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| Name, Symbol, Number | ytterbium, Yb, 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 173.04(3) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 6s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 6. Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Nobelium (noʊˈbɛliəm or /noʊˈbiːliəm/ is a Synthetic element with the symbol No and Atomic number 102 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 90 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 21 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1097 K (824 °C, 1515 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 1469 K (1196 °C, 2185 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 7. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 66 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 159 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 74 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic face centered | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 2,3 (basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | ? 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 1 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 603. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 4 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1174. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 8 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2417 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 175 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 222 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (β, poly) 0. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 250 µΩ·m |
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| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 38. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 5 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (β, poly) 26. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 3 µm/(m·K) |
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| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 1590 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (β form) 23. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 9 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (β form) 9. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 9 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (β form) 30. 5 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (β form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 207 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 206 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 343 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-64-4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ytterbium (pronounced /ɪˈtɝbiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related elements and is used in certain steels. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Natural ytterbium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Ytterbium is a soft, malleable and rather ductile element that exhibits a bright silvery luster. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. A rare earth element, it is easily attacked and dissolved by mineral acids, slowly reacts with water, and oxidizes in air. A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state
Ytterbium has three allotropes which are called alpha, beta and gamma and whose transformation points are at −13 °C and 795 °C. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The beta form exists at room temperature and has a face-centered crystal structure while the high-temperature gamma form has a body-centered crystal structure. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal.
Normally, the beta form has a metallic-like electrical conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when exposed to around 16,000 atm (1. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that 6 GPa). Its electrical resistivity is tenfold larger at about 39,000 atm (3. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 9 GPa) but then drops dramatically, to around 10% of its room temperature resistivity value, at 40,000 atm (4 GPa).
Ytterbium is one of the lanthanides that is able to become divalent. Like the other potentially divalent lanthanides, samarium and europium, it is capable of being extracted into mercury by the use of sodium amalgam, which made it one of the easier lanthanides to purify using classical techniques. However, this divalency was not discovered until the 20th century.
Applications
Usually, very small amount of Yb is used; either small sample of radioactive isotope as source of X-rays, or small concentration dopant. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation.
Source of X-rays
The 169Yb isotope has been used as a radiation source substitute for a portable X-ray machine when electricity was not available. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Like X-rays, gamma rays pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Thus, small 169Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for radiography of small objects. For medical radiography see Radiology Radiography is the use of X-rays to view unseen or hard-to-image objects
Doping of stainless steel
Ytterbium could also be used to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Some ytterbium alloys have been used in dentistry. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity
Yb as dopant of active media
Yb is used as dopant in optics materials, usually in the form of ions in active laser media. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The active laser medium or gain medium is the source of optical Gain within a Laser. Several powerful double-clad fiber lasers and disk lasers use Yb3+ ions as dopant at concentration of several atomic percent. In Fiber optics, a double-clad fiber (or doubly clad fiber or DCF is an Optical fiber that has a relatively small-diameter core and two layers A disk laser or active mirror (Fig1 is a type of Solid-state laser characterized by a heat sink and laser output that are realized on opposite sides of A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical Atomic percent or at% is a measure of Concentration of Dopant, used in Chemistry, physics of Solid state lasers and Spectroscopy Glasses (optical fibers), crystals and ceramics with Yb3+ are used.
Ytterbium is often used as a doping material (as Yb3+) for high power and wavelength-tunable solid state lasers. In Semiconductor production doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor to A solid-state laser is a Laser that uses a gain medium that is a Solid, rather than a Liquid such as in Dye lasers or a Gas Yb lasers commonly radiate in the 1. 06–1. 12µm band being optically pumped at wavelength 900nm–1µm, dependently on the host and application. Small quantum defect makes Yb prospective dopant for efficient lasers and power scaling. Power scaling of a Laser is increasing its output power without changing the geometry shape or principle of operation
The kinetic of excitations in Yb-doped materials is simple and can be described within concept of effective cross-sections; for the most of Yb-doped laser materials (as for many other optically-pumped gain media), the McCumber relation holds [1][2][3], although the application to the Yb-doped composite materials was under discussion [4][5]. The McCumber relation (or McCumber theory refers to the effective cross-sections of absorption and emission of light in the physics of Solid-state lasers. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical
Usually, low concentrations of Yb are used. At high concentration of excitations, the Yb-doped materials show photodarkening [6] (glass fibers) or ever switch to the broadband emission [7] (crystals and ceramics) instead of the efficient laser action. Photodarkening is Optical effect observed in interaction of laser radiation with amorphous media (glasses in Optical fibers. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also conditions of the charge compensation at high concentration of Yb ions [8].
Solar cells
Ytterbium has a single absorption band at 985 nanometers, which is used to convert infrared energy into electricity in solar cells. An absorption band is a range of Wavelengths (or equivalently frequencies) in the Electromagnetic spectrum which are able to excite a particular The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts Solar energy into Electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
History
Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1878. Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( April 24, 1817 &ndash April 15, 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia and named it ytterbia (after Ytterby, the Swedish town where he found the new erbia component). Erbium(III oxide, a pink solid is a compound of Erbium sometimes used as a colouring for Glasses and a dopant for optical fibres and optical amplifiers Ytterby is a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, in Vaxholm Municipality in the Stockholm archipelago. He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element he called ytterbium.
