|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс) was a dynasty founded by the Mongols that ruled China, Mongolia and some adjacent territories from 1271[1] to 1368. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East In Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, although Kublai Khan had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Kublai Khan had also claimed the title of Khagan or Great Khan, i. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate), however this claim was only really recognized by the Il-Khanids. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in
Contents |
Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke
In 1259 the Great Khan Möngke died while Kublai Khan, his brother, was campaigning against the Song empire and Ariq Boke, his other brother commanded the Mongol homelands. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( were mythological rulers of China during the period from c The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Xin Dynasty ( was a Chinese Dynasty (although strictly speaking it had only one Emperor) which lasted from 9 - 23 AD The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas This article is about the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of Mainland China since October 1, 1949, when after a near complete victory See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Early 1950s Social revolution The People's Republic of China was founded on See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Power struggles after Mao's death See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Recovery in the 1990s Post-Tiananmen The Tiananmen Square protests See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China "Fourth Generation" The Hu-Wen Administration Power transition The Republic of China on Taiwan era ( also known as the postwar era ( refers to the period in Taiwan's history, between the end of World War II This article discusses the history of Taiwan (including the Pescadores) The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. China was the largest economy on earth for most of the recorded history of the past two millennia Chinese Historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history. Chinese art is Art that whether ancient or modern originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists or performers The history of education in China began with the birth of Chinese civilization. The history of Science and Technology in China is both long and rich with many contributions to science and technology See also Chinese law The origin of the current Law of the People's Republic of China can be traced back to the period of the early 1930s during the establishment of the The recorded military history of China extends from about 1500 BC to the present day The naval history of China dates back thousands of years with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC - 481 BC) about the The following is a Timeline of the History of China. Between the changing of the dynasties, most dates overlap as ruling periods do not transfer immediately Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан also transliterated as Mongke Mongka Möngka Mangu or Mangku ( c Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Ariq Böke, or Arigh Bukha, or a combination of both (Аригбөх; died 1266 the youngest son of Tolui, was a grandson of Genghis Khan and a claimant After Möngke's demise, Ariq Boke decided to attempt to make himself Khan. Hearing of this, Kublai aborted his Chinese expedition and had himself elected as Khan in April of 1260. Still, Ariq Boke had his supporters and was elected as a rival khan to Kublai at Karakorum, then the capital of Mongol Empire. Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The brothers then engaged in a series of battles, ending with Ariq Boke's capture in 1264. Kublai held him prisoner until he died two years later. The khans of the Golden Horde and of the Chagatai Khanate did not recognize Kublai Khan as the Great Khan. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan The conflict between Kublai Khan and the khanates in Central Asia led by Kaidu (Qaidu) had lasted for a few decades, until the beginning of the 14th century, when both of them had died. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Kaidu or Qaidu, (1230 - 1301 was the son of Kashin a grandson of Ögedei Khan and a great-grandson of Genghis Khan and Börte. Hülegü, another brother of Kublai khan, ruled his Ilkhanate and paid homage to the Great Khan but actually established a separate khanate, and in 1295, Ilkhan Ghazan was converted to Islam and renounced all allegiance to the Great Khan. This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in Mahmud Ghazan or Qazaan the Khan of the Tartars (original Mongol name Ghazan Khan, Ch合贊 b The four major successor khanates never came again under one rule.
