margin. Water Margin ( (also Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men Are Brothers or The Marshes of Mount Liang) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels ) Zhou teaches Yue and his three sworn brothers--Wang Gui (王贵), Tang Huai (湯懷) and Zhang Xian (張顯)--literary lessons on odd days and military lessons, involving archery and the eighteen weapons of war, on even days. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has The Eighteen Arms ( is a list of the eighteen main weapons of Chinese martial arts.

After years of practice, Zhou Tong enters his students into the Tanyin County military exam, in which Yue Fei wins first place by shooting a succession of nine arrows through the bullseye of a target two-hundred and forty paces away. Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. The bullseye is the center of a target (worth 10 points in Archery or 50 points in Darts) and by extension the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye A pace (or double-pace) is a measure of Distance used in Ancient Rome. After this display of archery, Yue is asked to marry the daughter of Li Chun (李春), an old friend of Zhou's and the county magistrate who presided over the military exams. However, Zhou soon dies of an illness and Yue lives by his grave through the winter until the second month of the new year when his sworn-brothers come and tear it down, forcing him to return home and take care of his mother.

Yue eventually marries and later participates in the Imperial military exams in the Song capital of Kaifeng. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern There, he defeats all competitors and even turns down an offer from Cai Gui (蔡桂), the Prince of Liang, to be richly rewarded if he forfeits his chance for the military degree. This angers the prince and both agree to fight a private duel in which Yue kills the prince and is forced to flee the city for fear of being executed. Shortly thereafter, he joins the Song army to fight the invading Jurchen armies of the Jin Empire. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty ^[5]

The Yue Fei Biography states “飛生時，有大禽若鵠，飛鳴室上，因以為名。未彌月，河決內黃，水暴至，母姚抱飛坐瓮中，衝濤及岸得免，人異之。-- 家貧力學，尤好【左氏春秋】、孫吳兵法。”^[4]

"When [Yue] was born, a Peng flew into the room, so his father named the child Fei [(飞 - "fly")]. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Peng ( is the Romanization of the Chinese character for a mythological bird Before [Yue] was even a month old, the Yellow River flooded, so his mother got inside of the center of a clay jar and held on to baby Yue. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the The violent waves pushed the jar down river, where they landed ashore … Despite his family's poverty, [Yue Fei] was studious, and particularly favored the Zuo Zhuan edition of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. The Zuo Zhuan ( translated as the Chronicle of Zuo or the Commentary of Zuo, is the earliest Chinese work of narrative history and The Spring and Autumn Annals ( is the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 481 BCE. Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the Wu Qi ( d 381 BC was a Chinese military leader and Politician in the Warring States period "

According to one book by martial arts master Liang Shou Yu, "[A] Dapeng is a great big bird that lived in ancient china. Peng ( is the Romanization of the Chinese character for a mythological bird Legend has it, that Dapeng was the guardian that stayed above the head of the first Buddha, Sakymuni. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Dapeng could get rid of all evil in any area. Even the Monkey King was no match for it. Sun Wukong ( known in the West as the Monkey King, is the main character in the classical Chinese epic novel Journey to the West. During the Song Dynasty the government was corrupt and foreigners were constantly invading China. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Sakyamuni sent Dapeng down to earth to protect China. Dapeng descended to earth and was born as Yue Fei. " ^[14]

Martial training

The Yue Fei Biography says, "Yue Fei possessed supernatural power and before his adulthood, he was able to draw a bow of 300 catties and a Cross-bow of 8 stone. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Catty is the English word for a traditional Chinese unit of Mass called a jīn ( Chinese characters: 斤) in Mandarin Chinese A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts The stone is a unit of Weight. It is part of the Imperial system of weights and measures used in the British Isles, and formerly used in most [Yue Fei] learned archery from Zhou Tong. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military He learned everything and could fire with his left and right hands. "^[15][4] The Story of Yue Fei states Zhou teaches Yue and his sworn-brothers archery and all of the eighteen weapons of war. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military The Eighteen Arms ( is a list of the eighteen main weapons of Chinese martial arts. This fictional novel also says Yue was Zhou's third student after the Water Margin bandits Lin Chong and Lu Junyi. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Water Margin ( (also Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men Are Brothers or The Marshes of Mount Liang) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. Nicknamed the 'Jade Unicorn' (玉麒麟 Lu Junyi (卢俊义 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, and hailed from Hebei The Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E [Wuchang, Hubei]") says he studied the bow and military tactics under the military leader Zhou Tong and the spear under the spear master Chen Guang (陈广). Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Before he was an adult, Yue could draw a bow of 300 catties and a crossbow of 8 stones and could fire a bow with either his left or right hand. ^[7][16][14] The E Wang Shi records, "When Yue Fei reached adulthood, his maternal grandfather, Yao Daweng [(姚大翁)], hired a spear expert, Chen Guang, to teach Yue Fei spear fighting. "^[17][18]