In 1907, the French chemist Georges Urbain separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components, neoytterbia and lutecia. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Georges Urbain (12 April 1872 – 5 November 1938 in Paris) - French chemist professor of Sorbona. Neoytterbia would later become known as the element ytterbium and lutecia would later be known as the element lutetium. Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time but called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium. Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who
The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined until 1953 when the first nearly pure ytterbium was produced. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Occurrence
Ytterbium is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium 03% ytterbium). The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the late 20th century have simplified separation. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Known compounds of ytterbium are rare—they haven't been well characterized yet. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring ytterbium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176, with Yb-174 being the most abundant (31. Naturally occurring Ytterbium ( Yb) is composed of 7 stable Isotopes Yb-168 Yb-170 Yb-171 Yb-172 Yb-173 Yb-174 and Yb-176 with Yb-174 being the most Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 83% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet 27 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Yb-169 with a half-life of 32. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 026 days, Yb-175 with a half-life of 4. 185 days, and Yb-166 with a half life of 56. 7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 20 minutes. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being Yb-169m (t½ 46 seconds). A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies
The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 9674 u (Yb-148) to 180. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 9562 u (Yb-181). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Yb-174 is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before Yb-174 are element 69 (thulium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 71 (lutetium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose-Einstein statistics or Fermi-Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices. Quantum optics is a field of research in Physics, dealing with the application of Quantum mechanics to phenomena involving Light and its interactions In Statistical mechanics, Bose - Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B-E statistics determines the statistical distribution of In Statistical mechanics, Fermi-Dirac statistics is a particular case of Particle statistics developed by Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac that optical lattice is formed by the Interference of counterpropagating Laser beams which creates a periodic (in space intensity pattern
Precautions
Although ytterbium is fairly stable, it nevertheless should be stored in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium should be treated as highly toxic although initial studies appear to indicate that the danger is limited. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Ytterbium compounds are, however, known to cause skin and eye irritation and may be teratogenic. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. Metallic ytterbium dust poses a fire and explosion hazard. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. An explosion is a sudden increase in Volume and release of Energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high Temperatures and the release
Compounds
- See also: :Category:Ytterbium compounds
See also
References
- ^ D. A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less Ytterbium(II chloride ( Yb[[Chlorine Cl2]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. Ytterbium(III bromide ( Yb[[Bromine Br3]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. Ytterbium a Lanthanide series element was discovered in 1878 by Marignac who named the element after a town (Ytterby in Sweden Ytterbium(III fluoride ( Yb[[Fluorine F3]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Ytterbium(III oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Yb2O3 Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 E. McCumber (1964). "Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra". PRB 136 (4A): 954-957. Physical Review (frequently abbreviated as Phys Rev) is one of the oldest and most-respected Scientific journals publishing research on all aspects of
- ^ P. C. Becker, N. A. Olson, J. R. Simpson. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: fundamentals and theory (Academic, 1999).
- ^ D. Kouznetsov; J. -F. Bisson, K. Takaichi, K. Ueda (2005). "Single-mode solid-state laser with short wide unstable cavity". JOSAB 22 (8): 1605-1619. The Journal of the Optical Society of America B is a Scientific journal, published by the Optical Society of America.
- ^ D. Kouznetsov (2007). "Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd2SiO5 laser , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 221117 (2006)". Applied Physics Letters 90. Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental
- ^ Guangjun Zhao; Liangbi Su, Jun Xu, Heping Zeng (2007). "Response to Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd2SiO5 laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 066101 (2007),". Applied Physics Letters 90: 066103. Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental
- ^ Joona J. Koponen; Mikko J. Söderlund, Hanna J. Hoffman, and Simo K. T. Tammela. "Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers". Optics Express 14 (24): 11539-11544. Optics Express is a peer-reviewed rapid-publication Scientific journal published by the Optical Society of America.
- ^ J. -F. Bisson; D. Kouznetsov, K. Ueda, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, K. Petermann, G. Huber (2007). "Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb3+:Y2O3 and Lu2O3 ceramics". Applied Physics Letters 90: 201901 (3 pages). Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental
- ^ N. V. Sochinskii; M. Abellan, J. Rodriguez-Fernandez, E. Saucedo, C. M. Ruiz, V. Bermudez (2007). "Effect of Yb concentration on the resistivity and lifetime of CdTe:Ge:Yb codoped crystals". Applied Physics Letters 91 (20): 202112. Applied Physics Letters is a weekly Peer-reviewed Scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of new experimental
Also:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory – Ytterbium
- Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
- It's Elemental – Ytterbium
External links
- WebElements.com – Ytterbium (also used as a reference)
Dictionary
ytterbium
-noun
- (chemistry) A metallic chemical element (symbol Yb) with an atomic number of 70.