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Young Ireland was a political, cultural and social movement, which was to revolutionise the use of Irish nationalism, as a political force in Irish society. Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and From its beginnings in the late 1830s, its influence was to extend over generations of Irish Nationalists, and impact on all future Anglo-Irish relations.

Contents

History

The name Young Ireland was originally used in a disparaging way to describe the group of Repeal Association members associated with The Nation newspaper. The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century The Repeal Association was at the time, campaigning for the repeal of the Act of Union 1800 between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Acht an Aontais 1800 is used to describe two complementary Acts whose official United Kingdom titles are [1] The term was first coined by the "English" press,[2] and later used by Daniel O'Connell in a vindictive attack at Conciliation Hall, home of the Repeal Association, for which he later apologized. Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between [3]

Thomas Davis
Thomas Davis

Young Ireland traced its origins to the new College Historical Society, founded on 29 March 1839, at a meeting at Francis Kearney’s chambers, 27 College. Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [4] Among the members of this new society were John Blake Dillon, Thomas MacNeven, William Eliot Hudson and Thomas Davis,[4] who was elected President in 1840. John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer [4][5] Though Davis, while still at Trinity had addressed the Dublin Historical Society which met at the Dorset Institute in Upper Sackville Street from 1836 to 1838. Davis became president and gave two lectures at it, which survived to this day and are available from the National Library of Ireland and show clearly that Davis had become a convinced Irish nationalist at this period in his life. [6]

John Blake Dillon
John Blake Dillon

Repeal Association

On 15 April 1840, Daniel O’Connell held the first meeting of his new Repeal Association, in the Corn Exchange, Dublin. John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Its birth was received with sneers, and O’Connell’s sincerity was questioned. [7] In the General Election in 1832, O’Connell had made the same appeal, and though half the representatives chosen for Ireland were pledged Repealers, O’Connell dropped the demand, and several of them accepted appointments under the system they had pledged to overthrow. [8] Since that time, O’Connell had become a close ally of the Whigs, and as they were predicted to fall from power in 1840, renewing the agitation for Repeal, was suspected as a devise to embarrass the new administration. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to [9] As a consequence of this, not one man of status, outside of the members of the defunct Association joined the ranks of this new one. [7] With the new Associations mounting debts, the contributions from its members not sufficient to pay half its ordinary expenses,[7] both Thomas Davis and John Blake Dillon, joined its ranks in April 1841, having in the process, to overcome their dislike to the extravagant and abusive tone of O’Connell’s agitation. Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members [5] O’Connell welcomed them both with eagerness, and at once made them members of the General Committee, which controlled the organisation of the Association. [5] The two men then began there work in earnest; Davis first became Chairman of a sub-committee in charge of the registers of the Association, which contained the names of all the Members.

Michael Doheny
Michael Doheny

This allowed him the opportunity to enter into communication with all the leading politicians of the Party, and whenever he came across any with depth or ability; he at once developed into friendly associations. Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement [10] In the autumn of 1841, Dillon and Davis took over the roles of Editor and sub-Editor of the Morning Register, a Dublin daily paper, belonging to Alderman Staunton, which had been the organ of the Catholic Association,[11] and “was generally regarded among the mercenaries” of the Dublin Castle according to Michael Doheny who was to become one of Young Irelands leading figures. The Catholic Association was an Irish Roman Catholic political organisation set up by Daniel O'Connell in the early nineteenth century to campaign for Catholic Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement [10] The positions having become vacant, with the emigration of its editor Mr Hugh Lynar to the Cape of Good Hope, and the Sub-Editor Charles Gavan Duffy having gone to conduct a journal in Belfast. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG ( 12 April 1816 &ndash 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. As editors they were to plunge its readers into “ecstasies of astonishment,” according to Duffy, with articles on such things as Protestant nationality, historical parallels from classic and mediaeval history, to essays on the agencies and conditions of guerrilla warfare. [11] Michael Doheny suggests in his Felon’s Track that “all Dublin was startled by the originality, vigour and brilliancy of its articles”. Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement [10] It was also at this time that they first came into contact with Charles Gavan Duffy. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG ( 12 April 1816 &ndash 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian On Duffy’s next visit to Dublin some six months later, he discovered that Davis and Dillon had abandoned their experiment with the Register,[12] and this had left Davis with no hope to reach a wider public, even with his contributions to the Dublin Monthly Magazine. [5]