Both the Yue Fei Biography and E Wang Shi mention Yue learning from Zhou and Chen at or before his adulthood. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 The chinese word representing "adulthood" in these sources is Jí Guàn (及冠 - "Conferring Cap"), an ancient Chinese term that means "twenty years old" where a young man was able to wear a formal cap as a social status of adulthood. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( ^[19][20] So he gained all of his martial arts knowledge by the time he joined the army at the age of nineteen. ^[4][16]

These chronicles do not mention Yue's masters teaching him martial arts style; just archery, spearplay and military tactics. But non-historical or scholarly sources state, in addition to those already mentioned, Zhou Tong taught Yue other skills such as hand-to-hand combat and horseback riding. History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military Yet again, these do not mention any specific martial arts style. One legend says Zhou took young Yue to an unspecified place to meet a Buddhist hermit who taught him the Emei Dapeng Qigong (峨嵋大鵬氣功) style. Omei Shan redirects here For the bird see Grey-faced Liocichla Mount Emei ( literally towering Eyebrow Mountain) is a Mountain in Peng ( is the Romanization of the Chinese character for a mythological bird Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional cultivation practices that involve methods of accumulating circulating and working with Qi or energy This is supposedly the source of his legendary strength and martial arts abilities. ^[9][14] According to thirteenth generation lineage Tai He ("Great Harmony") Wudangquan Master Fan Keping (范克平), a collector of rare Kung fu manuals, Yue’s teacher Zhou was a master of various "hard qigong" exercises. Wǔdāngquán, is a classification of Chinese martial arts known more generally as Nèijiā. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. ^{[21][22][23][24]}

Famous tattoo

According to legend, Yue's mother tattooed jìn zhōng bào guó (simplified Chinese: 尽忠报国; traditional Chinese: 盡忠報國; pinyin: - "serve the country with the utmost loyalty") across his back before he left home to join the army in 1122. A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of Skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Biography of Yue Fei says after the traitor Qin Hui sent agents to arrest Yue Fei and his son, Yue Fei was taken before the court and charged with treason. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Qin Hui ( 1090 - 1155 Style name Huizhi (會之 was a Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty in China who is widely regarded as a But “飛裂裳以背示鑄，有“盡忠報國”四大字，深入膚理。既而閱實無左驗，鑄明其無辜。”^[4]

"Yue ripped his jacket to reveal the four brush-stroke characters of "serve the country with the utmost loyalty" on his back. This proved he was clearly innocent of the charges. "

In chapter twenty-one of The Story of Yue Fei entitled "By a pretext Wang Zuo swore brotherhood, By tattoos Lady Yue instructed her son", Yue denounced the pirate chief Yang Yao (杨幺) and passed on a chance to become a general in his army. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Lady Yao then tells Yue, "I, your mother, saw that you did not accept recruitment of the rebellious thief, and that you willingly endure poverty and are not tempted by wealth and status … But I fear that after my death, there may be some unworthy creature who will enticed you … For these reason … I want to tattoo on your back the four characters ‘Utmost’, ‘Loyalty’, ‘Serve’ and ‘Nation’ . . . The Lady picked up the brush and wrote out on his spine the four characters for 'serving the nation with the utmost loyalty' . . . [So] she bit her teeth, and started pricking. Having finished, she painted the characters with ink mixed with vinegar so that the colour would never fade. "^[5]