Rule of Kublai Khan
After winning the war against Ariq Boke, Kublai Khan began his reign over his khanate with great aspirations and self-confidence — in 1266 he ordered the construction of his new capital at the modern city of Beijing. Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. The city had been called Zhongdu (Chinese: 中都, lit. "Central Capital") during the Jin Dynasty, and in 1272 it came to be known as Dadu (Chinese: 大都; Wade-Giles: Ta-tu, "Great Capital") in Chinese, Daidu to the Mongols, and Khanbalikh ("City of the Khans") to the Turks. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Khanbaliq or Cambuluc / Cambaluc, also Kaan-baligh ("Great residence of the Khan " is the ancient Mongol name for the city Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin [2] Kublai began his drive against the Southern Song who were finally defeated in 1279. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms In 1271 he established the Yuan Dynasty, which wold proceed to be the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China. Its official title, Da Yuan (Chinese: 大元, "Great Yuan"), originates from I Ching, "大哉乾元" (da zai qian yuan). The I Ching ( Wade-Giles) or “Yì Jīng” ( Pinyin) also called “Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes” is one of the oldest of the Yuan is the first dynasty in China to use Da (Chinese: 大, "Great") in its official title. The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. [3]
In 1272, Dadu officially became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1279, Guangzhou was conquered by the Yuan army led by the Chinese general Zhang Hongfan in Battle of Yamen, which marks the end of the Southern Song and the onset of China under the Yuan. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Zhang Hongfan ( 1238 &ndash 1280 was a Han Chinese general of the Yuan Dynasty in China. The naval Battle of Yamen ( (also known as the Naval Battle of Mount Ya;) took place on 19 March 1279 and is considered to be the last During Kublai Khan's reign he was put under pressure by many of his advisers to further expand the territory of the Yuan through the traditional Sinocentric tributary system. Sinocentrism is any Ethnocentric perspective that regards China to be central or unique relative to other countries However, they were rebuffed and expeditions to Japan (twice), Myanmar, Vietnam (twice during Kublai's rule[4]), and Java, would all later fail (see Mongol invasions of Japan, Mongol invasions of Vietnam). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The of 1274 and 1281 were major Military operations undertaken by Kublai Khan to invade the Japanese Islands after conquering Korea
Kublai Khan's early rule involved widespread plunder. As if expecting to lose the country, the Mongols attempted to remove as much money and resources as was possible. The Mongol conquest never affected China's trade with other countries. In fact the Yuan Dynasty strongly supported the Silk Road trade network, allowing the transfer of Chinese technologies to the west. Though many reforms were made during Kublai Khan's life, and despite his notable warming to the populace, the Yuan was a relatively short lived dynasty.
Kublai Khan began to serve as a true emperor, reforming much of China and its institutions, a process that would take decades to complete. For example, he consolidated his rule by centralizing the government of China — making himself (unlike his predecessors) an absolute monarch. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything He reformed many other governmental and economic institutions, especially the tax system. Although the Yuan rulers sought to govern China through traditional institutions, using Han Chinese bureaucrats, they were not up to the task initially. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Hans were discriminated against politically. Almost all important central posts were monopolized by Mongols, who also preferred employing non-Hans from other parts of the Mongol domain in those positions for which no Mongol could be found. Hans were more often employed in non-Chinese regions of the empire. In essence, society was divided into four classes in order of privilege: Mongols, "Color-eyed" (Central Asians, mostly Uyghurs and Tibetans), Han (Han Chinese in northern China, Manchus, and Jurchens), and Southerners (Han Chinese within Southern Song and other ethnic groups). During his lifetime, Kublai Khan built the capital of the Yuan, Dadu, which is present-day Beijing, and made Shangdu (Chinese: 上都, "Upper Capital", known to Marco Polo as Xanadu) the summer capital. Khanbaliq or Cambuluc / Cambaluc, also Kaan-baligh ("Great residence of the Khan " is the ancient Mongol name for the city Xanadu, also Zanadu, Shangdu, or Shang-tu ( was the Summer capital of Kublai Khan 's Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer He also improved the agriculture of China, extending the Grand Canal, highways and public granaries. Marco Polo described his rule as benevolent: relieving the populace of taxes in times of hardship; building hospitals and orphanages; distributing food among the abjectly poor. He also promoted science and religion.
Like other emperors of non-Han dynasties, Kublai Khan considered himself a legitimate Chinese emperor. While he had nominal rule over the rest of the Mongol Empire, his interest was clearly in China. From the beginning of his reign, the other three khanates of the Mongol Empire became de facto independent and only one recognized him as Khagan. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title By the time of Kublai Khan’s death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had broken up into four independent Khanates, with Yuan Dynasty being one of them.
