Youngstown
City
Skyline of downtown Youngstown
Seal
Official name: City of Youngstown
Named for: John Young
Country	United States
State	Ohio
Counties	Mahoning County, Trumbull County
Elevation	850 ft (259 m)
Coordinates	41°5′47″N 80°38′57″W / 41.09639, -80.64917
Area	34. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. In the US state of Ohio, a City is defined thusly by section 703 John Young (1763 &ndash 1825 was an American surveyor and pioneer. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads This is a list of the eighty-eight counties in the US state of Ohio. Mahoning County is a County located in the state of Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the population was 257555 Trumbull County is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 2 sq mi (89 km²)
- land	33. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi (88 km²)
- water	0. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 3 sq mi (1 km²)
Population	82,026 (2006)
- urban	81,520 [1]
- metro	586,939 [2]
Density	2,312. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 /sq mi (893 /km²)
Founded	1796
- Incorporated (village)	1848
- Incorporated (city)	1867
Mayor	Jay Williams (I)
Timezone	EST (UTC-5)
- summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Zip code	44500–44599
Area code	330
FIPS code	39-88000 [3]
GNIS feature ID	1058156 [4]
Location of Youngstown in Ohio
Location of Ohio in the United States
Website: http://www.cityofyoungstownoh.org

Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Mayor of Youngstown is the chief executive of the city 's government Roy Kojo Jawara ('Jay' Williams (born 1971 is the current mayor of Youngstown Ohio. In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during The ZIP code is the system of Postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS) are publicly announced standards developed by the United States Federal government for use by all non-military The Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. Mahoning County is a County located in the state of Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the population was 257555 The municipality is situated on the Mahoning River, approximately 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles (100 km) northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Mahoning River is a river located in eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state ^[5] Youngstown has its own metropolitan area, but the Pittsburgh Tri-State and Greater Cleveland influence the region. The Pittsburgh Tri-State is the US region that is centered around the transportation medical academic economic media and federal resources based in Pittsburgh. Greater Cleveland is a Nickname for the Metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio. Youngstown lies 10 miles (16 km) west of the Pennsylvania state line. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern It lies midway between New York City and Chicago. The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

The city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill. John Young (1763 &ndash 1825 was an American surveyor and pioneer. Whitestown is a Town in Oneida County, New York, USA. The population was 18635 at the 2000 census A gristmill or grist mill is a building where Grain is ground into Flour, or the grinding mechanism itself ^[6] Youngstown is located in a region of the United States that is often referred to as the Rust Belt. The Rust Belt, sometimes called the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, and portions of the Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown was forced to redefine itself when the U. S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s, leaving communities throughout the region without major industry. ^[7] The 2000 census showed that Youngstown had a total population of 82,026, making it Ohio's eighth largest city. A U. S. Census Bureau estimate released in June 2006 placed the population at 83,906. ^[8]

According to the U. S. Census Bureau's 2006 estimate, the Youngstown-Warren Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) contains 586,939 people and includes Mahoning and Trumbull counties in Ohio, and Mercer County in Pennsylvania. Warren is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Trumbull County. Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasIn the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB has produced Trumbull County is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. Mercer County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. The Steel Valley area as a whole (including Youngstown-Warren and Sharon-Farrell-New Castle, Pennsylvania) comprises 697,481 residents. The Steel Valley is a five county Metropolitan area around Youngstown Ohio that encompasses Mahoning County, Trumbull County, and Columbiana Sharon is a city in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, in the United States, 75 miles (121 km northwest of Pittsburgh. Farrell is a city in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. New Castle is a city in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, 50 miles (80 km northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 18 miles (30 km east ^[9]

Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Peopling of the valley 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Industry and business 4.1 Decline of steel 4.2 Post-steel economy 4.3 New growth 4.4 Legacy of innovation 4.5 Post-steel image in popular culture 5 Government 6 Education 6.1 Public 6.2 Private 6.3 Higher education 7 Attractions 7.1 Chevrolet Centre 7.2 Theater 7.3 Museums 7.4 Parks 8 Sports 8.1 Building on tradition 8.2 Former attractions 9 Redevelopment 9.1 Construction and business development 9.2 Crime control 9.3 Renewal plan 10 Neighborhoods 11 Transportation 12 Media 13 Youngstown's sister cities 14 Famous Youngstowners and former Steel Valley residents 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links

Origins

Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon after. ^[10] On February 9, 1797, Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres (63 km²) from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[11] The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the ^[12]

The area constituting present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, a section of the Northwest Territory reserved for settlers from the state of Connecticut. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. ^[13] While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted a significant number of Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania. Scotch-Irish (the historically common term in North America) or Scots-Irish refers to inhabitants of the United States and by some of Canada The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern ^[14] The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty. ^[15] By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River. ^[13]

As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull), and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or "county seat". Arthur St Clair (March 23 1736 August 31 1818 was the ninth President of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a general in the Jonathan Trumbull Sr ( 12 October 1710 17 August 1785) (Originally spelled Jonathan Trumble was changed for an unknown reason was A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. ^[16] In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County. ^[17] The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield. Canfield is a city located in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States, at the intersection of U ^[18]

The discovery of coal by the community in the early 1800s paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal. The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840. ^[19] Local industrialist David Tod, who was later Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. David Tod ( February 21 1805 November 13 1868) was a politician and industrialist from the U Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally The arrival of the railroad in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth. ^[20]

Peopling of the valley

Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy, and Greece. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ^[21] In the early 20th century, the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are ^[22] The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law. An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in the nation's former industrial belt the city's economy focused initially on iron manufacturing Alvin Victor Donahey (also known as A Victor Donahey, A Vic Donahey, Vic Donahey, A ^[23] By 1928, however, the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field. ^[24] Today, the metropolitan area's ethnic diversity is reflected in businesses such as Jewish delicatessens, Italian eateries, and Middle Eastern restaurants. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Delicatessen is a term meaning "delicacies" or "fine foods" The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Urban neighborhoods are dotted with churches, synagogues, and mosques. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

The growth of industry attracted people from within the borders of the United States, and from Latin America. By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the " AME Church " is a Christian denomination founded by Bishop Richard Allen in Philadelphia ^[25] In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives. William R Stewart ( October 29, 1864 &ndash April 5, 1958) was the second African American to be elected to the Ohio State The Ohio House of Representatives is the Lower house of the Ohio General Assembly, the state legislature of the U ^[26] A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the South, many of whom were Black. The Steel Strike of 1919 was an attempt by the weakened Amalgamated Association of Iron Steel and Tin Workers (the AA to organize the American steel industry in the wake of The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive ^[27] This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace. ^[28][29] Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs. Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e ^[30]