According to The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions, the Kaifeng Jews, one of many pockets of Chinese Jews who settled in China before the time of Jesus Christ,^[25] refer to this tattoo in two of their stele monuments created in 1489, 1512, and 1638. The Kaifeng Jews are members of a small Jewish community that has existed in Kaifeng, in the Henan province of China, for hundreds of years Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela This first mention appeared in a section of the 1489 stele talking about the Jews' "Boundless loyalty to the country and Prince". (Please note the original author translated Yue Fei’s tattoo as "Boundless loyalty to the country". ) The second appeared in a section of the 1512 stele talking about how Jewish soldiers and officers in the Chinese armies were "Boundlessly loyal to the country". This book also claims that "Israelites" (Chinese Jews) served as soldiers in the armies of Yue Fei. ^[25]

Adult life

Portrait

Southern Song Dynasty artist Liu Songnian (劉松年) (1174-1224), who was best known for his very realistic works, painted a picture called the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" (中兴四将). The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chinese art ( Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术 has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling Dynasties of China and changing ^[26] The group portrait shows eight people--four generals and four attendants. Starting from the left: attendant, Yue Fei, attendant, Zhang Jun (張浚), Han Shizhong (韓世忠), attendant, Liu Guangshi (劉光世), and attendant. Early life Han Shizhong was born to a poor farming family in a village of the Shanxi province in the year 1089 ^[27]

According to history professor He Zongli of Zhejiang University, the painting shows Yue was more of a scholarly-looking general with a shorter stature and chubbier build than the statue of him currently displayed in his tomb in Hangzhou, which portrays him as being tall and skinny. Zhejiang University ( ZJU;) sometimes referred to as Zheda, is a national university in China. Shen Lixin, an official with the Yue Fei Temple Administration, holds the portrait of Yue Fei from the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" to be the most accurate likeness of the general in existence. ^[28]

Character

In his "From Myth to Myth: The Case of Yüeh Fei’s Biography", noted Sinologist Hellmut Wilhelm^[29] concluded that Yue Fei purposely patterned his life after famous Chinese heroes from dynasties past and that this ultimately led to his martyrdom. Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China but especially in the American academic context refers more strictly to the study of classical language Hellmut Wilhelm (1905-1990 was a German Sinologist. Biography Hellmut Wilhelm was born in 1905 in the city of Qingdao, located in ^[11] Apart from studying literature under his father Yue Huo (岳和), Yue loved to read military classics. He favored the Zuo Zhuan edition of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. The Zuo Zhuan ( translated as the Chronicle of Zuo or the Commentary of Zuo, is the earliest Chinese work of narrative history and The Spring and Autumn Annals ( is the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 481 BCE. Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the Wu Qi ( d 381 BC was a Chinese military leader and Politician in the Warring States period Although his literacy afforded him the chance to become a scholar, which was a position held in much higher regard than the common soldiery during the Song, Yue chose the military path because there had never been any tradition of civil service in his family. Therefore he had no reason to study the Confucian classics in order to surpass the accomplishments of his ancestors or to raise his family’s social status to the next level. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B His fourth-generation ancestor, Yue Huan (岳涣), had served as a Ling Shi (令使) (essentially a low-level functionary),^[30] but he was never a full-fledged member of the civil service rank. ^[31] A second theory is that he joined the military in the hopes of emulating his favorite heroes. ^[11]

Scholars were always welcome in the Yue camp. He allowed them to come and tell the stories and deeds of past heroes to bolster the resolve of his men. This way he was able to teach them about the warriors that he had constructed his own life after. He also hoped that one of these scholars would record his own deeds so he would become a peer amongst his idols. He is recorded in saying that he wished to be considered the equal of General Guan Yu and other such famous men from the three kingdoms period. Guan Yu ( Chinese: 關羽 Guān Yǔ was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Yue succeeded in this endeavor since later "official mythology" placed him on the same level as his Guan Yu. ^[11]

Yue was careful to conduct himself as the ideal Confucian gentleman at all times for fear that any misconduct would be recorded and criticized by people of later dynasties. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B However he had his faults. He had a problem with alcohol during the early part of his military career. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Yue drank in great excess because he believed it fitted the image of heroes of old. But once he nearly killed a colleague in a drunken rage, the Emperor made him promise not to drink any more alcohol until the Jin had been driven from China. ^[11]