Early rule
Succession was a problem for the Yuan Dynasty, later causing much strife and internal struggle. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various Nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Rouran, the Xianbei, the Gökturks Origins of the Mongols Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100000 and 200000 years ago The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Siberia Khanate is an anachronistic rendering of its actual name Khanate of Sibir, a Tatar Khanate in the later Russian Siberia Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Outer Mongolia (Ar Mongol Manchu: Tulergi Monggo) was the main part of the Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia which proclaimed its independence on 29 December 1911 The Mongolian People's Republic ( Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU) was a Following the collapse of the Communist regime, Mongolia's first free multi-party elections for a bicameral parliament were held on July 29, 1990. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Buryat Republic (Респу́блика Буря́тия Буряад Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Aimak (or Aimaq) is a term designating Persian -speaking Nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes of mixed Iranian and Mongolian stock inhabiting Manchu Era 1620s and -30s Ligden Khan, the last Mongol Great Khan aims to create a new empire by centralizing control over the various Mongol tribes but This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. His original choice was his son, Zhenjin — but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's son ruled as Emperor Chengzong for approximately 10 years following Kublai's death (between 1294 and 1307). Early career Kublai ordered him to guard the Liao River area and Liaodong in the east from Nayan (Naiyan and other rival relatives in 1287 Chengzong decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. However, the corruption in the Yuan Dynasty began during the reign of Chengzong.
Wuzong became Emperor of China after the death of Chengzong. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, but largely rejected it. During his short reign (1307 to 1311), China fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Wuzong. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan Dynasty faced popular discontent.
The fourth Yuan emperor, Renzong is seen as the last competent emperor. Emperor Renzong of Yuan ( Chinese: 元仁宗 1286-1320 also known as Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan or Buyantu Khan, born Borjigin-Khiyad Ayurbarwada He stood out among the Mongol rulers of China as an adopter of mainstream Chinese culture, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. Li Meng was an officer who served under Dong Zhuo during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (resulting in the execution of 5 of the highest ranking officials). Starting in 1313 examinations were introduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law.
Impact
A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Vernacular Chinese is a style or register of the Written Chinese Language essentially modeled after the spoken language and associated with The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange.
Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich the Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Nestorius Nestorius (c 386 &ndashc 451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern Tibetan Buddhism flourished, although native Taoism endured Mongol persecutions. Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Mongols in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Chinese classic texts or Chinese canonical texts ( refer to the pre- Qin Chinese texts especially the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena
Certain Chinese innovations and products, such as purified saltpetre, printing techniques, porcelain, playing cards and medical literature, were exported to Europe and Western Asia, while the production of thin glass and cloisonné became popular in China. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper thin card or thin plastic figured with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing Card games Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Cloisonné, an ancient Metalworking technique is a multi-step enamel process used to produce Jewelry, Vases and other decorative items
The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the Great Khan's capital, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299.
The Mongols undertook extensive public works. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire. A granary is a storehouse for threshed grain or Animal feed. In ancient or primitive granaries Pottery is the most The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China, which was completely renovated. The Grand Canal of China ( also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal ( is the longest ancient Canal or artificial River in the world These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, sorghum, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation. Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as Fodder plants either cultivated or as part
Downfall
Civil unrest
The last years of the Yuan Dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. The dynasty was, significantly, one of the shortest-lived dynasties in the history of China, covering just a century, 1271 to 1368. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era In time, Kublai Khan's successors became sinicized, then lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and were marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace. China was torn by dissension and unrest; outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies. An outlaw or bandit is a person living the lifestyle of outlawry; the word literally means "outside the Law " by folk-etymology from the original