The Nation

Birth of the Nation
Birth of the Nation

After a long conversation while on a walk in the Phoenix Park, where the three of them discussed the prospects of the country, they decided on a project to establish a new national newspaper, which they were to title The Nation. The Phoenix Park (Páirc an Fhionn-Uisce is the largest enclosed urban public Park in Europe located 3 km to the north west of Dublin city centre in Ireland The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century [12][13] Into this new venture, Dillon brought two young friends, the barrister John O'Hagan, and John Edward Pigot, a law student. John O'Hagan (b at Newry, County Down, Ireland 19 March[[ 822]] d John Edward Pigot (1822-1871 was an Irish music collector Pigot was born in Kilworth Co Both of them were to be parodied in M. W. Savage’s The Falcon Family or Young Ireland. Davis brought some of his circle of young friends in the Historical Society, and Duffy who brought in the poet James Clarence Mangan, William O’Neill Daunt a county Cork Landowner, and T. James Clarence Mangan, born James Mangan ( 1 May 1803, Dublin - 20 June 1849) was an Irish poet. M. Hughes, who had been editor of the London Charivari , which was later absorbed into Punch. Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 [14] On 15 October 1842, the first number of The Nation was launched. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century “The appearance of The Nation and its immediate and phenomenal success was a reinforcement for which O’Connell had scarcely dared to hope”. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century [15]

Charles Gavan Duffy
Charles Gavan Duffy

So commenced The Nation newspaper; and for the next three years it was, next to O’Connell, the strongest power in Ireland on the national side. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG ( 12 April 1816 &ndash 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century [16] O’Connell knew and that he was receiving for the present, a powerful support from these young men, but he knew also that they professed to be free from the “gratitude of the past” and therefore outside of his influence. [16] Davis was an extremely skilful propagandist who deliberately chose to work behind the scenes, and was to exerte a singular influence. Davis had been working on these lines since before The Nation made its first appearance, and the success of the newspaper soon produced significant results. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century [17] One of the most distinctive new developments was the organization of Repeal reading rooms all over the country which The Nation was soon addressing itself to, in particularly, and found this an especially effective method of spreading their propaganda. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century By the spring of 1843, when The Nation had been in existence for some six months, the Repeal agitation was becoming really formidable, and the Government was beginning to consider the old problem of how to suppress it. The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly Newspaper, published in the 19th century [18]

The Secession

The Young Irelanders, when members of the association, never advocated the use of physical force to advance the cause of repeal and opposed any such policy,[19] Though the opposite was the belief created by O’Connell when in the Repeal Association, he introduced what came to be known as the “Peace Resolutions”,[20] which was that physical force could never be justified under any circumstances, at any time and this was to be applied retrospectively.

John Mitchel
John Mitchel

This would have had the effect that the Repeal Association rejected the American war of Independence, the rebellions of both 1798 and 1803, and also the efforts of the French in deposing their government and monarchy. John Mitchel ( Irish: Seán Mistéil; b November 3, 1815 &ndash d In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The use of physical force only became an issue with the Young Irelanders, after they had left the association, and had formed the Irish Confederation”. See Confederate Ireland for the period of Irish self-government between 1641 and 1649 [19] O'Connell himself had not been indisposed to use the threat of force,[21] as was seen in his campaign for Catholic Emancipation, but never had the intention or the will. Catholic Emancipation (Fuascailt na gCaitliceach or Catholic Relief, was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th [22] This was demonstrated by the cancelled 'monster meeting' planned for Clontarf in 1843. Clontarf ( is a coastal suburb on the northside of Dublin, Ireland, located in Dublin 3. The monster Meetings were long a design of Thomas Davis, John Blake Dillon and Michael Doheny[23] . Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement The object of which was to train the people to military movements,[23] since this object would obviously be unsafe to announce, it was to be effected by other means. Daniel O’Connell was fully aware of their intent at the time, though he later denied it and repudiated those involved. [24] This meeting was prohibited by the British government, backed up with the threat of military force. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at O'Connell took a political decision to not press ahead with the summoning of the planned meeting for Clontarf, as the government had plans ready to suppress it. [25]This diminished his credibility with the British - they were only prepared to concede when they believed that there was a serious risk of an uprising. [26] The Young Irelanders had always agreed with Daniel O'Connell and the Repeal Association in its demand for repeal, but split when it did come was, over O'Connell's attempts to form an alliance with the Whig Party in England, which would have led to the dropping of repeal, as had happened in 1835. Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to While the pretence used by O’Connell’s supporters, was the adoption of the Peace Resolutions.

The Irish Confederation

Late in the autumn of 1846, some prominent men undertook the task of remonstrating with the Repeal Association. Among them were a, Mr. Keeley, Mr. Holywood, Mr. Crean and Mr. Halpin all prominent Dublin citizens . A few weeks later, a remonstrance at the course pursued by the Association was produced and was signed by fifteen hundred leading citizens of Dublin. [27] It was delivered to the Chairman of the Repeal Association on 2 October. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule This remonstrance was ordered by John O’Connell (Daniel O’Connell’s son), to be flung into the gutter. The Remonstrants and the public resented this humiliation, and determined to hold a meeting in the Rotunda, Dublin, where they proposed to defend themselves against this indignity. [27] The meeting was held on 3 November. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Mr. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, who had never been a Member of the Association attended, and his speech described by Michael Doheny to be “calm, forcible and conclusive on the points at issue; and the excitement it created was, in no small degree, enhanced by the fact that the speaker was a young man theretofore unknown”. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, PC, ( April 13, 1825 &ndash April 7, 1868) was a Canadian journalist, Father of Confederation [27]

"Meagher of the Sword"
"Meagher of the Sword"

. The success of the meeting suggested the possibility of an experiment upon a large scale, as a preliminary to the formation of the Confederation. The meeting was set for the 2 December. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire The main object was to reply to the calumnies which, for nearly six months, had been urged against the leading seceders. [27] The remonstrant committee offered to defend them against any allegations put by the Repeal Association. The meeting was one of the most important ever held in the city. The entire ability of the seceders was put into its preparation. Michael Doheny states that “such was the sensation created by the proceedings that two publishers, one in Dublin and one in Belfast, brought out reports, in pamphlet form, which were read all over the country with the greatest avidity”. [27] It was suggested, casually at the meeting, that the seceders would meet in January to announce the course of political action they would recommend. On 13 January, the seceders met again, and their deliberations were supported again by the same men, to secure to the seceders freedom of speech and of action. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks [27] It was at this meeting the Irish Confederation was fully established. See Confederate Ireland for the period of Irish self-government between 1641 and 1649 The foundations of which were to be freedom, tolerance and truth. There were no declarations or calls for rebellion, and no pledges of peace were given. The objectives were they outlined the independence of the Irish nation and no means to attain that end were abjured, save such as were inconsistent with honour, morality and reason. [27]

1848 Uprising

Main article: Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848
William Smith O'Brien
William Smith O'Brien
Widow McCormack's
Widow McCormack's

The adoption of physical force was propelled by death and destruction resulting from the 1845 Irish potato blight, government inaction, and the evictions of tenants from the land by some landlords. The Young Irelander Rebellion (sometimes called "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 as it took place during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) was a failed William Smith O'Brien ( 17 October 1803 &ndash 18 June 1864) was an Irish Nationalist and Member of Parliament (MP Phytophthora infestans is an Oomycete that causes the serious Potato disease known as late blight or potato blight. The final impulse came with the crash of the French Revolution, in the year 1848, followed by popular uprisings across Europe which saw both governments and monarchies toppled. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an William Smith O'Brien, the leader of the Young Ireland Party, having to choose between armed resistance or an ignominious flight launched an attempted rebellion in July 1848, in immediate response to British repression and the introduction of martial law. William Smith O'Brien ( 17 October 1803 &ndash 18 June 1864) was an Irish Nationalist and Member of Parliament (MP [28] Opposed by some of the Catholic clergy, who had been consistently hostile to Young Ireland and the Irish Confederation, O'Brien's failure to capture a party of police barricaded in widow McCormack's house, who were holding her children as hostages, marked the effective end of the revolt. See Confederate Ireland for the period of Irish self-government between 1641 and 1649 ”,[29] Though intermittent resistance continued till late 1849, O'Brien and his colleagues were quickly arrested. Originally sentenced to death, this sentence was later commuted to transportation to Van Diemen's Land, where they joined John Mitchel. John Mitchel ( Irish: Seán Mistéil; b November 3, 1815 &ndash d