Family

According to The Story of Yue Fei, he had five sons and one daughter. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Yue Yun (岳雲) (1119-1142), is thought by some non-scholarly sources to have been adopted by Yue at the age of twelve, but he was in fact his biological son;^[18] Yue Lei (岳雷), the second, succeeded to his father's post; Yue Ting, (岳霆) was the third; Yue Lin (岳霖), was the fourth; and Yue Zhen (岳震), the fifth, was still young at the time of his father's death. Yue Yinping was Yue's daughter. The fictional novel states she committed suicide after her father's death and became a fairy in heaven. However, history books do not mention her name and therefore she should be considered a fictional character. ^[18] Yue Fei married the daughter of Magistrate Li the year he was sixteen-years-old (1119). ^[5] However, the account of his marriage is fictional. ^[18]

The Yue Fei Biography states Yue left his ailing mother with his first wife while he went to fight the Jin. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 But she "left him (and his mother) and remarried. "^[11] He later took a second wife and even discussed "affairs" pertaining to his military career with her. He truly loved her, but his affection for her was second to his desire to rid China of the Jin. Her faithfulness to him and his mother was strengthened by the fear that any infidelity or lacking in her care of Lady Yao would result in reprisal. ^[11]

He forbid his sons from having concubines, but he almost took one himself. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Even though she was sent as a present by a friend, he did not accept her because she did not answer him properly when he asked her if she could "share the hardships of camp life". ^[11] Her response was a giggle and he therefore knew she would sleep around with other soldiers. ^[11]

Though not mentioned in the memoir written by Yue Fei's grandson, some scholarly sources claim Yue had a younger brother named Fan (翻). He later served in the army under his brother and died in battle in the year 1132. ^[18]

Military record

According to War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795, "Yue’s career followed the trajectory of Song military fortunes in the first half of the twelfth century. A northern Chinese from a humble background, he participated in the Song’s attempt to capture the Sixteen Prefectures in 1122 and defended Kaifeng after the Jurchen withdrew in 1127. Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Yue moved south with the other loyalist forces in 1129, and took an active part in during the Jurchen advance back across the Yangtze that year. He continued to advance in rank, and to increase the size of his army as he repeatedly led successful offensives into north China and put down bandits within Song territory. Several other generals were also successful against the Jurchen, and their combined efforts secured the survival of the dynasty. Yue, like most of them, was committed to recapturing north Chin. He saw the strengthening Song army not as a chance to achieve peace with what remained of Song territory but as a chance to defeat the Jurchen outright and recover what was lost. ^[32]

Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126-1193 states, ". . . Yue Fei 岳飛 ([1103]-1141). . . repelled the enemy assaults in 1133 and 1134, until in 1135 the now confident Song army was in a position to recover all of north China from the Jin … [In 1140,] Yue Fei initiated a general counterattack against the Jin, defeating one enemy after another until he bivouacked within range of the Northern Song dynasty’s old capital city , Kaifeng, in preparation for the final assault against the enemy. Yet in the same year Qin [Hui] ordered Yue fei to abandon his campaign, and in 1141 Yue Fei was summoned back to the Southern Song Dynasty capital, where he was murdered at Qin [Hui]’s instigation. "^[33]

Six methods for wielding an army

Yue Ke (岳柯) states his grandfather had six special methods for wielding an army effectively:

Careful selection

He relied more on small numbers of well-trained soldiers than he did large masses of the poorly-trained variety. In this way, one superior soldier counted for as much as one hundred inferior soldiers. One example used to illustrate this was when the armies of Han Ching and Wu Xu were transferred into Yue’s camp. Most of them had never seen battle and were generally too old or unhealthy for sustaining prolonged troop movement and engagement of the enemy. Once Yue had filtered out the weak soldiers and sent them home, he was only left with a meager thousand able-bodied soldiers. However, after some months of intense training, they were ready to perform almost as well as the soldiers who had served under Yue for years. ^[11]

Careful training

When his troops were not on military campaigns to win back lost Chinese territory in the north, Yue put his men through intense training. Apart from troop movement and weapons drills, this training also involved them leaping over walls and crawling through moats in full battle garb. The intensity of the training was such that the men would not even try to visit their families if they passed by their homes while on movement and even trained on their days off. ^[11]

Justice in rewards and punishments

He rewarded his men for their merits and punished them for their boasting or lack of training. Yue once gave a private his own personal belt, silver dinner ware, and a promotion for his meritorious deeds in battle. A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in While on the reverse, he once ordered his son Yue Yun to be decapitated for falling off his horse after failing to jump a moat. His son was only saved after Yue’s officers begged his mercy. There were a number of soldiers that were either dismissed or executed because they boasted of their skills or failed to follow orders. ^[11]

Clear orders

He always delivered his orders in a simple manner that was easy for all of his soldiers to understand. Whoever failed to follow them were severely punished. ^[11]

Strict discipline

While marching about the countryside, he never let his troops destroy fields or to pillage towns or villages. He made them pay a fair price for goods and made sure crops remained intact. A soldier once stole a hemp rope from a peasant so he could tie a bale of hay with it. When Yue discovered this, he questioned the soldier and had him executed. ^[11]

Close fellowship with his men

He treated all of his men like equals. He ate the same food as they did and slept out in the open as they did. Even when a temporary shelter was erected for him, he made sure several soldiers could find room to sleep inside before he found a spot of his own. When there was not enough wine to go around, he would dilute it with water so every soldier would have a cup to drink from. ^[11]

Death

In 1126, several years before Yue Fei became a general, the militant Jurchen of the Jin dynasty invaded the north of the country forcing the Song out of their capital Kaifeng and capturing the emperor of the time Emperor Qinzong who was sent into captivity in Manchuria. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Emperor Qinzong ( May 23, 1100 &ndash June 14, 1161) was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast This marked the end of the Northern Song, and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong.

Yue Fei fought a long campaign against the invading Jurchen in an effort to retake the north of the country. Just when he was threatening to attack and retake Kaifeng, corrupt officials advised Emperor Gaozong to recall Yue Fei to the capital and sue for peace with the Jurchen. Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Fearing that a defeat at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchen to release Qinzong, threatening his claim to the throne, the emperor followed their advice. Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Emperor Qinzong ( May 23, 1100 &ndash June 14, 1161) was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last Yue Fei was ordered to return twelve times in the form of twelve gold plaques. Knowing that a success at Kaifeng could lead to internal strife Yue Fei submitted to the orders of his emperor and returned to the capital where he was imprisoned and where Qin Hui would eventually arrange for him to be executed on false charges. Qin Hui ( 1090 - 1155 Style name Huizhi (會之 was a Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty in China who is widely regarded as a ^[5]

There are conflicting views on how Yue Fei died. According to The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) and other sources, Yue Fei died in prison. ^[34][9] The Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E says he was killed in prison. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 ^[4] The Story of Yue Fei states he was strangled to death. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 It reads, ". . . [Yue Fei] strode in long steps to the Pavilion of Winds and Waves . . . The Warders on both sides picked up the ropes and strangled the three men [Yue Fei, Yue Yun, and Zhang Xian (張憲), Yue's subordinate] without further ado . . . At the time Lord Yue was thirty-nine years of age and the young lord Yue Yun twenty-three. When the three men returned to Heaven, suddenly a fierce wind rose up wildly and all the fires and lights were extinguished. Black mists filled the sky and sand and pebbles were blown about. "^[5]

The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai comments, "Finally, [Ngok Fei] received the 'Twelfth Golden Edict' [from the emperor calling him back to the capital], which if ignored meant banishment. Patriotism demanded that he obey. On his way back to the capital he stopped to rest at a pavilion. Chun Kui anticipated Ngok Fei’s route and sent some men to lie in wait. When Ngok Fei arrived, Chun Kui’s men ambushed and murdered him. Just thirty-nine years old, Ngok Fei like many good men in history, had a swift, brilliant career, then died brutally while still young. "^[35]

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary states, "[Father and son] had not been two months in confinement when Ch’in Kuei resolved to rid himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order for the execution of Yo Fei, which was forthwith carried into effect; whereupon he immediate reported that Yo Fei had died in prison. "^[10] Meaning he had Yue and his son executed but reported they both died while in captivity.

Other sources say he was poisoned to death. ^[32][36][37] Still, a great deal simply say he was executed, murdered, or "treacherously assassinated". ^[38][39][40]

Kneeling Iron Statues

The Story of Yue Fei states after having Yue Fei, Yue Yun, Zhang Xian arrested under false charges, Qin and his wife, Lady Wang (王氏), were sitting by the "eastern window", warming themselves by the fire, when he received a letter from the people calling for the release of the General. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Qin was worried because after nearly two months of torture, he could not get Yue Fei to admit to false treason and would eventually have to let him go. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. However, after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute the general. She told Qin to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange and send it to the examining judge. This way, the General and his companions would be put to death before the Emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind an open order of execution. ^[5] This conspiracy became known as the "East-Window Plot". ^[41] An anonymous novel was written about this called the Dong Chuang Ji ("Tale of the Eastern Window") during the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led ^[42]

When asked by General Han Shizhong what crime Yue had committed, Qin Hui replied, "Though it isn't sure whether there is something that he did to betray the dynasty, maybe there is. Early life Han Shizhong was born to a poor farming family in a village of the Shanxi province in the year 1089 " The phrase "perhaps there is" or "could be true" (traditional Chinese: 莫須有; simplified Chinese: 莫须有; pinyin: mò xū yǒu) has entered the Chinese language as an expression to refer to fabricated charges. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use ^[43] For their part in Yue Fei's death, iron statues of Qin Hui, Lady Wang, and two of Qin Hui's subordinates, Moqi Xie (万俟軼) and Zhang Jun (張俊), were made to kneel before Yue Fei's tomb (located by Hangzhou's West Lake). ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, For centuries, these statues have been cursed, spat and urinated upon by young and old. But now, in modern times, these statues are protected as historical relics. ^[44] There is a poem hanging on the gate surrounding the statues. It reads:

"The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general, the white iron was innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors. "^[45]

One source states, "In 1162 the Emperor Hsiao Tsung restored his honours, and gave proper burial to his remains. See also List of Song Emperors Architecture of the Song Dynasty Culture of the Song Dynasty A [tomb] was put up in his memory, and he was designated 忠武 the Loyal Hero. In 1179 he was canonized as 武穆 [Wu Mu]. "^[10]

According to the novel Xi You Bu, a satire of the Journey to the West, written in 1641 by the scholar Dong Ruoyu (also known as Dong Yue, 1620-1686), the Monkey King enthusiastically serves in hell as the trial prosecutor of Qin Hui. Journey to the West ( is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Sun Wukong ( known in the West as the Monkey King, is the main character in the classical Chinese epic novel Journey to the West. At one point, Monkey asks the spirit of Yue Fei if he would like to drink some of Qin’s blood. ^[42]

Talents

Martial arts

See also: Military and civilian combat arts of Zhou Tong

The two styles most associated with Yue are Eagle Claw and Xingyi boxing. This is an article about martial arts styles attributed to Zhou Tong For the military operation see Operation Eagle Claw. For the film see Eagle's Claw. Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. One book states Yue created Eagle Claw for his enlisted soldiers and Xingyi for his officers. An enlisted rank in the Military of the United States is any rank below a commissioned officer. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority ^[46] Legend has it that Yue Fei studied in the Shaolin Temple with a monk named Zhou Tong and learned the "Elephant" style of boxing, a set of hand techniques with great emphasis on Qinna joint-locking. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military Chin Na or Qinna (擒拿 Pinyin: qín ná Wade-Giles: ch'in2 na2 is a Chinese term describing techniques used in ^[47][48][49] Other tales say he learned this style elsewhere outside the temple under the same master. ^[9] Yue Fei eventually expanded Elephant style to create the Yibai Lingba Qinna (一百零八擒拿 - "108 Locking Hand Techniques") of the Ying Sao (Eagle Hands) or Ying Kuen (Eagle Fist). ^[35] After becoming a general in the imperial army, Yue taught this style to his men and they were very successful in battle against the armies of the Jin Empire. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty ^[9] Following his wrongful execution and the disbandment of his armies, Yue's men supposedly traveled all over China spreading the style, which eventually ended right back in Shaolin where it began. Later, a monk named Lai Chin (麗泉) combined this style with Fanziquan, another style attributed to the General, to create the modern day form of Northern Ying Jow Pai boxing. Fānziquán ( Chinese: 翻子拳 literally "tumbling fist" is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes offense and defense with the hands For the military operation see Operation Eagle Claw. For the film see Eagle's Claw. ^[50][35]

According to legend, Yue combined his knowledge of Internal martial arts and spearplay learned from Zhou Tong (in Shaolin) to create the linear fist attacks of Xingyi boxing. The term " nèijiā " usually refers to Wudangquan or the internal styles of Chinese martial arts, which Sun Lutang identified in the 1920s as Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. ^[9][51] One book claims he studied and synthesized Buddhism's Tendon Changing and Marrow Washing qigong systems to create Xingyi. Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times The Yì Jīn Jīng (易筋經 Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic" is a Qìgōng manual most notable as the source Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional cultivation practices that involve methods of accumulating circulating and working with Qi or energy ^[52] On the contrary, proponents of Wudang Boxing believe it’s possible that Yue learned the style in the Wudang Mountains that border his home province of Henan. Wǔdāngquán, is a classification of Chinese martial arts known more generally as Nèijiā. The Wudang Mountains ( also known as Wu Tang Shan or simply Wudang, are a small Mountain range in the Hubei province of China, just Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country The reasons they cite for this conclusion are that he supposedly lived around the same time and place as Zhang Sanfeng, the founder of Taichi; Xingyi’s five fist attacks, which are based on the five chinese elements theory, are similar to Taichi’s "Yin-yang theory"; and both theories are Taoist-based and not Buddhist. Zhang Sanfeng ( variant 張三豐 pronounced the same was a semi-mythical Chinese Taoist priest who is believed by some to have achieved Immortality, Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Wu Xing ( or the Five Phases, usually translated as five elements, Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times ^[53] The book Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan, written by Pei Xirong (裴锡荣) and Li Ying’ang (李英昂), states Xingyi Master Dai Longbang "于乾隆十五年为“六合拳”作序云：“岳飞当童子时，受业于周侗师，精通枪法，以枪为拳，立法以教将佐，名曰意拳，神妙莫测，盖从古未有之技也。"^[54][55]

". Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. . . wrote the ‘Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing’ in the 15th reign year of the Qianlong Emperor [1750]. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September Inside it says, '. . . when [Yue Fei] was a child, he received special instructions from Zhou Tong. He became extremely skilled in the spear method. He used the spear to create methods for the fist. He established a method called Yi Quan [意拳]. Mysterious and unfathomable, followers of old did not have these skills. Throughout the Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties few had his art. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Only Ji Gong had it. "

The Ji Gong mentioned above, better known as Ji Jike (姬際可) or Ji Long Feng (姬隆丰), is said to have trained in the Shaolin temple for ten years as a young man and was matchless with the spear. ^[51] As the story goes, He later traveled to Xongju Cave on Zhongnen Mountain to receive a boxing manual written by Yue Fei, from which he learned Xingyi. However, some believe Ji actually created the style himself and attributed it to Yue Fei because he was fighting the Manchus, descendants of the Jurchens who the general had struggled against. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu ^[56] Ji supposedly created it after watching a battle between an eagle and a bear during the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led ^[57] Other sources say he created it while training in the Shaolin temple. He was reading a book and looked up to see two roosters fighting, which inspired him to imitate the fighting styles of animals. ^[51][58][59] Both versions of the story (eagel/bear and roosters) state he continued to study the actions of animals and eventually increased the cadre of animal forms. Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. ^[51]

Several other martial arts have been attributed to Yue Fei, including Yuejiaquan (Yue Family Boxing), Fanziquan (Tumbling Boxing), and Chuojiao quan (Feet-Poking Boxing), among others. Yuejiaquan (岳家拳 literally Yue Family Fist, alternately Yue Ch'uan) is a style of Chinese martial arts attributed to Yue Fei Fānziquán ( Chinese: 翻子拳 literally "tumbling fist" is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes offense and defense with the hands Chuōjiǎo (戳腳 literally "poking foot" is a Chinese martial art that comprises many jumps kicks and fast fist sequences ^[60][61][62] The "Fanzi Boxing Ballad" says: "Wu Mu has passed down the Fanzi Quan which has mystery in its straightforward movements. " Wu Mu (武穆) was a Posthumous name given to Yue after his death. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death ^[10] One Chuojiao legend states Zhou Tong learned the style from its creator, a wandering Taoist named Deng Liang (邓良), and later passed it onto Yue Fei, who is considered to be the progenitor of the style. ^[60][63]