The city's population became more diverse in the post-World War II era, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[31] In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America Saint Rose of Lima, ( April 20, 1586 – August 24, 1617) the first Catholic saint of the Americas, was born in Lima Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ^[25] While diversity is among the community's enduring characteristics, the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths. ^[32]

Geography and climate

Youngstown is located at 41°5'47" North, 80°38'57" West (41. 096258, −80. 649299). ^[33] It borders or touches the following other townships and municipalities:

• Boardman Township, Mahoning County on the south
• Canfield Township, Mahoning County on the southwest
• Austintown Township, Mahoning County on the west
• Weathersfield Township, Trumbull County, on the northwest (touches, but does not border)
• Girard, Trumbull County on the north–northwest
• Liberty Township, Trumbull County, on the north
• Hubbard Township, Trumbull County, on the northeast
• Coitsville Township, Mahoning County on the east
• Campbell, Mahoning County on the east–southeast
• Struthers, Mahoning County on the southeast

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34. Boardman Township is one of the fourteen townships of Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. Canfield is a city located in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States, at the intersection of U Austintown is a Census-designated place (CDP and Youngstown suburb in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. Weathersfield Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Girard is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The population was 10902 at the 2000 census. Liberty Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Hubbard Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Coitsville Township is one of the fourteen townships of Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. Campbell is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. The population was 9460 at the 2000 census. Struthers is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. The population was 11756 at the 2000 census. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census 2 square miles (88. 7 km²); 33. 9 square miles (87. 8 km²) of it is land and 0. 3 square miles (0. 9 km²) of it is water. The total area is 1. 02% water.

Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The Mahoning Valley is a geographic Valley encompassing the area of northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania that drains into the Mahoning River The Glaciated Allegheny Plateau is that portion of the Allegheny Plateau that lies within the area covered by the last Glaciation. At the end of the last Ice Age, the glaciers left behind a uniform plain with valleys caused by the Mahoning River crossing the plain. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The Mahoning River is a river located in eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. ^[34] Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain. ^[34]

Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Rec High °F	71	73	82	88	92	99	100	97	99	87	80	76
Norm High °F	32. 4	36	46. 3	58. 2	69	77. 1	81	79. 3	72. 1	60. 7	48. 4	37. 3
Norm Low °F	17. 4	19. 3	27. 1	36. 5	46. 2	54. 6	58. 7	57. 5	50. 9	40. 9	33	23. 4
Rec Low °F	-22	-14	-10	11	24	30	40	32	29	20	1	-12
Precip (in)	2. 34	2. 03	3. 05	3. 33	3. 45	3. 91	4. 1	3. 43	3. 89	2. 46	3. 07	2. 96
Source: USTravelWeather.com

Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1870	8,075		—
1880	15,435		91. 1%
1890	33,220		115. 2%
1900	30,667		-7. 7%
1910	79,066		157. 8%
1920	132,358		67. 4%
1930	170,002		28. 4%
1940	167,720		-1. 3%
1950	168,330		0. 4%
1960	166,688		-1. 0%
1970	139,788		-16. 1%
1980	115,427		-17. 4%
1990	95,787		-17. 0%
2000	82,026		-14. 4%
Est. 2006	81,520		-0. 6%

According to the 2000 Census numbers, Youngstown has 32,177 households and 19,724 families in the city. The population density is 893/km² (2,312. 9/sq mi). There are 37,159 housing units at an average density of 1,096. 3/sq mi (423. 2/km²). ^[35]

The racial makeup of the city is roughly 51% White, 44% Black or African American, and 5% Hispanic or Latino of any race, though Puerto Ricans are the dominant Spanish-speaking group. Puerto Ricans in the United States (also referred to as the "Puerto Rican Diaspora," " Nuyorican " "Stateside Puerto Ricans" "mainland ^[35]

Records suggest that 27. 2% of the households have children under the age of 18. Of these, 33. 2% are married couples living together, 22. 9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38. 7% are non-families. Meanwhile, 34. 0% of all households comprise a single person, and 14. 7% of households comprise a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size is 2. 39 and the average family size is 3. 07. ^[35]

In Youngstown, the population leans toward greater numbers of youths, as is often the case in U. S. inner-city areas with higher birth rates. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year Survey data show the following: 25. 8% under the age of 18, 10. 1% from 18 to 24, 26. 4% from 25 to 44, 20. 3% from 45 to 64, and 17. 4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females, there are 91. 9 males; for every 100 females aged 18 and over, there are 87. 8 males. ^[35]

The median household income is $24,201, and the median family income $30,701; but the average per capita income for the city is $13,293. Males have a median income of $29,900 and females $21,050. About 25% of the population lives below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37. 3% of those under the age of 18 and 13. 3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country ^[35]

The United States Census Bureau's 2006 Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement Current Population Survey estimates a medium household income of $21,850. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Analysis by CNNMoney states that Youngstown has the lowest median income of U. S. cities with more than 65,000 residents. ^[36]

Industry and business

Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area eventually developed a thriving steel industry. The area's first blast furnace was established to the east of town in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton. ^[37] In time, the availability of fossil fuels contributed to the development of other coal-fired mills, including the Youngstown Rolling Mill Company, which was established in 1846. ^[38] By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, notably David Tod's Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company. Brier Hill is a neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio, that was once viewed as the city's " Little Italy " district ^[39] The iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s, despite the depletion of local natural resources. Numerous rail connections ensured a consistent supply of coal and iron ore from neighboring states. ^[40]