Removal of Smith O'Brien under sentence of death
Removal of Smith O'Brien under sentence of death

Books By Young Irelanders (Irish Confederation)

Additional Reading

Young Irelanders

See also

Other groups with the name

Young Ireland: Buy Irish

Notes and references

  1. ^ Young Ireland, T. Thomas Osborne Davis ( October 14, 1814 - September 16, 1845) was a revolutionary Irish writer who was the chief organizer John Blake Dillon ( 5 May 1814 &ndash 15 September 1866) was an Irish writer and Politician who was one of the founding members Kevin Izod O'Doherty ( September 7 1823 - July 15 1905) was an Irish Australian Politician. Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement John Mitchel ( Irish: Seán Mistéil; b November 3, 1815 &ndash d Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG ( 12 April 1816 &ndash 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian Patrick O'Donoghue (died 1854 also known as Patrick O'Donohoe from Clonegal, County Carlow, was an Irish Nationalist revolutionary and journalist James Fintan Lalor (in Irish, Séamuir Fionntám Ui Leathlbhain) ( March 10 1807 – December 27 1849) was an Irish revolutionary Terence Bellew MacManus (born at Tempo, County Fermanagh, Ireland c John Martin ( 8 September 1812 &ndash 29 March 1875) was an Irish nationalist activist who progressed from early militant support Thomas Francis Meagher (ˈmɑrh ( August 3, 1823 July 1, 1867) was an Irish nationalist a Union Army general during the American Thomas Devin Reilly (1823 - March 5 1854) was an Irish revolutionary Young Irelander and journalist John Edward Pigot (1822-1871 was an Irish music collector Pigot was born in Kilworth Co The Young Irelander Rebellion (sometimes called "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 as it took place during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) was a failed From 1801 to 1922 the whole island of Ireland formed a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK Young Ireland Buy Irish Campaign was a group active in second level schools and some colleges in the 1980's F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945, Pg 1-4
  2. ^ Young Ireland, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1880, Pg. 291
  3. ^ O'Connell Davis and the Collages Bill, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1948, Pg 68
  4. ^ a b c Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 14
  5. ^ a b c d Dennis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork University Press, 1949, pg 5
  6. ^ Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 13
  7. ^ a b c Michael Doheny, The Felon’s Track, M. H Gill & Son, LTD, 1951, pg 14
  8. ^ Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 2-3
  9. ^ Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 3-4
  10. ^ a b c Michael Doheny, The Felon’s Track, M. H Gill & Son, LTD, 1951, pg 17
  11. ^ a b Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 45
  12. ^ a b Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis, The Memoirs of an Irish Patriot, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd pg. 47
  13. ^ Charles Gavan Duffy, Young Ireland, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co, 1880, pg 47
  14. ^ Dennis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork University Press, 1949, pg 6
  15. ^ Dennis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork University Press, 1949, pg 9
  16. ^ a b P. A. Sillard, Life of John Mitchel, James Duffy & Co. LTD, 1908, pg 7
  17. ^ Dennis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork University Press, 1949, pg 10
  18. ^ Dennis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork University Press, 1949, pg 11
  19. ^ a b The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill &Sons, LTD 1951, Pg 105
  20. ^ The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill &Sons, LTD 1951, Pg 106
  21. ^ Young Ireland, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1880, Pg. 274
  22. ^ Young Ireland, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1880, Pg. 374
  23. ^ a b The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill &Sons, LTD 1951, Pg 20
  24. ^ The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill &Sons, LTD 1951, Pg 22
  25. ^ Young Ireland, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1880, Pg. 361
  26. ^ The Crusade of the Period, By John Mitchel, Lynch, Cole & Meehan 1873, pg 147
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Michael Doheny’s The Felon’s Track, M. H. Gill & Son, LTD, 1951 Edition pg 111-112
  28. ^ Four Years of Irish History 1845-1849 Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1888, pg 389
  29. ^ The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill &Sons, LTD 1951, Pg 182

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