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39 strontium ← yttrium → zirconium
Sc
↑
Y
↓
Lu
General
Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 88.90585(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d1 5s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 4. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 472  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 4. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 24  g·cm−3
Melting point 1799 K
(1526 °C, 2779 °F)
Boiling point 3609 K
(3336 °C, 6037 °F)
Heat of fusion 11. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 42  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 365  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 53  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1883 2075 (2320) (2627) (3036) (3607)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3, 2,[1] 1,[2]
(weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 22 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  600  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1180  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  1980  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 180  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 212  pm
Covalent radius 162  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 596 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 17. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 2  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
10. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 6 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3300 m/s
Young's modulus 63. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 5  GPa
Shear modulus 25. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 6  GPa
Bulk modulus 41. 2  GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 243
Brinell hardness 589  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-65-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of yttrium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
87Y syn 3. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Natural Yttrium ( Y) is composed of only one Isotope (Y-89 The most stable Radioisotopes are Y-88 whichas a Half life of 106 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 35 d ε - 87Sr
γ 0. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 48, 0. 38D -
88Y syn 106. Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a Nuclear decay. It happens when an Isotope decays into a very short-lived isotope and then decays again to a relatively long-lived A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 6 d ε - 88Sr
γ 1. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 83, 0. 89 -
89Y 100% 89Y is stable with 50 neutrons
90Y syn 2. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 67 d β- 2. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 28 90Zr
γ 2. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 18 -
91Y syn 58. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 5 d β- 1. 54 91Zr
γ 1. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 20 -
References

Yttrium (pronounced /ˈɪtriəm/),[3] is a chemical element that has the symbol Y and atomic number 39. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A silvery metallic transition metal, yttrium is common in rare-earth minerals and two of its compounds are used to make the red color phosphors in cathode ray tube displays, such as those used for televisions. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in A rare-earth mineral is a mineral whose principal element is a Rare earth element. A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic

Contents

Characteristics

Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous rare earth metal that is relatively stable in air. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely When yttrium is finely divided, it is very unstable in air. Shavings or turnings of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 °C. Swarf (or turnings or chips are shavings and chippings of metal—the debris or waste resulting from Metalworking operations The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The metal has a low neutron cross-section for nuclear capture. The total neutron cross section of an isotope of a Chemical element is the effective cross sectional area that an atom of that isotope presents to Neutron scattering [4]

Yttrium chemically resembles the lanthanides, and can appear to gain a slight pink lustre on exposure to light. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium The common oxidation state of yttrium is +3. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

Yttrium
Yttrium

Applications

Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4:Eu and Y2O3:Eu phosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Yttrium oxide is Y 2 O 3 It is an air-stable white substance Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons The Television Technology can be divided along two lines those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic Principles and Other uses:

History

Yttrium, in the form of its oxide "yttria", was the first "rare earth" to be discovered. It was found as a major component of the mineral that came to be known as "gadolinite", in 1794 by the Finnish/Swedish chemist, Johan Gadolin. Gadoliniite was a resinous heavy black mineral that had first been encountered at a feldspar quarry (pegmatite) in Ytterby, near Stockholm, Sweden, and was first collected there by a Lieutenant Arrhenius, in 1787. This quarry would gain everlasting fame by lending its name to no fewer than four elements of the periodic table; yttrium was the first. There was an early attempt to name the new "earth" "ytterbia", but the simplified name of "yttria" won out, although the "ytterbia" name would later be resurrected for the oxide of element #70. Although there were early suspicions that the new earth might not be homogeneous, that point was not definitely proven until Mosander's investigations, that were reported in the early 1840s. Mosander succeeded in preparing a white fraction (comprising the majority of the mixture) that retained the yttria name, and two smaller fractions that were also named for the Ytterby quarry: "terbia" and "erbia". These two fractions had to await the development of spectroscopic analysis to progress further towards their purified components. It is now known that yttrium is invariably accompanied geochemically by the heavy lanthanides (which as a result are often known as the "yttrium earths" or the "yttrium group"). Yttria is typically about two-thirds of the mixture by weight.

Occurrence

Due to the "lanthanide contraction", ytrrium, which is trivalent, is of similar ionic size to dysprosium (element #66), and its lanthanide neighbors. Due to the relatively gradual decrease in ionic size with increasing atomic number, the rare earth elements have always been notoriously difficult to separate. Even with eons of geological time, geochemical separation of the lanthanides has only rarely progressed much farther than a broad separation between light versus heavy lanthanides, otherwise known as the cerium and yttrium earths. This geochmical divide is reflected in the first two rare earths that were discovered, yttria in 1794 and ceria in 1803. As originally found, each comprised the entire mixture of the associated earths. Rare earth minerals, as found, usually are dominated by one group or the other, depending upon which size-range best fits the structural lattice. Thus, among the anhydrous rare earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral xenotime that incorporates yttrium and the yttrium earths, whereas the monoclinic monazite phase incorporates cerium and the cerium earths preferentially. The smaller size of the yttrium group allows it a greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that comprise the earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the yttrium earths show less enrichment in the earth's crust, relative to chondritic abundance, than does cerium and the cerium earths. This has economic consequences: large orebodies of the cerium earths are known around the world, and are being actively exploited. Corresponding orebodies for yttrium tend to be rarer, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of yttrium originates in the "ion adsorption clay" ores of Southern China. Some versions of these provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the heavy lanthanides being present in ratios reflecting the Oddo-Harkins rule: even-numbered heavy lanthanides at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered lanthanides at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite.

Well-known minerals that contain yttrium include gadolinite, xenotime, samarskite, euxenite, fergusonite, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of fluorite), thalenite, yttrialite. Small amounts occur in zircon, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying heavy lanthanides. The zirconium mineral eudialyte, such as is found in southern Greenland, also contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days. Xenotime is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy sand processing, but has never been nearly as abundsnt as the similarly recovered monazite (which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores processed in Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct.

Precautions

Yttrium has no known biological role, though it tends to concentrate in the liver and bones. There is normally as little as . 5 milligrams found within the entire human body. Yttrium can be found in edible plants in concentrations between 20 ppm and 100 ppm. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly Yttrium compounds which are soluble in water are considered toxic, while insoluble compounds are non-toxic. [7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data. Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 WebElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  2. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data. OpenMOPAC. net. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  3. ^ Sound file - pronunciation [1]
  4. ^ a b c Lide, David R. , ed. (2007–2008), “Zirconium”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 4, New York: CRC Press, pp. 41, 978-0-8493-0488-0 
  5. ^ J. Kong; D. Y. Tang, B. Zhao, J. Lu, K. Ueda, H. Yagi and T. Yanagitani (2005). "9. 2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser". Applied Physics Letters 86. Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental doi:10.1063/1.1914958. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ M. Tokurakawa; K. Takaichi, A. Shirakawa, K. Ueda, H. Yagi, T. Yanagitani, and A. A. Kaminskii (2007). "Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser". Appl.Phys.Lett. 90: 071101. Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental doi:10.1063/1.2476385. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  7. ^ a b Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 495-498. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.  

External links

Dictionary

yttrium

-noun

  1. (chemistry) A metallic chemical element (symbol Y) with an atomic number of 39.
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