Emperor Yingzong ruled for just two years (1321 to 1323); his rule ended in a coup at the hands of five princes. They placed Taidingdi on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide. The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it The last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan was expelled from Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Míng Dynasty (1368–1644). Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led
Basalawarmi established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in Yunnan and Guizhou, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. Basalawarmi (died January 6 1382) commonly known by his Hereditary title, the Prince of Liang, was a descendant of Kublai Khan ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country
Northern Yuan
The Mongols retreated to Mongolia, where the Yuan Dynasty was formally carried on. It is now called the Northern Yuan by modern historians. According to Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate empire, and so the Ming and the Yuan denied each other's legitimacy. (The Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded a legitimate dynasty, however. ) Historians generally regard the Míng Dynasty as the legitimate dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led
The Ming army invaded Mongolia in 1380 and won a decisive victory in 1388. About 70,000 Mongols were taken prisoners, and Karakorum (the Northern Yuan capital) was destroyed. Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Eight years later, the Northern Yuan throne was taken over by Yesüder, a descendant of Arigh Bugha, instad of the descendants of Kublai Khan. Jorightu Khan, born Jorightu (Yesüder 1358 - 1392) was the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia Ariq Böke, or Arigh Bukha, or a combination of both (Аригбөх; died 1266 the youngest son of Tolui, was a grandson of Genghis Khan and a claimant Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The following centuries saw a succession of Chinggisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. Periods of conflict with the Ming empire intermingled with periods of peaceful relations with border trade. In 1402, Örüg Temür Khan (Guilichi) abolished the name Yuan Dynasty; he was however defeated by Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri) in 1403. Örüg Temür Khan or Gulichi is Oirat leader who temporarily throned himself khan of Northern Yuan. Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri of Northern Yuan (? - 1412) was the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia.
In the 17th century, the Mongols came under the influence of the Manchu. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in In 1634, Ligdan Khan, last Mongol khan of the Borjigin dynasty, died on his way to Tibet. Ligdan qutuɣtu qan, also Ligden or Lindan (ruled 1604-1634 was the last in the Borjigin clan of Mongol Khans who ruled from Čaqar Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European His son, Ejei Khan, surrendered to the Manchu and gave the great seal of the Yuan Emperor to its ruler, Hong Taiji. Ejei Khongghor or Ejei Khan (? -1661 was the son of Lingdan Khan, the last in the Borjigin clan of Mongol Khans, who once ruled over China Huang Taiji ( November 28 1592 &ndash September 21 1643; reigned 1626 &ndash 1643 also transliterated as Hung Taiji As a result, Hong Taiji established the Qing Dynasty as the successor of the Yuan Dynasty in 1636. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China (Some sources such as Encyclopædia Britannica give the year as 1637). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
See also
- List of Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty
- Yuan Dynasty family tree
- Jin Dynasty (金朝)
- Song Dynasty
- Ming Dynasty
- Western Xia
- History of Mongolia
- List of Mongol Khans
- Jun ware
- Mongol invasions
- Europeans in Medieval China
- Islam during the Yuan Dynasty
References
- ^ Yuan was officially established on this year. The following is a list of Emperors of the Mongol-founded Yuan Dynasty. The following is the Yuan dynasty family tree. Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire ( yeke mongghul ulus) and his grandson Kublai Khan, who inherited This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various Nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Rouran, the Xianbei, the Gökturks This is the list of Mongol Khans and Khagans Great Khan of the Mongol Empire Genghis Khan ( 1206 Chinese Jun ware (鈞窯 Wade-Giles: Chün can be considered a variety of Celadon. The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe Numerous Europeans are known to have been in Medieval China during the second half of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century (from 1246 to around 1350 at a time when The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China had dramatically benefited Islam in China in contrast to previous dynasties It however didn't take control of all China until 1279.
- ^ Rossabi, M. , Khubilai Khan, p131.
- ^ Zhu Guozhen (1557-1632), Yong Zhuang Xiaopin (涌幢小品) Vol. Zhu Guozhen ( Traditional: 朱國禎 Simplified: 朱国祯 Pinyin: Zhū Guózhēn 1557-1632 was a politician and scholar in Ming Dynasty. 2.
- ^ An earlier expedition had failed in 1257/1258.
- J. J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (1971)
- Ahmad Y. al-Hassan and Donald R. Hill, Islamic Technology (1988)
External links
 |
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
| Preceded by Song Dynasty |
Dynasties in Chinese history 1271-1368 |
Succeeded by Ming Dynasty |
The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic