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This article is about the Turkish nationalist constitutionalist movement. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings For other uses, see Young Turks (disambiguation).
The "24th July" celebration of the new constitution
The "24th July" celebration of the new constitution

The Young Turks (Turkish: Jön Türkler (plural), from French: Jeunes Turcs) were a coalition of various groups favoring reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The term administration, as used in the context of Government, differs according to Jurisdiction. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Through the Young Turk Revolution, their movement brought about the second constitutional era. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid In 1889, starting first among military students and then extending to other sections, the movement initiated against the monarchy of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit Establishing officially, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in 1906, gaining most of the Young Turks, the movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period (decline, dissolution). The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The military and political events during the decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the era between 1828 to 1908 The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922 began with the watershed event of Young Turk Revolution and ended with the partitioning of the Empire

The Three Pashas of the Young Turks ruled the Ottoman Empire from the Coup of 1913 until the end of World War I. " The Three Pashas " also known as the " dictatorial triumvirate " of the Ottoman Empire included the Ottoman Minister of the interior, Mehmed The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Armenian Genocide
Background
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire · Armenian Question · Hamidian Massacres · Zeitun Resistance (1895) · 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover · Yıldız Attempt · Adana Massacre · Young Turk Revolution
The Genocide

Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital · Tehcir Law · Armenian casualties of deportations · Ottoman Armenian casualties  · Labour battalion

Major extermination centers:
Bitlis · Deir ez-Zor · Diyarbakır · Erzurum · Kharput · Muş · Sivas · Trabzon

Resistance:
Zeitun  · Van · Musa Dagh · Urfa · Shabin-Karahisar  · Armenian militia  · Operation Nemesis

Foreign aid and relief:
American Committee for Relief in the Near East · National Armenian Relief Committee
Responsible parties

Young Turks:
Talat · Enver · Djemal · Behaeddin Shakir · Committee of Union and Progress · Teskilati Mahsusa · The Special Organization · Ottoman Army · Kurdish Irregulars · Reşit Bey · Cevdet Bey · Topal Osman
Trials
Courts-Martial  · Malta Tribunals  · Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian
Aftermath
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire · Denial of the Genocide · Post-Genocide timeline
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Contents

Nature of Young Turks

See also: List of parties in the Ottoman Empire and Committee of Union and Progress

Sharing a thinking style, they were progressive, conflicting with the status quo. The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, and the Ottoman support to initiate the Armenian The term " Armenian Question " as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin The Hamidian massacres, also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896, refers to the massacring of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, with estimates of the The First Zeitun Rebellion (Զէյթունի առաջին ապստամբութիւնը took place in 1895, during the Hamidian massacres. The 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover ( Armenian: hy Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Yıldız Attempt ( Armenian: hy Եըլտըզի Մահափորձը Turkish: Yıldız suikast teşebbüsü) was an assassination attempted on Sultan The Adana massacre occurred in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909 The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The Red Sunday - (Կարմիր Կիրակի is the night which the leaders of Armenian community of the Ottoman capital Constantinopole, and later extending to other centers The Tehcir Law ("Regulation for the settlement of Armenians relocated to other places because of war conditions and emergency political requirements" was passed by the Ottoman Armenian casualties of deportations, part of World War I casualties, only cover a subset of Ottoman Armenian casualties during the Tehcir (deportation The number of Ottoman Armenian deaths between 1914 to 1923 during the Armenian Genocide and what followed during the Turkish War of Independence is a subject A labour battalion (Turkish Amele Taburu, Greek: Τάγμα Εργασίας Tagma Ergasias) was a form of Unfree labor in late Ottoman Bitlis ( Kurdish: Bilîs or Bedlîs Armenian: Baghaghesh, later Baghesh) is a town in eastern Turkey and the Deir ez Zor, also spelled Dayr az-Zawr, Deir al-Zur and other variants (دير الزور Armenian: Տէր Զօր or Der Zor) is a city in Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Elazığ (formerly named "Mamuret ül-Aziz" or in strict Arabic transliteration as "Ma'mûrat al-'Aziz" officially in honor Muş (alternative spelling Mush) is the provincial capital of Muş Province in Turkey. Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the " Armenian militia " or ( Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, The Armenian militia of Hunchaks (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party of the city Zeitun ( Süleymanlı) had resisted on two armed conflicts first between The Resistance at Van (Վանի Հերոսամարտ was an Insurgency against the Ottoman Empire 's attempts to eliminate the Armenian population in the Musa Dagh (Musa Dağı Arabic: Jebel Musa, Armenian: Musa Ler, Մուսա Լեռ meaning "Moses Mountain" was the site of resistance The Armenian resistance in Urfa during the Armenian genocide took place as a reaction to Turkish actions Shabin-Karahisar resistance ( June 2 - June 30, 1915) was the resistance of the Armenian militia of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party ( Hunchaks Armenian irregular units ( Armenian militia, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Chetes) better known by Armenians as '''Fedayee''' (Ֆէտայի Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief after 1918 American Committee for Relief in the Near East (ACRNE in short Near East Relief was a relief organization The National Armenian Relief Committee was formed out of the leadership given by the New York Armenian Relief Committee and became a loosely federated organization in response to the Mehmed Talat (Mehmet Tâlât (1874-1921 also known as Talat Pasha was one of the first important members of the Committee of Union and Progress. İsmail Enver ( Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور ( November 22, 1881 in Constantinople - August 4 Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Ahmet Cemal Paşa (May 6 1872 - July 21 1922 was a prominent Young Turk, and member of the Three Pashas. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti " Special Organization " was the name given to a three member executive committee of "Ministry of the Interior" established by the Committee of Union and Progress The military of the Ottoman Empire was divided in three organizational structures the Army Navy and Air Force Kurdish-Armenian relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians. Dr Mehmet Reşit Bey was the governor of the Diyarbakır vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Jevdet Bey (modern Turkish: Cevdet Bey) was the governor of the Van vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the Topal Osman Agha (1883 Giresun &ndash April 1, 1923) was a colonel of the late Ottoman Empire and early Republic of Turkey Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were Courts-martial of the Ottoman Empire after the Armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World Treaty of Sèvres demanded an Inter-allied or International Tribunal ( Malta Tribunals) of the World War I which the process defined by The " Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian " was a sensationalized trial of Soghomon Tehlirian for the assassination of the former Grand Vizier Talat Pasha The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I. Denial of the Armenian Genocide is the assertion that the Armenian Genocide did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by scholarship Several significant occurrences followed the Armenian Genocide of 1915 to 1917 List of parties in Ottoman Empire gives an overview of parties in Ottoman Empire. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti Partisan in this, they did have a common goal, initially, in reform, believing in a parliamentary system, rather than a monarchy or theocracy. The movement's activities among member's political side can be traced back to as early as 1889, however, the Young Turks were not formed from a single society, party, militia, or any other social organization solely. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the 1902 conference held in Paris, there were two main political factions "Supporters of Centralization of the Empire" (which became the Committee of Union and Progress later on) and supporters of Prince Sebahattin's idea of "Decentralization of the Empire" (which became the Liberal Union later on). The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti Liberal Union is the second biggest party in the Ottoman parliament of 1909 Not only political, they were artists, administrators, scientists, etc. The term "Young Turk" has subsequently come to signify any groups or individuals inside an organization who are more progressive, and seek prominence and power. [1][2]

Some sources associate the Committee of Union and Progress strictly with the Turks. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti Yet the Committee of Union and Progress had members from many other ethnic groups and different world views. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti In 1909, the Committee of Union and Progress had 60 Arabic, 25 Albanian, 14 Armenian, 10 Slavic and 4 Jewish representatives, in addition to the Turks. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti Also, some Turks belonged to other groups, such as the Liberal Union and other parties that can be found in the list of parties in the Ottoman Empire. Liberal Union is the second biggest party in the Ottoman parliament of 1909 List of parties in Ottoman Empire gives an overview of parties in Ottoman Empire.

Other components of the Ottoman Empire were involved in the revolution, such as Armenians, through their support for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun Both military and social uprisings brought about the political changes that characterize the Young Turk Revolution.

Some sources further associate Young Turks with Turanism, which is also incorrect as there were Young Turks who believed in Ottomanism and defended the Sultan until the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Turanism, or Pan-Turanism is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I.

A 2005 open letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars blames the "Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire" for the "systematic genocide of its Armenian citizens. The International Association of Genocide Scholars is a global interdisciplinary non-partisan organization that seeks to further research and teaching about the nature causes and consequences "[3]

Prominent Young Turks

Ahmet Riza, an early leader (1894), first president of the Chamber of Deputies.
Ahmet Riza, an early leader (1894), first president of the Chamber of Deputies. Ahmet Riza (1859 - 1930 graduated from Galatasaray Lisesi in Istanbul

The prominent leaders and ideologists included:

History

1889-1906

The Young Turks originated from the secret societies of progressive university students and military cadets. Ayetullah Bey (born in Istanbul) was the founder and second Chairman of Türkiye Süper Ligi giant Fenerbahçe SK between 1908-09 İsmail Enver ( Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور ( November 22, 1881 in Constantinople - August 4 A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking This article refers to the general definition of cadet A Cadet may also be a member of the Cadets, a historical Russian Political party. They were driven underground along with all other forms of political dissent after the constitution was annulled by the Sultan. Like their European forerunners such as the Carbonari, they typically formed cells, in which only one member might be connected to another cell. The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy.

1906-1908

The Young Turks became a truly revolutionary movement with the CUP as an organizational umbrella. They recruited individuals prepared to sacrifice themselves for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is In 1906, the Ottoman Freedom Society (OFS) was established in Thessalonica by Mehmed Talat. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Mehmed Talat (Mehmet Tâlât (1874-1921 also known as Talat Pasha was one of the first important members of the Committee of Union and Progress. The OFS actively recruited members from the Third Army base, among them Major Ismal Enver. İsmail Enver ( Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور ( November 22, 1881 in Constantinople - August 4 In September 1907, OFS announced they would be working with other organizations under the umbrella of CUP. In reality, the leadership of the OFS would exert significant control over the CUP.

Congress of Ottoman Opposition

The first congress of the Ottoman opposition (1902) in Paris
The first congress of the Ottoman opposition (1902) in Paris

The first congress of Ottoman Opposition was held on February 4 1902, at 8 pm, at the house of Germain Antoin Lefevre-Pontalis. He was a member of the Institute France. The opposition was performed in compliance with the France government. It was closed to public. There were 47 delegates present. The Armenians wanted to have the conversations to be held in French. Other delegates rejected this proposition.

The Second congress of the Ottoman opposition took place in Paris, France in 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza, Sabahheddin Bey, and Khachatur Maloumian of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were in attendance. Ahmed Riza, a prominent Young Turk, an activist scientist and the minister of Education from the party Liberal Union during the second Constitutional Era Khachatur Maloumian (1865 was a Dashnak; editor of Mushak and Droshak. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun The goal was to unite all the parties, including the CUP, in order to bring about the revolution. However, varying positions on issues such as nationalism made unity among the factions impossible.

Revolt

See also: Young Turk Revolution

The 'Macedonian Question', in 1908, was facing the Ottoman Empire. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Czar Nicholas II and Franz Joseph, who were both interested in the Balkans, started implementing policies, beginning in 1897, which bring on the last stages of the balkanization process. Franz Josef, in certain Anglophone contexts rendered Francis Joseph may refer to the following people Franz Joseph Och, German machine translation Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often By 1903, there were discussions on establishing administrative control by Russian and Austrian advisory boards in the Macedonian provinces. The House of Osman was forced to accept this idea although for quite a while they were able to subvert its implementation. House of Osman is the name to the administrative structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, which is part of State organization of the Ottoman Empire, however directly linked However, eventually, signs were showing this policy game coming to an end and on May 13, 1908, the leadership of the CUP, with the scale of its organization, having had increased their power to such a point, were able to say to the Sultan that the 'Dynasty will be in danger', if he were not to bring back the constitution. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Third Army in Macedonia on June 12, 1908 begins its march to the Palace and on July 24, 1908 the constitution is restored. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Constitutional Era

See also: Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
Declaration of the Constitution Muslim, Armenian, Greek leaders together
Declaration of the Constitution Muslim, Armenian, Greek leaders together

With the Committee of Union and Progress coming out of the election box the unity among the Young Turks that was originated from the Young Turk Revolution replaced itself with the realities of the Ottoman Empire. The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The details of the political events can be found under Second Constitutional Era, while the details of the military events can be found under Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922 began with the watershed event of Young Turk Revolution and ended with the partitioning of the Empire

Ideology

Liberalism

See also: Socioeconomics of Reformation Era (Ottoman Empire)

The European public and many scholars commonly labeled the Young Turks as liberals. While the industrial revolution had swept through western Europe the Ottoman Empire was still relying mainly on medieval technologies Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The Young Turks did adopt liberal ideas, and under the influence of the theories of Gustave Le Bon, they devalued parliaments as hazardous bodies. Gustave Le Bon ( May 7, 1841 &ndash December 13, 1931) was a French Social psychologist, Sociologist, and amateur

Constitutionalism

See also: Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)

Although the European public and many scholars commonly labeled the Young Turks as constitutionalists and the Young Turks employed rhetoric promoting constitutionalism, this was merely a device to stave off any intervention by the Great Powers in the domestic politics of the Empire. The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The Young Turks followed the principle of developing an intellectual elite to govern the Empire, never envisioning participation of the masses in policy-making or administration.

Materialism and Positivism

See also: Ahmed Riza, Namık Kemal, Ziya Gökalp, and Yusuf Akçura

Another guiding principle for the Young Turks was the transformation of their society into one in which religion played no consequential role. Ahmed Riza, a prominent Young Turk, an activist scientist and the minister of Education from the party Liberal Union during the second Constitutional Era Namık Kemal, born as Mehmed Kemal ( December 21 1840 - December 2 1888) was a Turkish Nationalist Poet Ziya Gökalp (born Mehmed Ziya; March 23 1876, Diyarbakır — October 25 1924, İstanbul) was a sociologist Yusuf Akçura (Yosıf Aqçura Yusuf Akçura 1876-1935 was a prominent Ottoman activist and ideologue of the Pan-Turkist or Turanism camp A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In this ultra-secular and somewhat materialistic structure, science was to replace religion. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding However, the Young Turks soon recognized the difficulty of spreading this idea and began suggesting that Islam itself was materialistic. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. As compared with later efforts by Muslim intellectuals, such as the attempt to reconcile Islam and socialism, this was an extremely difficult endeavor. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Although some former members of the CUP continued to make efforts in this field after the revolution of 1908, they were severely denounced by the Ulema, who accused them of "trying to change Islam into another form and create a new religion while calling it Islam". The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several [5]

Positivism, with its claim of being a religion of science, deeply impressed the Young Turks, who believed it could be more easily reconciled with Islam than could popular materialistic theories. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience The name of the society, Union and Progress, is believed to be inspired by leading positivist Auguste Comte's motto Order and Progress. Auguste Comte (full name Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; 17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857 was a French thinker who is generally credited for having Positivism also served as a base for the desired strong government. [6]

Centralized government

During the late Ottoman Empire, all the intellectuals were state officials, and all Young Turks were on Empire payroll. Their participation in the government apparently had led them to value state. They were reluctant to approach theories against the state, such as Marxism or anarchism. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i

Another result of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution was the gradual creation of a new governing elite, which had consolidated and cemented its control over the Ottoman civil and military administration by 1913. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

As empire-savers the Young Turks always viewed the problems confronting the Ottoman Empire from the standpoint of the state, placing little if any emphasis on the people's will. Thus the Young Turks' inclination toward authoritarian theories was by no means a coincidence. All the theories that the Young Turks developed and took particular interest in, such as biological materialism, positivism, Social Darwinism, and Gustave Le Bon's elitism, defended an enlightenment from above and opposed the idea of a supposed equality among fellow-citizens. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect

Nationalism

Further information: Millet, Ottomanism, Turanism, Kemalist ideology

In regards to nationalism, the Young Turks underwent a gradual transformation. Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Turanism, or Pan-Turanism is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples Kemalist Ideology " Kemalism " (Kemalist İdeoloji Kemalizm Atatürkçülük Atatürkçü Düşünce or also known as the " Six Arrows " (Altı The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Beginning with the Tanzimat with non-Turkish members participating at the outset, the Young Turks embraced the official state ideology - Ottomanism. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. However, Ottoman patriotism failed to strike root during the first constitutional era and the following years. The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of Constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kanûn-ı Esâsî Many non-Turkish Ottoman intellectuals rejected the idea because of its exclusive use of Turkish symbols. Turkish nationalists gradually gained the upper hand in politics, and following the Congress of 1902, a stronger focus on nationalism developed. It was at this time that Ahmed Riza chose to replace the term "Ottoman" with "Turk". Ahmed Riza, a prominent Young Turk, an activist scientist and the minister of Education from the party Liberal Union during the second Constitutional Era However, it was not until 1904 that nationalism came to be based on a scientific theory, and following the Japanese victory over Russia, the Young Turks began to base their nationalism on the pseudo-scientific race theories of Europe. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September

Impact on Republic of Turkey

The Young Turk movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual and political life of the late Ottoman period and laid the foundation for Atatürk's revolution. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Most of their leaders believed that the state, not popular will, was the instrument by which social and political change would be achieved. They bequeathed to Atatürk the conviction that reformers should seize state power and then use it ruthlessly for their own ends, not to democratize society in ways that would weaken the centralized state.

Except for the shift in focus on nationalism, the official ideology of the early modern Turkish state was shaped during this period. The Young Turks who lived long enough to witness the coming into being of the Republic of Turkey saw many of their ideals realized - it was a regime based on a popular materialistic-positivist ideology and nationalism. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The new regime worked to be included in western culture while exerting an anti-imperialist rhetoric and convened a parliament composed not of elected politicians but of virtually selected intellectuals working on behalf of the people without cooperating in any capacity with the 'ignorant' masses. Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism. The impact of the Young Turks on shaping the official ideology of early modern Turkey went far beyond the political changes they effected. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Dictionary.com definition of "Young Turks"
  2. ^ Forum discussion of definition of "Young Turk"
  3. ^ Letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, June 13, 2005
  4. ^ Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries
  5. ^ M. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti The Assyrian Genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo; Aramaic: ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922 began with the watershed event of Young Turk Revolution and ended with the partitioning of the Empire Some scholars argue the power of the Caliphate began waning by 1683 and without the acquisition of significant new wealth the Empire went into a slow decline List of parties in Ottoman Empire gives an overview of parties in Ottoman Empire. The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid " Special Organization " was the name given to a three member executive committee of "Ministry of the Interior" established by the Committee of Union and Progress The Young Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar were a group of Ottoman nationalist intellectuals formed in 1865, influenced by such Western thinkers as Montesquieu The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The International Association of Genocide Scholars is a global interdisciplinary non-partisan organization that seeks to further research and teaching about the nature causes and consequences This is a chronological list of Prime Ministers of Turkey, since the establishment of that position in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. "Erdoğan" redirects here For the Turkish Helicopter Erdoğan see Kamov Ka-50. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sukru Hanioglu. The Political Ideas of the Young Turks
  6. ^ M. Sukru Hanioglu. The Political Ideas of the Young Turks

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