At the turn of the century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations. ^[41] Shortly after the establishment of U.S. Steel in 1901, the corporate entity absorbed Youngstown's premier steel producer, the National Steel Company. The United States Steel Corporation ( is an integrated Steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe ^[41] One year earlier, however, a group of city investors took steps to ensure high levels of local ownership in the area's industrial sector. Led by local industrialists George D. Wick and James A. Campbell, they organized what became the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company,^[41] among the nation's most important regional steel producers. Colonel George Dennick Wick ( February 19, 1854 &ndash April 15, 1912) was an American James A Campbell ( September 11, 1854 &ndash September 20, 1933) was an American business leader known for his role as chairman The Youngstown Iron Sheet and Tube Company, based in Youngstown, Ohio, was one of the largest steel manufacturers in the world ^[42] The firm significantly expanded its operations in 1923, when it acquired plants in South Chicago and East Chicago, Indiana. History Once a separate community South Chicago began as a series of scattered Native American settlements before becoming a village East Chicago is a city in Lake County, Indiana, opposite Chicago, Illinois. This impulse to support local ownership surfaced again in 1931, when Campbell, as chairman of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, attempted to merge the firm with Bethlehem Steel, in a bid to create the nation's second-largest steel corporation. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (1857–2003 based in Bethlehem Pennsylvania, was once the second-largest Steel producer in the United States, after ^[43] Other area industrialists blocked the move,^[44][45] with the financial backing of Republic Steel founder Cyrus S. Eaton, who feared the implications of a strengthened Bethlehem Steel. Cyrus Stephen Eaton ( December 27, 1883 &ndash May 9, 1979) was a successful Canadian born investment banker businessman and philanthropist ^[46]

In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies. The Steel Workers Organizing Committee was one of two precursor labor organizations to the United Steelworkers. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The United Steel Paper and Forestry Rubber Manufacturing Energy Allied Industrial ^[47] These firms included Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, National Steel, Inland Steel, and American Rolling Mills. Republic Steel was once the third largest Steel producer in the United States. The National Steel Corporation (1929–2003 was a major American steel producer The Inland Steel Company was a US Steel company active in 1893-1998 AK Steel Holding Corporation, formerly known as Armco, is a major American Steel company founded in 1900 as the American Rolling Mills Corporation ^[47] Gus Hall, one of the committee's founding organizers, led strikes in Youngstown and Warren. Gus Hall ( October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was a leader of the Communist Party USA and its four-time U ^[47] On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[47] Despite violent episodes in Youngstown and Chicago, the Little Steel Strike proved to be a turning point in the history of the U. S. labor movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers". ^[47] A historical marker commemorating the strike was recently installed on the grounds of the Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor. The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor, located in Youngstown Ohio, preserves the history of the steel industry that dominated the Youngstown area's economic ^[47][48]

Decline of steel

Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U. S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland. ^[42] Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The 1969 corporate merger between the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and the New Orleans-based Lykes Corporation proved to be a turning point in the demise of the local steel industry. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana ^[49] The merger and subsequent takeover of Youngstown Sheet and Tube burdened the community's primary steel producer with hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt. ^[49] Further, the deal placed control of the company outside of the Mahoning Valley. ^[49] The September 19, 1977, announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, an event still remembered by many Youngstowners as "Black Monday", is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays This was followed by the withdrawal of U. S. Steel in 1979 and 1980, and the bankruptcy of Republic Steel in the mid-1980s. ^[50] Attempts to revive the local steel industry proved unsuccessful. Shortly after the closure of most of Youngstown Sheet and Tube's area operations, local religious leaders, steelworkers, and activists such as Staughton Lynd participated in a grassroots effort to purchase and refurbish one of the company's abandoned plants in neighboring Campbell, Ohio. Staughton Lynd (born November 22, 1929) is an American Conscientious objector, peace activist and civil Campbell is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. The population was 9460 at the 2000 census. ^[51] This project met with failure in April 1979. ^[51] In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues. ^[52] The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector. ^[53]

Post-steel economy

Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". One of the largest current employers in the city is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 13,000 students, located in the heart of downtown. Youngstown State University, founded in 1908 is an accredited University located in Youngstown, Ohio, United States. ^[54]

The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s, was slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti, an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette, was manufactured in an industrial complex located on Youngstown's Albert Street. The Studebaker Avanti was a sports Coupe originally built by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend Indiana, USA between June Studebaker Corporation, or simply Studebaker, was a United States Wagon and Automobile manufacturer based in A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many However, this company didn't last long in Youngstown, moving after just a few years. ^[55]A mainstay, though, of Youngstown's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant. The General Motors' Lordstown Assembly plant is the largest industrial employer is the area. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. The Lordstown Complex (formerly known as Lordstown Assembly and Lordstown Metal Center is part of a General Motors Automobile factory in Lordstown Ohio ^[56] One of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 Recently expanded and retooled with a new paint facility, it is the current home of the Cavalier's successor, the Chevrolet Cobalt. The Chevrolet Cobalt is a Compact car introduced by Chevrolet in 2004 for the 2005 model year ^[56]

Delphi, Packard Electric Systems, and the WCI Steel plant are also located in the Warren area. Delphi is an Automotive parts company headquartered in Troy Michigan, USA. The largest industrial employers within the Youngstown city limits are V&M Star Steel Company (formerly North Star Steel), in the Brier Hill district, and Exal Corporation, located on Poland Avenue. The latter has recently expanded its operations. ^[57] Many observers have pointed out, however, that Youngstown has yet to move into a "post-steel" economy.

New growth

Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored the community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator, located in the heart of the downtown, houses several start-up technology companies, which have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities. Business incubators are programs designed to accelerate the successful development of Entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services developed ^[58] Some companies supported by the incubator have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. In an effort to keep such companies downtown, the incubator secured approval to demolish a row of vacant buildings nearby to clear space for expansion. The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006. ^[58] Meanwhile, the downtown has retained its traditional role as the community's financial center. Several banks, including JP Morgan Chase, National City, Huntington, and First National Bank have offices in the city; and the Youngstown-based Home Savings & Loan is headquartered there. JPMorgan Chase & Co ( is the largest Banking institution in the United States by deposits and market capitalization and is one of the oldest operating National City Corporation ( based in Cleveland Ohio, USA, and founded in 1845 used to be one of the ten largest banks in America in terms of deposits mortgages Huntington Bancshares Inc ( is a $55 billion Midwestern Bank holding company headquartered in Columbus Ohio. FNB Corporation is a Financial services corporation based in Hermitage Pennsylvania, which operates banks under the name First National Bank in Florida

Legacy of innovation

Extensive coverage of Youngstown's economic challenges has overshadowed the city's long entrepreneurial tradition. A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown later became national household names. Among these is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 1900s. Schwebel's Bakery is a major regional producer of bread and other baked goods that was established in Youngstown Ohio, in the early 20th century The company now distributes bread products nationally. ^[59] In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties,^[60] and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. This article is about the ice cream brand Good Humor There is also an Album by the British rock band Saint Etienne called Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt is a popular ice cream company franchise founded by Alice Handel in 1945 in Youngstown Ohio. In the 1950s, the suburb of Boardman became the site of one of the country's first modern shopping plazas, which was established by Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr.^[61] The fast-food chain, Arby's, opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. Edward John DeBartolo Sr ( May 17, 1909 &ndash December 19, 1994) was an American businessman who is widely regarded as the father Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Arby's is a Fast food Restaurant chain in the United States and Canada that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wendy's/Arby's Group Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips is a Fast food Seafood Restaurant chain. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor, which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus. Phar-Mor was a United States chain of discount Drug stores, based in Youngstown Ohio, and founded by Michael I Michael I "Mickey" Monus (born in 1947 in Youngstown Ohio) is the former president of Phar-Mor, Inc ^[62] In the 1980s, before it was compelled to declare bankruptcy, Phar-mor was a competitor of Wal-mart. Wal-Mart Stores Inc (or Walmart as written in its new logo is an American public corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores ^[63] The firm's local assets were later purchased by the Pittsburgh-based supermarket chain Giant Eagle. Giant Eagle Inc, is an American Supermarket chain with stores located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland

Post-steel image in popular culture

A large segment of the American public associates Youngstown with the economic malaise that befell much of the industrial northeast after the collapse of its manufacturing sector. The decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers were the subject of Bruce Springsteen's ballad, "Youngstown", featured on his The Ghost of Tom Joad album. This article is about the album For the song see The Ghost of Tom Joad (song. ^[64] Springsteen made Youngstown the first stop on his Ghost of Tom Joad Tour, playing to a sold-out audience at Stambaugh Auditorium. The Ghost of Tom Joad Tour was a lengthy worldwide Concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen performing alone on stage in small halls and theatres that ran off

Government

Youngstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms. The Mayor of Youngstown is the chief executive of the city 's government Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around the second of January. For complex reasons, the city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ^[65] Youngstown's current mayor is Jay Williams, the city's first African-American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922. Roy Kojo Jawara ('Jay' Williams (born 1971 is the current mayor of Youngstown Ohio. In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. ^[66] Williams belongs to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,^[67] a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". The Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition is a coalition of Mayors from 225 different United States cities, with a stated goal of "making the public safer The coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Thomas Michael Menino (born December 27, 1942) is the mayor of Boston Massachusetts, United States and the city's first The City of New York Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and the Mayor of New York City. ^[67]

Residents elect an eight-member city council, which includes representatives of the city's seven wards and a council president. The council, in turn, appoints a city clerk. The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month. City council meetings are generally held from the third week in September to the third week in June. Meanwhile, the board of control oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits. The Youngstown Police Department and Youngstown Fire Department fall under the board's supervision, as do the parks, civil service, community development, health, planning, and water departments. The Youngstown Fire Department provides essential fire and allied public safety services for the City of Youngstown Ohio.

Youngstown's finance department oversees all municipal finances and supervises the departments of economic development and income tax. The city's department of public works has sweeping supervisory responsibilities and oversees the departments of engineering, building inspection, building and grounds, signal and sign, demolition and housing, litter and recycling, street, and water waste treatment. The city's law department represents the city on all legal issues, serving as counsel to all municipal departments.

Education

Public

The Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city. Youngstown City Schools is the Public school system for Youngstown Ohio. As of 2007, the school district was engaged in a process of reconfiguration, consolidating existing schools while building some new ones. District high schools once included South, Chaney, Rayen, East, Woodrow Wilson, Youngstown Early College, and Choffin Career and Technical Center. Chaney High School is one of two traditional public high schools in the city of Youngstown, Ohio. Rayen High School was one of the three oldest public high schools in the city of Youngstown, Ohio, United States. Woodrow Wilson High School was one of six traditional public High schools in the city of Youngstown, Ohio and was a part of the Youngstown City School This roster has changed, however. Chaney expanded, while Rayen and Wilson were closed to make way for a newly built East High School. See also East High School for schools of the same name East High School is a public high school in the city of Youngstown, Ohio ^[68] Youngstown City School District participate in an "Early College" program, in cooperation with Youngstown State University. This program enables high school students to attend classes on campus and earn college credit. ^[69]

Private

The Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city limits. The Diocese of Youngstown is a Particular church or Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church As a result of dwindling enrollment, however, only four Catholic schools continue to operate within Youngstown proper. ^[70] These include two elementary schools–Byzantine Catholic Central and St. The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church is a Sui iuris Particular Church within the Catholic Church and uses the Byzantine liturgical rite Christine's–and two secondary schools, Ursuline and Cardinal Mooney. Ursuline High School is a private Catholic coeducational secondary school located in Youngstown Ohio. Cardinal Mooney High School is a Coeducational Catholic high school located in Youngstown, Ohio. (The two high schools share a heated and longstanding rivalry in athletics. ) Several additional Catholic schools operate in Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana, Portage, Stark, and Ashtabula counties.

Youngstown hosts a small number of charter schools and one Montessori school. The Montessori method is an educational method for children based on theories of Child development originated by Italian educator Maria Montessori (1870-1952 The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley, which recently celebrated its 30th year, offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade. ^[71]

Higher education

Youngstown State University, the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown-Warren metropolitan area, traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college-level courses in 1908. The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man ^[72] YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967. ^[72] Once regarded as a commuter school, YSU serves about 13,000 students, many from outside the Youngstown area. The campus is situated just north of the city's downtown and south of Youngstown's historic district, a neighborhood of Tudor-, Victorian-, and Spanish Colonial Revival-style homes. The Tudor style in architecture is the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period (1485&ndash1603 and even beyond for conservative college The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. The Spanish Colonial Revival Style was a United States architectural movement that came about in the early 20th century starting in Florida as a regional expression related ^[73]

YSU offers the lowest tuition of any public institution of higher learning in Ohio, and its campus is reported to be among the safest in the state. The university's assets include the Dana School of Music, an All-Steinway school. Steinway & Sons (often called Steinway) is a Piano maker since 1853 in New York City, USA. The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States. ^[74]

In addition, the Youngstown–Warren area hosts a regional branch of Kent State University. Kent State University (also known as Kent, Kent State, or KSU) is one of America’s largest university systems the third largest university Kent State–Trumbull was established in the mid-1960s in Champion, Ohio, just north of Warren. Champion Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Another branch, Kent State-Salem, is located in the Steel Valley and serves the area's southlands. It is located about 25 minutes south of Youngstown. Kent State University's main campus, a primary center of education for Northeast Ohioans, is located just east of Akron, and 30 to 40 minutes west of downtown Youngstown. Kent State University (also known as Kent, Kent State, or KSU) is one of America’s largest university systems the third largest university Greater Cleveland is a Nickname for the Metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio. ^[75]

Attractions

Chevrolet Centre

Main article: Chevrolet Centre

Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. The Chevrolet Centre (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center) is a 5700-seat multi-purpose Arena in Youngstown Ohio, United States Moreover, the community's range of attractions has increased in recent years. The newest addition is the Chevrolet Centre, a venue for professional hockey games, arena football contests, "on ice" shows, and other forms of entertainment. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM

Theater

The community's culture center is Powers Auditorium, a former Warner Brothers movie palace^[76] that serves as the area's primary music hall while providing a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra. Powers Auditorium, in Youngstown Ohio is the largest auditorium in the Youngstown-Warren area Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and The Youngstown Symphony is a Symphony orchestra based in Youngstown, Ohio. ^[77] This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums located within the city limits. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium, located on the city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Stambaugh Auditorium is a public auditorium located in Youngstown Ohio in the United States The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band. ^[78]

Oakland Center for the Arts, located in the downtown area, is a venue for locally produced plays. The Oakland Center for the Arts (or the Oakland as it is usually called is an Interdisciplinary arts center based in Youngstown Ohio. This institution is complimented by the Youngstown Playhouse, which is located on the city's south side. The Youngstown Playhouse, based in the former industrial center of Youngstown Ohio, is one of the nation's oldest and most respected community theaters The Youngstown Playhouse, Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served the area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn,^[79] screen actress Elizabeth Hartman,^[80] singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern,^[81] and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill. Joe Flynn ( November 8, 1924 &ndash July 19, 1974) was an American Character actor best known for his participation Mary Elizabeth Hartman ( December 23, 1943 – June 10, 1987) was an American Actress, best known for her performance Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Maureen Therese McGovern (born July 27, 1949) is an American Singer and Broadway actress, widely known for her premier Edward "Ed" O'Neill (born April 12, 1946) is an American Actor. ^[82]

Museums

Youngstown's most widely known museum is the Butler Institute of American Art, which is located on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus. The Butler Institute of American Art, located on Wick Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, was the first museum dedicated exclusively to This institution was established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler, Jr., in 1919 as the first museum in the country dedicated to American art. Joseph Green Butler Jr ( December 21, 1840 &ndash December 20, 1927) was an American industrialist philanthropist and popular ^[83] Across the street from the Butler stands the McDonough Museum of Art, which is owned and operated by YSU. Since its establishment in 1991, the McDonough has showcased contemporary art and hosted programs for students on campus and throughout the surrounding area. ^[84] The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also located on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building. ^[85]

To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History. The museum, housed in a 1905 Arts & Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue, is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. The American Craftsman Style, or the American Arts and Crafts Movement, is an American domestic architectural, Interior design, and Decorative Once the estate of a local industrialist, the museum maintains period rooms that showcase the original contents of the household, including furnishings, art objects, and personal artifacts. The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history. Recently, the museum opened the "Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands-on History Room". The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate's former carriage house, located near the back of the site.

Located just south of the YSU campus is the Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor, which sits on a grade overlooking the downtown area. This museum, owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society, focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production. The Ohio Historical Society is a Non-profit organization incorporated in 1885 "to promote a knowledge of Archaeology and ^[86] Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley,^[87] an interactive educational center located in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's Mill Creek Park. Mill Creek Park is a metropolitan park located in Youngstown, Ohio. ^[88] On the city's north side the Tod Engine Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works. The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark. http://www.todengine.org

Parks

Youngstown's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park, a five-mile (8 km)-long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio, established as a township park in 1891. Rock Creek Park is a large urban natural area with Public park facilities that bisects Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The park's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman's Mill, the rock formations of Bear's Den, scores of nature trails, the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Nature Center, and the "Cinderella" iron link bridge. Fellows Riverside Gardens (11 acres are public Botanical gardens included in the Mill Creek Metro Parks system. ^[89][90]

Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately 2,600 acres (11 km²), 20 miles (32 km) of drives and 15 miles (24 km) of foot trails. Its attractions include gardens, streams, lakes, woodlands, meadows, and wildlife.

The Nature Center's popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area. From the south side, the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible; from the north side, visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown. The park features two 18-hole golf courses. The North Course is situated on rolling terrain, while the South Course features narrow, tree-lined fairways. ^[91] Other features include playgrounds, athletic fields, and picnic areas.

In 2005, Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of ^[92] A plaque commemorating this event is located near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers, the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park. Volney Rogers ( December 1, 1846 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a lawyer in Youngstown Ohio, United States, who is ^[88]

A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is located on the historic north side. Wick Park Historic District is a historic neighborhood on the north side of Youngstown, Ohio, with Wick Park as its centerpiece Wick Park's periphery is lined with early 20th-century mansions built by the city's industrialists, business leaders, and professionals during Youngstown's "boom" years. ^[73] Stambaugh Auditorium, a popular venue for concerts and other public events, is located near the park's southwestern edge. ^[78] Several cemeteries (notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city.

Sports

Club	League	Venue	Established	Championships
Youngstown SteelHounds	CHL, Ice hockey	Chevrolet Centre	2005	0
Mahoning Valley Thunder	af2, Arena football	Chevrolet Centre	2006	0

Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports. The Youngstown SteelHounds are a professional Ice hockey team that participated in the CHL from the 2005-2006 season through the 2007-2008 season The Central Hockey League (CHL is a mid-level Professional hockey league owned by Global Entertainment Corporation. The Chevrolet Centre (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center) is a 5700-seat multi-purpose Arena in Youngstown Ohio, United States The Mahoning Valley Thunder are a professional Af2 Arena football team af2 (short for arenafootball2) is the name of the Arena Football League 's Minor league, which started play in 2000. The Chevrolet Centre (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center) is a 5700-seat multi-purpose Arena in Youngstown Ohio, United States ^[93] In earlier decades, the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams, including the Youngstown Ohio Works, Youngstown Champs, Youngstown Indians, Youngstown Steelmen, Youngstown Browns, Youngstown Gremlins, and Youngstown Athletics. The Youngstown Ohio Works baseball team was a minor league club that was known for winning the premier championship of the Ohio–Pennsylvania League in 1905 and The Youngstown Champs were a Minor league baseball team that competed in the Ohio-Pennsylvania League in 1907 and 1908 The Youngstown Indians were a minor league Baseball club that competed during the 1909 season in the Ohio-Pennsylvania League. The Youngstown Steelmen was a Minor league baseball franchise that competed in three different leagues between 1910 and 1915 The Youngstown Browns was a baseball team in the Mid-Atlantic League that was based in Youngstown Ohio, between The Youngstown Gremlins were a minor league club affiliated with the Mid-Atlantic League. Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s. ^[94] The area's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams, including the Youngstown Patricians, which won the 1915 championship of what became the National Football League,^[95] and the Youngstown Hardhats, which competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s. The Youngstown Patricians were a semi-professional football team based in Youngstown Ohio. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. The Youngstown Hardhats were a semi-professional football team who played in the 1970s Youngstown is home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of af2, the minor league for the Arena Football League. The Mahoning Valley Thunder are a professional Af2 Arena football team af2 (short for arenafootball2) is the name of the Arena Football League 's Minor league, which started play in 2000. The Arena Football League (AFL was founded in 1987 as an American football indoor league. ^[96] Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride (which played in the WBA from 1987 to 1992), the Youngstown Hawks (IBA, 1999), and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats (IBL, 2005). The Youngstown Pride was a professional Basketball team that competed in the World Basketball League during the late 1980s and early 1990s World Basketball League or WBL was a minor professional Basketball league in the United States and Canada. The Youngstown Hawks were an International Basketball Association team based in Youngstown, Ohio, USA from 1999 to 2000 The International Basketball Association (IBA was founded by Alexandria Minnesota entrepreneur Thomas Anderson in 1995 The Mahoning Valley Wildcats (sometimes referred to as the Youngstown Wildcats were a team in the International Basketball League based in Struthers Ohio. This article is about the International Basketball League formed in 2004. Youngstown's Chevrolet Centre is the home of the Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team, which played in the Central Hockey League until May, 2008. The Youngstown SteelHounds are a professional Ice hockey team that participated in the CHL from the 2005-2006 season through the 2007-2008 season The Central Hockey League (CHL is a mid-level Professional hockey league owned by Global Entertainment Corporation.

The metropolitan area's current minor league baseball team is the Mahoning Valley Scrappers. The Mahoning Valley Scrappers are a minor league Baseball club based in Niles Ohio, a city in the valley of the Mahoning River. The team is the single-A short season affiliate of the Cleveland Indians and competes in the New York-Penn League. The New York - Penn League is a Minor league baseball league which operates in the northeastern United States. The Scrappers play at Eastwood Field in neighboring Niles. Eastwood Field is a minor league Baseball Stadium located in Niles, Ohio, United States. Since their first season of play in 1999, the team has developed into a successful minor-league franchise.

The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports. The Youngstown State University Penguins, a major regional draw, compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Missouri Valley Football Conference (formerly the Gateway Football Conference is a college athletic conference which operates in the midwestern United States The Penguins, noted participants in FCS (I-AA) football, play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases. Arnold D Stambaugh Stadium, usually shortened to just Stambaugh Stadium, is the home of football and soccer teams at Youngstown State University All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League. Membership Former members History Foundation In May 1978 DePaul University hosted a meeting with Bradley Dayton Detroit The Youngstown State men and women's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State's Beeghly Center. The Beeghly Physical Education Center, or simply Beeghly Center, is a 6500-seat multi-purpose Arena in Youngstown Ohio The teams average about 2,500 fans per game, a number which has been on the rise the past two seasons with a new style of play under Head Coach Jerry Slocum. In addition, the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success. The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005, and the softball team did so in 2006. ^[97]

Meanwhile, Youngstown has produced a significant number of boxing champions, including bantamweight Greg Richardson, lightweights Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini and Harry Arroyo, middleweight Kelly Pavlik, and cruiserweight Jeff Lampkin. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Greg "The Flea" Richardson (born February 7, 1958, in Youngstown Ohio) is a former African-American boxer who was Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini (born Raymond Michael Mancino; March 4, 1961) is an Italian-American former boxer. Harry Arroyo (born October 25, 1957) is a former American boxer who gained international recognition as the IBF Lightweight Champion of Kelly Robert Pavlik (born April 5, 1982) is an American professional boxer. Jeff Lampkin (born September 21, 1959 in Youngstown Ohio) is a former American professional boxer ^[98]

Building on tradition

One of the city's most recent sports-related attractions is the Chevrolet Centre (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center), which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant. The Chevrolet Centre (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center) is a 5700-seat multi-purpose Arena in Youngstown Ohio, United States Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005. ^[99] The Centre's main tenants are the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who play in the CHL, and the Mahoning Valley Thunder, an af2 arena football team which began play in 2007. The Central Hockey League (CHL is a mid-level Professional hockey league owned by Global Entertainment Corporation. The city plans to develop vacant land adjacent to the Centre. Plans included using the space for a park, riverwalk (the Mahoning River flows through the site), amphitheater, or athletic stadium for the city's public and private high schools.

Such investments reflect wide appreciation of Youngstown's athletic tradition, which has produced noted figures in a variety of sports. Prominent athletes with connections to the city include IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo,^[98] College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove,^[100] Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans,^[101] major league pitcher Dave Dravecky,^[102] NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar,^[96] IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin,^[98] WBA lightweight champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini,^[98] major league manager Jimmy McAleer,^[103] current WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik,^[104] legendary baseball trainer "Bonesetter" Reese,^[105] major league outfielder George Shuba,^[106] and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich. LightWeight is a developer of Video games with Samurai themes such as the Bushido Blade series and the Kengo The College Football Hall of Fame, located in South Bend Indiana, USA is a hall of fame and museum devoted to College football. An End in American football is a player who lines up at either end of the Line of scrimmage. Robert Leo Patrick "Grandpappy" Dove ( February 21, 1921 &ndash April 19, 2006) served as an All-America end at the William George Evans ( February 10 1884 &ndash January 23 1956) nicknamed "The Boy Umpire" was an American In Baseball, the pitcher is the player who throwsthe baseball from the Pitcher's mound toward the Catcher to begin each play with the goal of David Francis Dravecky (born February 14, 1956 in Youngstown Ohio, United States) is a Christian motivational speaker author The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. Quarterback ( QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr (born November 25, 1963 in Youngstown Ohio) is a former American football Quarterback in the The World Boxing Association (WBA is a Boxing organization that sanctions official matches and awards the WBA world championship title at the professional level James Robert "Loafer" McAleer (July 10 1864 &ndash April 29 1931 was an American Center fielder, manager, and stockholder in Major The World Boxing Council was initially created by 11 countries the United States, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Mexico, The World Boxing Organization ( WBO) is a sanctioning organization currently recognizing professional Boxing world champions John Reese may refer to John D Reese (1855&ndash1931 American Major League Baseball trainer John H Outfielder is a generic term applied to each of the people playing in the three defensive positions in Baseball farthest from the batter George "Shotgun" Shuba ( December 13, 1924 &ndash) is a former utility Outfielder and lefthanded Pinch hitter in Major League Francis "Frank" Sinkwich ( October 10, 1920 &ndash October 22, 1990) won the 1942 Heisman Trophy as a player for the ^[96]

Former attractions

Several of the city's recreational resources disappeared amid the economic hardships that began in the late 1970s. Among these was Idora Park, an amusement park that served as a convenient alternative for residents who preferred not to travel to larger parks in Northern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. For another park of the same name in Oakland California see Idora Park. ^[107] (These included Conneaut Lake Park in Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania, Geauga Lake in Aurora, Ohio, Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, and Kennywood in Pittsburgh. Conneaut Lake Park is a summer amusement resort located in Conneaut Lake Pennsylvania, USA. Conneaut Lake is a borough in Crawford County, Pennsylvania at the southern end of a lake with the same name. Geauga Lake's Wildwater Kingdom is a Waterpark located in Aurora, Ohio, United States, originally founded in 1888 as Geauga Lake Aurora is a city located in Portage County, Ohio, United States. Cedar Point is a 364 acre (15 km² Amusement park located in Sandusky, Ohio, U Sandusky is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Erie County. Kennywood is an Amusement park near Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, in the borough of West Mifflin. ) The park, which closed in 1984, held sentimental value for many local residents and enjoyed a degree of historical significance. Former Youngstown resident Jack Warner noted in his autobiography that the Warner brothers took their first step into the movie business when they screened a used copy of The Great Train Robbery at Idora Park and other local venues. This article is about Jack Warner the head of Warner Brothers Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western film by Edwin S Porter. ^[108]

From the early 1900s to the mid-1970s, Youngstown was the retail center of the Mahoning Valley. There were two flagship department stores in the downtown area, including Strouss Hirshberg's (later absorbed by Kaufmann's, now part of Macy's) and McKelvey's (later Higbee's, now part of Dillard's). Strouss was a Department store serving the US states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Kaufmann's was an iconic Department store that originated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Macy's is a chain of mid-range American Department stores Its Flagship store in Herald Square, New York City has been billed Higbee's was a Department store based in Cleveland Ohio. It has been defunct since 1992 This article is about a Department store chain For The Dillards a Progressive bluegrass band see The Dillards. Specialty shops lined the main artery of West Federal Street, and the district had four upscale movie theaters, including the Palace Theater, the Warner Brothers' Theater, the State Theater, and the Paramount Theater. Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue These businesses were the first to close as a result of declining attendance in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. In the early 1970s, the appearance of two suburban malls (the Southern Park Mall, in Boardman, and the Eastwood Mall, in Niles) hastened the closure or relocation of many businesses that remained. The Southern Park Mall is a shopping mall in Boardman Ohio. Originally owned by the Edward J The Eastwood Mall is an indoor shopping center located in Niles, Ohio serving the Youngstown - Warren area The collapse of the community's steel industry at the end of the decade created additional challenges for downtown business owners; and throughout the 1980s and 1990s, efforts to revive the former retail hub were unsuccessful. ^[109]

Redevelopment

Youngstown's cityscape includes relatively few contemporary buildings, and from certain angles, the downtown area appears to have changed little since the 1960s. Yet, downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. Recent additions include the George Voinovich Government Center and state and federal courthouses: the Seventh District Court of Appeals and the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U. George Victor Voinovich (born July 15, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Ohio, and a member Judge Nathaniel R Jones (born May 12, 1926 -) has served as a lawyer jurist academic and public servant S. Courthouse. The latter features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects. Robert Arthur Morton Stern, usually credited as Robert A M Stern, (born May 23 1939) is an American Architect and Dean of the ^[110]

In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, was reopened to through traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others. ^[111]

Construction and business development

In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. The United States Department of Housing, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation (CIC) have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by out-of-town investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. Further, a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow, a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus. New Urbanism is an American Urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a central park. ^[112] Construction for the project began in 2006.

New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, has begun construction on a multi-million dollar downtown technology center, where some of its largest firms will relocate. ^[58]

Crime control

Meanwhile, the city has attempted to come to terms with its troubling reputation for crime and corruption. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings that were often committed with car bombs. ^[113] Hence, the town gained the nickname "Murder City", and the phrase "Youngstown tune-up" became a regionally popular slang term for car-bomb assassination. ^[114] This dubious image has been reinforced by the widely reported fact that five prisons operate within the metropolitan area. ^[115] The city, however, has accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life. For some observers, the climax of this ongoing effort was the arrest, trial, and 2002 conviction of former U. S. Representative James A. Traficant, Jr., on bribery, tax fraud, and racketeering charges. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. James Anthony Traficant Jr (born May 8, 1941) is a former Democratic Representative in the United States Congress from ^[116] Meanwhile, the municipal government has responded to a rise in gang- and drug-related violence by increasing the presence of police in urban neighborhoods. In the course of enforcing traffic laws and issuing warrants, police and state troopers have apprehended serious criminal offenders. ^[117] Despite these efforts, crime remains a serious problem. In March 2008, Youngstown recorded its ninth homicide of the year, a figure that includes a January arson fire that left six people dead. ^[118]

Renewal plan

In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with the university, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan titled Youngstown 2010. The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled its "master plan", which took shape in the course of several public meetings that featured input from citizens. The plan, which received national attention, is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation. ^[32] Given that the communities to the south and west of the city continue to enjoy a measure of economic prosperity, supporters of such projects hold out hope for the revitalization of Youngstown.

Neighborhoods

Beachwood Boulevard Park Brier Hill Brownlee Woods Buckeye Cornersburg Downtown Fifth Avenue Fosterville Garden District Handel's Idora Indian Village Kirkmere Lansdowne

Lansingville Lincoln Knolls Mahoning Commons Newport North Heights Oak Hill Ohio Works Performance Place Pleasant Grove Riverbend Salt Springs Schenley Sharon Line Smoky Hollow University

Transportation

The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority (WRTA) bus system, which is supported through income tax. Brier Hill is a neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio, that was once viewed as the city's " Little Italy " district Downtown Youngstown is the traditional center of the city of Youngstown, Ohio, United States. Fosterville is a neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio, that is located on the south-southwestern side of the city Lansingville is a traditional neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio. Lincoln Knolls is a neighborhood within Youngstown Ohio, on the city's east side North Heights is a neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio, located on the city's upper North Side Smoky Hollow (also known as The Hollow) is a neighborhood in Youngstown Ohio. WRTA, whose main terminal is located in the downtown area, provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties. The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area's Greyhound terminal. Greyhound Lines is an intercity Common carrier of passengers by Bus serving over 3700 destinations in the United States. ^[119]

Located in the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O) was one of the Oldest railroads in the United States and the first Common carrier railroad The historic terminal building, which has been converted into a banquet hall, served as a train station from 1995 to 2005. ^[120] The local railroads now serve cargo trains exclusively.

The only airport within the city limits is the Lansdowne Airport, located on the city's east side. Lansdowne Airport is a small local airport on the East Side of Youngstown, Ohio, US near the Pennsylvania border This facility is used for general aviation. The metropolitan area's main airport is the Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport (YNG), located in nearby Vienna, Ohio. Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport is a public Airport located in Vienna Ohio, 11 miles north of Youngstown and 10 miles east of Warren Vienna Center is a Census-designated place (CDP in Trumbull County, Ohio, in the United States. The only commercial route available at this airport is a flight to Orlando, Florida through Allegiant Air. Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. Allegiant Air ( is an American low-cost Airline, owned by Allegiant Travel Co ^[121] Most valley residents take advantage of larger airports such as Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, Akron-Canton Regional Airport, and Pittsburgh International Airport. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is a public Airport located nine miles (14 km) southwest of the Central business district of Cleveland Pittsburgh International Airport, formerly Greater Pittsburgh Airport Greater Pittsburgh International Airport and commonly referred to as PIT is an international Airport

Media

Youngstown features diverse media, including television, print and radio. Newspapers include The Buckeye Review (bi-monthly/ African-American), The Business Journal (bi-monthly/business), The Catholic Exponent (bi-monthly/religious), The Jambar (bi-weekly/college), The Jewish Journal (monthly/Jewish), The Metro Monthly (monthly/news, features, calendar), The Morning Journal (daily/Columbiana County news), The Review (weekly/news, features), Senior News (monthly/seniors), The Journal (weekly/Struthers, Campbell and Lowellville), Parent Magazine (monthly/children's), Peace Action Youngstown {quarterly/peace activism), The Town Crier (weekly/suburban news), The Tribune Chronicle (daily/regional news), and the The Vindicator (daily/regional news). | seat wl = Lisbon | largest city wl = East Liverpool | area_total_sq_mi =535 | area_land_sq_mi =532 | area_water_sq_mi =3 | area percentage = 0 The Vindicator is a daily Newspaper serving the region surrounding Youngstown Ohio.

Youngstown is served by 10 television stations, three of which are low-power repeaters of TV stations in other cities. ^[122] This is unusual for a mid-sized city located near large metro areas such as Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Nearby Akron, with a larger population than Youngstown and Warren combined, has no local television stations and relies on Cleveland for its local news. The community's 273,480 television households make the Youngstown market the nation's 106th largest, according to Nielsen Media Research. ^[123]

The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WFMJ-TV (channel 21, NBC), WYTV (channel 33, ABC), WYFX-LP (channel 17/62, Fox), WKBN-TV (channel 27, CBS), MY-YTV (channel 33. WFMJ-TV channel 21 is the NBC affiliate in Youngstown Ohio. The station was founded on channel 73 on March 8, 1953 by the Maag family owners The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's WYTV Channel 33 is the ABC affiliate in Youngstown Ohio. WYTV is owned by Parkin Broadcasting but is managed by New Vision Television (owner of The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. WYFX-LP is the FOX affiliate in Youngstown, Ohio. It broadcasts on channel 62 as a low-power station WKBN-TV Channel 27 is the CBS affiliate in Youngstown Ohio. WKBN-TV's headquarters are located in Boardman Township. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. 2, MNTV), and WBCB (channel 20. MyNetworkTV (unofficially abbreviated MyNet or MNT) is a Television network in the United States, owned by the Fox Broadcasting Company 2, The CW). The CW Television Network ( The CW) is a Television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006-2007 television season. WNEO (channel 45) and WEAO (channel 49) are members of PBS. WNEO and WEAO are PBS member stations in northeastern Ohio, simulcasting together as Western Reserve PBS. WNEO and WEAO are PBS member stations in northeastern Ohio, simulcasting together as Western Reserve PBS. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the

Youngstown is served by 37 different radio stations in the metropolitan area which makes it the 119th largest radio market in the United States. This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Stations include 17 on the AM band and 20 on the FM band. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that The majority of the most powerful and popular radio stations in the Youngstown-Warren market are divided between two conglomerates: Clear Channel and Cumulus Media. Clear Channel Communications is a media conglomerate company based in the United States. Cumulus Media Inc (also known as Cumulus Broadcasting) is a large owner of Radio stations in markets in the United States.

Youngstown's sister cities

• Salerno (SA), Italy
• Spisska Nova Ves, Slovakia
• Al-Bireh, Palestinian territories

Famous Youngstowners and former Steel Valley residents

Main article: List of people from Youngstown, Ohio

Notes

References

• Aley, Howard C. (1975). A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.

• Blue, Frederick J. ; Jenkins, William D. ; Lawson, William H. ; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. ISBN 0898659442.

• Brody, David (1960). Steelworkers in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

• Bruno, Robert (1999). Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801434394.

• Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521334810.

• Jenkins, William D. (1990). Steel Valley Klan: The Ku KLux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873384156.

• Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 087338377X.

• Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0679733477.

• Linkon, Sherry Lee; Russo, John (2002). Steeltown U. S. A. : Work & Memory in Youngstown. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700611614.

• Warner, Jack L. (1964). My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random House.

External links

• Official Website of the City of Youngstown
• Youngstown 2010 – a citywide revitalization effort
• Youngstown Steel – website dedicated to the history of Youngstown's steel industry
• The Vindicator – published daily since 1869
• The Metro Monthly – Youngstown area monthly news and features publication

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