Besides the martial arts, Yue is also said to have studied Traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. He understood the essence of Hua Tuo’s Wu Qin Xi (五禽戲 – "Five Animal Folics") and created his own form of "medical qigong’’ known as the Ba Duan Jin (八段錦 – "Eight Pieces of Brocade"). Hua Tuo (d 208 was a renowned physician during the Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a form of Wai Dan (外丹 – "External Elixir") medical qigong. Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional cultivation practices that involve methods of accumulating circulating and working with Qi or energy ^[64] He taught this qigong to his soldiers to help keep their bodies strong and well-prepared for battle. ^[65][66] One legend states that Zhou Tong took young Yue to meet a Buddhist Hermit who taught him Emei Dapeng Qigong (峨嵋大鵬氣功). Omei Shan redirects here For the bird see Grey-faced Liocichla Mount Emei ( literally towering Eyebrow Mountain) is a Mountain in Peng ( is the Romanization of the Chinese character for a mythological bird His training in Dapeng Qingong was the source of his great strength and martial arts abilities. Modern pracitioners of this style say it was passed down by Yue. ^[14]

Connection to Praying Mantis boxing

According to The Story of Yue Fei, the Water Margin bandits Lin Chong and Lu Junyi were former students of Yue’s teacher Zhou Tong. Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Water Margin ( (also Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men Are Brothers or The Marshes of Mount Liang) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. Nicknamed the 'Jade Unicorn' (玉麒麟 Lu Junyi (卢俊义 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, and hailed from Hebei History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military ^[67] One martial legend states Zhou learned Chuojiao boxing from its originator Deng Liang (邓良) and then passed it onto Yue Fei, who is sometimes considered the progenitor of the style. Chuōjiǎo (戳腳 literally "poking foot" is a Chinese martial art that comprises many jumps kicks and fast fist sequences ^[60] Chuojiao is also known as the "Water Margin Outlaw style" and Yuānyāng Tuǐ (鴛鴦腿 - "Mandarin Duck Leg"). ^[68] In the Water Margin's twenty-ninth chapter, entitled "Wu Song, Drunk, Beats Jiang the Gate Guard Giant", it mentions Wu Song, another of Zhou's fictional students, using the "Jade Circle-Steps with Duck and Drake feet". Wǔ Sōng (武松 was a hero in the Water Margin, one of the four most famous classical works of Chinese literature. ^[69] A famous folklore Praying Mantis manuscript, which describes the fictional gathering of eighteen martial arts masters in Shaolin, lists Lin Chong (#13) as a master of "Mandarin ducks kicking technique". Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. ^[60] This creates a folklore connection between Yue and Mantis boxing.

Lineage Mantis Master Yuen Man Kai openly claims Zhou taught Lin and Lu the "same school" of martial arts that was later combined with the aforementioned seventeen other schools to create Mantis fist. ^[70] However, he believes Mantis fist was created during the Ming Dynasty, and was therefore influenced by these eighteen schools from the Song. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led He also says Lu Junyi taught Yan Qing the same martial arts as he learned from Zhou. ^[71] Master Yuen further comments Zhou later taught Yue the same school and that Yue was the originator of the mantis move "Black Tiger Steeling^[sic] Heart". Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" ^[71]

Poetry

At the age of 30, Yue Fei supposedly wrote his most famous poem, Manjiang Hong (simplified Chinese: 满江红; traditional Chinese: 滿江紅; pinyin: mānjiānghóng - "Entirely Red River"). Mǎn Jīang Hóng) is the title of a set of lyrical poems sharing the same pattern Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use This poem reflects the raw hatred he felt towards the Jin empire, as well as the sorrow he felt when his efforts to recoup northern lands lost to the Jin were halted by Southern Song officials of the "Peace Faction". This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty However, several modern historians, including Princeton University Prof. James T. C. Liu, believe certain phrasing in the poem dates its creation to the early 16th century, meaning Yue did not write it. ^[72]

Modern day

Yue has a Cheng Kung-class guided-missile frigate of the Republic of China Navy named after him. The Cheng Kung class Frigates are based upon the US ''Oliver Hazard Perry'' class and are currently serving in the Republic of China (Taiwan For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Republic of China Navy (中華民國海軍 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Hǎijūn is the maritime branch of the Armed forces of the Republic of China (Taiwan. It is called ROCS Yueh Fei (FFG-1106). Namesake Yueh Fei is named after Yueh Fei (岳飛 (1103–1142 who was a famous General of the Southern Song Dynasty

See also

• Media about Yue Fei
• History of the Song Dynasty

References

External links

• (Chinese) "History of the Song" Chinese Wikipedia entry
• (Chinese) 470 volume version of the "History of the Song"
• (Chinese) "The Story of Yue Fei"
• (Chinese) "Yue Fei's Biography" from the History of the Song

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic