| Yorkshire | |
 Flag of Yorkshire | |
 Yorkshire within England in 1881 | |
| Geography | |
| 1831 area | 3,669,510 acres (14,850 km²)[1] |
| 1901 area | 3,883,979 acres (15,718 km²)[1] |
| 1991 area | 2,941,247 acres (11,903 km²)[1] |
| HQ | York |
| Chapman code | YKS |
| History | |
| Origin | Kingdom of Jórvík |
| Created | In antiquity |
| Succeeded by | Various |
| Demography | |
|---|---|
| 1831 population - 1831 density | 1,371,359[1] 0. Flags and symbols of Yorkshire have been used to identify the historic county of Yorkshire and its relating councils through vexillological Flags and York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Chapman codes are largely a superset of the ISO 3166-2GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex 37/acre |
| 1901 population - 1901 density | 3,512,838[1] 0. 9/acre |
| 1991 population - 1991 density | 3,978,484[1] 1. 35/acre |
| Subdivisions | |
| Type | Ridings |
 | |
| Units | 1 North • 2 West • 3 East |
Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. A riding is an administrative jurisdiction or electoral district particularly in several current or former Commonwealth countries The North Riding of Yorkshire was one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Because of its great size, over time functions have increasingly been undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to periodic reform. The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex Throughout these changes Yorkshire has continued to function as a recognised territory and cultural region. Cultural region is a term used mainly in the study of Geography. [2][3] The name is familiar and well-understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use, featuring in the title of current areas of civil administration such as Yorkshire and the Humber. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England.
Throughout much of history, Yorkshire has played a prominent role in Great Britain. The Brigantes, who were the largest Celtic Briton tribe held it as their heartland. The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Heartland is used in geography to refer to the central areas of a country The Romans made Eboracum, later to be named York, from which the county derives its name, the capital of Britannia Inferior, one of the provinces of Roman Britain. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Britannia Inferior was a subdivision of the Roman province of Britannia established c Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 [4] The area was an independent Viking kingdom known as Jórvík for around a century, before being taken by England. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Most of the modern day large cities were founded during the Norman period. [5]
The county covered just under 6,000 square miles (15,000 km²) in 1831[6] and the modern day Yorkshire and the Humber region has a population of around five million. Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. [7] Yorkshire is widely considered to be the greenest area in England, due to both the vast rural countryside of the Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors and some of the major cities,[8][9] this has led to Yorkshire being nicknamed God's Own County. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. [10][11]
The emblem of Yorkshire is the White Rose of the House of York, the most common flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a dark blue background. The White Rose of York ( Rosa alba) is the symbol of the House of York and has since been adopted as a symbol of Yorkshire as a whole The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century [12] Yorkshire Day, held on August 1, is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its own language. Yorkshire Day is celebrated on 1 August to promote the historic English county of Yorkshire. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman The culture of Yorkshire evolved over the county's history, taking influences from the Cultures of those who came to control the region including the Somerset classed as a GA--> Yorkshire is an historic county of England, centred on the county The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire. [13]
Contents |
History
Celtic tribes
Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who came from two separate tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisii. Somerset classed as a GA--> Yorkshire is an historic county of England, centred on the county Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Brigantes, who originated in the Alps or Gallaecia, controlled territory which would later become all of the North Riding of Yorkshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands Gallaecia (comprising modern Galicia and Northern Portugal) has had human settlers since prehistoric times, dating back to the 30th The North Riding of Yorkshire was one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. The tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [14] That they made the Yorkshire area their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum (now known as Aldborough) was the capital town of their territory. Heartland is used in geography to refer to the central areas of a country Isurium Brigantum was a Town in the Roman province of Britannia. Aldborough is a village in the Civil parish of Boroughbridge, part of the Borough of Harrogate in North Yorkshire, England Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. [15][16] The Parisii who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, are thought to have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul (known today as Paris, France). The Parisii were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled almost all of the area which is now known as the East Riding of Yorkshire. This article is about the Parisii of Gaul For the Parisii in the north-east of Britain and its possible links to this tribe see Parisii (Britain. History of Paris Lutetia (sometimes Lutetia Parisiorum or Lucotecia, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [17] The Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, however the Brigantes continued control of their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca 43 - 69) whose name appears to contain the Indo-European element *mandu(a "pony"was a queen of the Venutius was a 1st century king of the Brigantes in northern Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking [18]
Roman Yorkshire
Queen Cartimandua left her husband for Vellocatus, setting off a chain of events which would change the ownership of the Yorkshire area. Vellocatus was a 1st century king of the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain. Cartimandua, due to her good relationship with the Romans was able to keep control of the kingdom, however her former husband staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance [19] At the second attempt Venutius took back the kingdom, but the Romans under general Petillius Cerialis conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD. Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born ca 30 was a Roman general [20] Under Roman rule, the high profile of the area continued; the fortified city of Eboracum (now known as York) was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all Roman Britain. The English city of York has since Roman times been defended with walls of one form or another Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Britannia Inferior was a subdivision of the Roman province of Britannia established c Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 [21] For the two years before the death of Emperor Septimus Severus, the entire Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him. Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [22]
A second Emperor Constantius Chlorus died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD, this saw his son Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor in the city; he would become renowned due to his contributions to Christianity. Flavius Valerius Constantius ( March 31 c 250&ndash July 25 306) was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire (305&ndash306 Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings [23] In the early 400s the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops, by this stage the Empire was in heavy decline. The Roman departure from Britain was completed by 410. The Archaeological records of the final decades of Roman rule show undeniable signs of decay [22] However, during the three and a half centuries of Roman rule in Yorkshire they had introduced much to help forward civilisation there, such as; sanitation, irrigation, education, roads, public libraries, cement, bricks, heated baths, coins, art, literature, law, wine, the calendar, glass, shops, public order, cats, various fruits and vegetables (carrots, turnips, apples, peas, cabbage, pears, grapes) and more. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Urban areas require some methods for collection and disposal of Sewage. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. A public library (also called circulating library) is a Library which is accessible by the Public and is generally funded from public sources (such In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In Urban planning, the notion of " public order " refers to a City containing relatively empty (and orderly Spaces which allow for flexibility WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp sativus, Etymology: Middle French carotte, from Late Latin carōta, from Greek karōton For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum The cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata) is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae used as a A pear is a pomaceous Fruit produced by a tree of Genus Pyrus. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is [24]
Second Celtic period and Angles
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms built up in Yorkshire; the Kingdom of Ebrauc around York and more notably the Kingdom of Elmet around West Yorkshire. Ebrauc is the suggested name for a Brythonic kingdom of Sub-Roman Britain, based on the city of York. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. During the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century AD Elmet was an independent Celtic kingdom covering a broad area of West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of [25][26] The Elmet in particular managed to hold out with their Celtic kingdom against the invading Angles for a century and a half, ensuring that the Anglian kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria on either side developed separately. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Eventually the Elmet succumbed and became part of the Anglian kingdom of Deira. Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD [27] It should be noted that, although this period is called the Anglo-Saxon period, it was the Angles (from Angeln) who conquered the North, while the Saxons (from Nordalbingia) conquered the South. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Modern Angeln, also known as Anglia ( German: Angeln, Danish: Angel, Latin: Anglia, English: may follow The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Nordalbingia (Nordalbingien was one of the four administrative regions of the medieval Duchy of Saxony, the others being Angria, Eastphalia, and [28] Under Aethelfrith Deira merged with another Anglian kingdom of Bernicia in the early 600s, to form the Kingdom of Northumbria. Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in South Yorkshire. The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Hallamshire (or Hallam) is the historical name for an area of South Yorkshire, England, in the current city of Sheffield [29]
Kingdom of Jórvík
An army of Danish Vikings invaded Northumbrian territory in 886 AD, with what was named by their enemies as the "Great Heathen Army". The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The " Great Heathen Army " also known as the Great Army or the Great Danish Army, was a Viking Army originating in Denmark [30] The Danes took what is modern day York and renamed it as Jórvík, making it their new capital city of a kingdom under the same name; the area which they took as their kingdom was Southern Northumbria (Yorkshire). [5] The Danes went on to conquer a large area of England which afterwards became known as the Danelaw, but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the Kingdom of Jórvík founded by Halfdan Ragnarsson,[31] that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was established. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Halfdan was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. It has been suggested that he is the same person as Ragnar's son Hvitserk. Although it was founded by Danes, the kingdom was passed onto Norwegian kings. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional [31]
Through the Vikings evolving trade, Jórvík was able to trade with the British Isles, North-West Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan North-West Europe is a term that refers to a northern area of Western Europe, although the exact area or countries it comprises varies The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [32] Eric Bloodaxe, who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík is a particularly noted figure in history. Eirik Bloodaxe ( Old Norse: Eiríkr blóðøx, Norwegian: Eirik Blodøks) (c [33] After around 100 years of a Norse-Yorkshire kingdom, the Kingdom of Wessex gained control of Yorkshire and the North in general, placing Yorkshire within Northumbria again - which was now an almost-independent earldom, rather than a separate kingdom. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during [34]
Norman conquest
In the weeks immediately leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by events in Yorkshire; his brother Tostig and Harold Hardrada King of Norway were attempting a take over bid in the North, they had already won the Battle of Fulford. The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the Tostig Godwinson (1026? &ndash September 25, 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King Harold II of England Harald Sigurdsson (1015 &ndash September 25, 1066) later given the epithet Hardraada ( Old Norse: Haraldr harðráði, roughly translated The Battle of Fulford took place at the village of Fulford, near York in England on September 20 1066, when King Harald The King of England marched North and the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066 shortly after an invading However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where William the Conqueror was landing. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages The King was defeated at Hastings and this led to the Norman conquest of England.
The people of the North rebelled again in September 1069 AD, this time against the Normans, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark; they tried to take back York but the Normans burnt it before they could. Sweyn II Estridsson Ulfsson (c 1019 &ndash April 28, 1074 or 1076 was the King of Denmark from 1047 until his death [35] What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William, from York to Durham all crops, domestic animals and farming tools were scorched. The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069 &ndash 1070 Durham (ˈdʌrəm in RP, locally ˈdʏrəm is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham, England A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between Many villages between the towns were burnt and many local Northerners were indiscriminately murdered. [36] During the winter that followed, whole families starved to death, thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger; Orderic Vitalis put the estimation at "more than 100,000" people from the North dead from hunger. Orderic Vitalis (1075&ndashc 1142 was an English chronicler who wrote one of the great contemporary Chronicles of 11th and 12th century Normandy and [37]
In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or A priory is a House of men or women under religious vows headed by a Prior or prioress The Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues and established new towns such as Leeds, Hull, Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Scarborough and others. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, north of the city of Sheffield, and west of Doncaster Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. Of the towns founded before the conquest only York, Bridlington and Pocklington carried on at a prominent level. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Pocklington (ˈpɒklɪŋtən is a small Market town and Civil parish situated at the foot of the Yorkshire Wolds in the East Riding of Yorkshire [38] The population of Yorkshire was booming, until it like the rest of Britain was hit by the Great Famine in the years between 1315 and 1322. The Great Famine of 1315–1317 (occasionally dated 1315-1322 was the first of a series of large scale crises that struck Europe early in the 14th century, causing [38] In the early 1300s the people of Yorkshire also had to contest with the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton with the Scots, representing the Kingdom of England led by Archbishop Thurstan of York soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots. The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton in which English forces repelled a Scottish army, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Northallerton (ɴɔːɵɑːlɜɾtʌn is a Market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Thurstan, or Turstin (c 1070&ndash6 February 1140 was a medieval Archbishop of York. [39] The Black Death reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the entire population. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia [38]
Wars of the Roses
- For more information: House of York, Wars of the Roses
When King Richard II was overthrown, antagonism between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both branches of the House of Plantagenet, began to emerge. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Eventually the two houses fought in a series of civil wars for the throne of England, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil. The Battle of Wakefield took place at Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, on 30 December 1460 and was one of the major actions of the Wars of the Roses. The Battle of Towton in the Wars of the Roses was the largest and bloodiest ever fought on British soil with casualties believed to have been about 28000 (perhaps [40] After a long violent struggle, King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster was deposed and imprisoned on 4 March 1461 by his Yorkist cousin and new King of England, Edward IV. Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October [41] Eight years later hostilities resumed, Edward was forced into exile to Burgundy by Richard Neville and turncoat John Neville as Lancaster's Henry VI was reinstated. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Richard Neville Jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and Suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury ( 22 November John Neville 1st Marquess of Montagu, alias John Mortimer, called the Captain of Kent (c
Edward would return though, landing in Ravenspurn he eventually went on to defeat the House of Lancaster, as Henry VI had no heirs, he was killed to strengthen Yorkist grip on the throne as Edward was restored as King of England. Ravenspurn was an old East Riding of Yorkshire town in England, which was lost due to Coastal erosion. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during This was generally considered an end to the most significant hostilities, the rest of Edward's reign was peaceful. After Edward IV suddenly died and his 12 year old son Edward V was proclaimed as heir, a political storm erupted; a family named the Woodvilles had found themselves high up the political hierarchy and were in a position to influence the young Yorkist king. Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later
Frictions had developed between Edward IV and the Woodvilles, the family of his wife Elizabeth Woodville, before his death and so Edward IV's brother Richard III (a man who had spent much of his early life at Middleham Castle, Yorkshire),[42] put the young king in the Tower of London along with his younger brother, they became known as the Princes in the Tower. Elizabeth Woodville or Wydeville ( 3 February 1437 &ndash 7 June / 8 June 1492) was the Queen consort of Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, in the county of North Yorkshire, was built by Robert Fitz Ralph, 3rd Lord of Middleham & Spennithorne Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York ( [41] Richard III argued that Elizabeth Woodville's marriage to Edward IV was illegal and thus the two boys were illegitimate, Parliament agreed and Richard was crowned King of England; he would prove to be the last Yorkist king. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. [41] Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster, then defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field, he then became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars. Henry Tudor may refer to Henry VII of England, d1509 Henry VIII of England, d The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( 22 August, 1485) was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 [43] The two roses were combined to form the Tudor Rose. The Tudor rose (sometimes called the English Rose is a traditional heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the Tudor dynasty [a][44]
Saints, Civil War and textile industry
The wool industry being centred in West Yorkshire helped a revival in the 16th century. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of The textile industry in general helped Wakefield and Halifax grow. The Textile industry (also known in the United Kingdom and Australia as the Rag Trade) is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the design Wakefield lies at the heart of the City of Wakefield, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. Halifax is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England, with a population of 82056 in the [45] Changes were afoot outside of employment after Henry VIII closed some monasteries and so 1536 saw the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in York, Yorkshire during 1536 in protest against England 's break with Rome and Due to the Protestant Reformation wider England became a Protestant country, however some of the Catholic contingent in Yorkshire continued to practice their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of Elizabeth I, such as York woman Margaret Clitherow who was later canonised. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 1586 is an English Saint and Martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints [46]
Yorkshire had divided loyalties during the English Civil War, which started in 1642 between king and parliament; Hull famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter the city a few months before fighting began, while the North Riding of Yorkshire in particular was strongly royalist. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred The North Riding of Yorkshire was one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West [47][48] York was the base for cavaliers (Royalists), and from there they captured Leeds and Wakefield only to have them recaptured a few months later. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Wakefield lies at the heart of the City of Wakefield, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The royalists won the Battle of Adwalton Moor meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). The Battle of Adwalton Moor was a battle in the English Civil War on 30 June 1643. From their base in Hull the Roundheads (parliamentarians) fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they had won the Battle of Marston Moor and with it control of all the North of England. The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on July 2 1644 during the First English Civil War of 1642&ndash1646 Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line [49]
Leeds and other wool industry centred towns continued to grow, along with Sheffield, Huddersfield and Hull, while coal mining first came into prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. [50] Canals and turnpike roads were introduced in the late 1700s. A toll road, (also known as a tollway, turnpike, pike, or toll highway, especially if it is constructed to Freeway standards In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough also flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curing properties. See also Mineral spa A spa town, or simply spa, is a town frequented mainly for health reasons to "take the waters" Harrogate (or Harrogate Spa) is a large wealthy Spa town in North Yorkshire, England. In many places mineral water is often colloquially used to mean Carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water as opposed to tap water [51]
Modern Yorkshire
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the Industrial Revolution continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in Sheffield). The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding, this saw bouts of cholera in both 1832 and 1848. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium [52] Fortunately for the county, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern sewers and water supplies. Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users Several Yorkshire railway networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. [53] County councils were created for the three ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the large towns, which became county boroughs, and included an increasing large part of the population. A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City [54]
During the Second World War, Yorkshire became an important base for RAF Bomber Command and brought the county into the cutting edge of the war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAF 's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968 [55] In the 1970s there were major reforms of local government throughout the United Kingdom. The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex Some of the changes were unpopular,[56] and controversially Yorkshire and its ridings lost status in 1974[57] as part of the Local Government Act 1972. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales [58] The East Riding was resurrected with reduced boundaries in 1996 with the abolition of Humberside. With slightly different borders, the government office entity which currently contains most of the area of Yorkshire is the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. Government Offices are the primary means by which a wide range of policies and programmes of the Government of the United Kingdom are delivered in the Regions of England Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. [57] This region includes a northern slice of Lincolnshire, but omits Saddleworth (now in Greater Manchester); the Forest of Bowland (Lancashire); Sedbergh and Dent (Cumbria); Upper Teesdale (County Durham) as well as Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 The Forest of Bowland, also known as the Bowland Fells, is an area of barren Gritstone Fells deep valleys and Peat Moorland, Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Sedbergh (pronounced Sedber or even by the locals Sebber) is a small town in Cumbria, England. There is a separate article for the local government district of Teesdale. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England The borough of Redcar & Cleveland is a Unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England consisting of Redcar [56]
Geography
Physical and geological
- Main articles: Geology of Yorkshire and list of places in Yorkshire
Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the River Tees, the eastern boundary was the North Sea coast and the southern boundary was the Humber Estuary and River Don and River Sheaf. The Tees is a river in Northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the Pennines, and flows eastwards for about 85 miles The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England This article is about the river in South Yorkshire England For other rivers with the same name see Don River (disambiguation. The River Sheaf is a river in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the Pennine Hills to again meet the River Tees. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. [59] It is bordered by several other historic counties in the form of County Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Westmorland. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties [60] In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which they were formed. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets [59] The Pennine chain of Hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands. The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning The Yorkshire Wolds are low hills in the East Riding of Yorkshire in North-Eastern England. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of [59]
Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area In Western and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse which reaches the North Sea via the Humber Estuary. The River Ouse (pronounced "ooze" is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England [61] The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Swaledale is one of the northernmost dales in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in Northern England. Richmond is a Market town on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, England and is the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire The Vale of Mowbray (sometimes mistakenly referred to as the Vale of York) is a stretch of low lying land between the North Yorkshire Moors and the Cleveland Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. Wensleydale is the Valley (dale of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. The River Ure is a river in North Yorkshire, England. It is the principal river of Wensleydale, which is the only one of the famous Yorkshire The River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York. The River Nidd is tributary of the River Ouse in the English county of North Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. Nidderdale is one of the Yorkshire Dales (although outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England. This article is about the geographical area For the UK parliamentary constituency see Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency. [61]
The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The River Wharfe is a River in Yorkshire, England. For much of its length it is the County boundary between West Yorkshire and Wharfedale is one of the Yorkshire Dales in England. It is the valley of the River Wharfe. [61] The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main river at Goole. This article is about the river in South Yorkshire England For other rivers with the same name see Don River (disambiguation. Goole is a Town, Civil parish and port located approximately inland on the River Ouse in the East Riding of Yorkshire, In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The Tees is a river in Northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the Pennines, and flows eastwards for about 85 miles There is a separate article for the local government district of Teesdale. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby. The River Esk is a River in North Yorkshire, England that empties into the North Sea at Whitby after a course of around through [61] The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. River Derwent is the name of several Rivers in England: River Derwent Derbyshire; see also Derwent Reservoir Derbyshire, also The Vale of Pickering is a low-lying flat area of land in North Yorkshire, England. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh. [61] To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull. The River Hull is a navigable River in the East Riding of Yorkshire in the north of England. The western Pennines are served by the River Ribble which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Anne's. The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the North of England. [61]
Natural areas
The countryside of Yorkshire has acquired the common nickname of God's Own County. See also Yorkshire Geology of Yorkshire In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which Nidderdale is one of the Yorkshire Dales (although outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time [11][10] In recent times, North Yorkshire has displaced Kent to take the title Garden of England according to The Guardian. North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. [62] Yorkshire has three national parks, in the form of the Peak District, North York Moors and the Yorkshire Dales, and two designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty at Nidderdale and the Howardian Hills. The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB is an area of countryside with significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland Nidderdale is one of the Yorkshire Dales (although outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England. The Howardian Hills form an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in North Yorkshire, England. [63] The three designated Heritage Coast areas in Yorkshire are Spurn Point, Flamborough Head and coastal North York Moors. A Heritage Coast is a strip of UK Coastline designated by the Countryside Agency in England and the Countryside Council for Wales as having notable "Spurn" can have other meanings see the Wiktionary entry. Flamborough Head is a seven Mile (≈113 km long Promontory on the Yorkshire Coast of England, between the Filey The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. [64] These areas of Yorkshire are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs[65] such as the jet cliffs at Whitby,[65] the limestone cliffs at Filey and the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head. In Geography and Geology, a cliff is a significant vertical or near vertical rock exposure Jet is a geological material and is considered to be a minor gemstone Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Filey is a small town and Civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. [66][67]
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the Northern Gannet, Atlantic Puffin and Razorbill. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB) is a British Charitable organisation which works to promote conservation and protection nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora Bempton Cliffs is a Nature reserve, run by the RSPB, at Bempton in Yorkshire, England. The Northern Gannet ( Morus bassanus, formerly Sula bassana) is a Seabird and is the largest member of the Gannet family Sulidae The Atlantic Puffin ( la Fratercula arctica) is a Seabird Species in the Auk family. The Razorbill, Alca torda, is a large Auk, 38-43 cm in length with a 60-69 cm wingspan [68] Spurn Point is a narrow, three mile (5 km) long sand spit. A spit is a deposition Landform found off Coasts. At one end spits connect to land while at the far end they exist in open water It is a National Nature Reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years. National Nature Reserve is a United Kingdom government Conservation designation for a Nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science The Yorkshire Wildlife Trust is a wildlife trust covering the traditional county of Yorkshire, England. [69] There are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sand beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century,[70] while Whitby has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour. A seaside resort is a Resort located on the Coast. Where a Beach is the primary focus for Tourists it may be called a beach resort Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. See also Mineral spa A spa town, or simply spa, is a town frequented mainly for health reasons to "take the waters" Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located "[71]
Transport
The most prominent road in Yorkshire, historically called the Great North Road, is known as the A1. Ferrybridge is a village situated on the A1 in West Yorkshire, England at a historically important crossing of the River Aire. [72] This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the prime route from London to Edinburgh. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [73] Another important road is the more easterly A19 road which is also prominent for travelling up and down England. The A19 is a major Road in England, running parallel to and east of the A1 road. The M62 motorway crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards Greater Manchester and Merseyside. The M62 motorway is a west&ndasheast trans-Pennine Motorway in northern England, connecting the cities of Liverpool and Hull Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Merseyside is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1365900 [74] The M1 carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. The M1 is a major south – north Motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where In 1999 about 8 miles was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1. [75] The East Coast Main Line rail link between Scotland and London runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds. The East Coast Main Line ( ECML) is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East [76]
Before the advent of rail transport, seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, which is the longest canal in England. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a Canal in the north of England, linking the cities of Leeds and Liverpool. Nowadays mainland Europe (the Netherlands and Belgium) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry services from P&O Ferries. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and P&O Ferries (formerly P&O European Ferries) is a constituent company of DP World (which took over its parent company the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation [77] Yorkshire also has air transport services from Leeds Bradford International Airport. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Leeds Bradford International Airport is located in the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day. [78] South Yorkshire is served by the Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, based in Finningley. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is an international Airport located at the former RAF Finningley airbase in Finningley, South Yorkshire Finningley is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, in South Yorkshire, England. [79]
Culture
The native people of Yorkshire and their culture is an accumulated product of various different civilisations who have directly controlled its history, including; the Celts (Brigantes and Parisii), Romans, Angles, Norse Vikings and Normans amongst others. The culture of Yorkshire evolved over the county's history, taking influences from the Cultures of those who came to control the region including the Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands The Parisii were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled almost all of the area which is now known as the East Riding of Yorkshire. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. [80] Centered on the town Richmond, around half of the historic North Riding had an additional infusion of Breton culture due to the Honour of Richmond. Richmond is a Market town on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, England and is the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire The North Riding of Yorkshire was one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West The Bretons are a distinct Ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. The Honour of Richmond was created by Alain Le Roux, son of Eudes Count of Penthièvre, grandson of Geoffrey I Duke of Brittany. [81] The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture and it is sometimes suggested Yorkshiremen identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country. [82] The Yorkshire people have their own distinctive dialect known as Tyke, which some have argued is a fully fledged language in its own right. The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them [83] The county has also produced a unique set of Yorkshire colloquialisms, which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's unique traditions is the Long Sword dance, a traditional dance not found elsewhere in England. The Long Sword dance is a hilt-and-point Sword dance recorded mainly in Yorkshire, England. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ("On Ilkley Moor without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county. On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ( Standard English: On Ilkley Moor without a hat) is a popular Folk song from Yorkshire, England. Ilkley Moor is the highest part of Rombalds Moor, the moorland between Ilkley and Keighley in West Yorkshire, England, United [84]
Architecture
Throughout Yorkshire many castles were built, this practice began during the Norman-Breton period after the Harrying of the North with the construction of castles such as York Castle, Richmond Castle, Pickering Castle, Bowes Castle and others. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069 &ndash 1070 York Castle (also known as Clifford's Tower) is a fortification in the city of York, England. Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England, stands in a breathtaking position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Pickering Castle is a Motte-and-bailey fortification in Pickering, North Yorkshire, England. Bowes Castle is in the village of Bowes in County Durham, England ( [85] Later castles were built as a means of defence against the invading Scots, such as Helmsley Castle, Scarborough Castle and Middleham Castle. Helmsley Castle is a Medieval castle situated in the market town of Helmsley, North Yorkshire, England. Scarborough Castle is a 12th Century fortress on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, in the county of North Yorkshire, was built by Robert Fitz Ralph, 3rd Lord of Middleham & Spennithorne [86] The latter is of particular note due to the fact that Yorkist king Richard III of England spent his childhood there and considered Middleham his favourite residence. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death [86] Parts of these castles remain to varying extents, with some being English Heritage sites they remain popular tourist destinations. English Heritage is a Non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government ( Department for Culture Media and Sport) with a broad remit of [86] There are some stately homes in Yorkshire which carry the name "castle" in their title, even though they are more akin to a palace. A stately home is strictly speaking one of about 500 large properties built in England between the mid-16th century and the early part of the 20th century as well as converted A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. [87] The most notable examples are Allerton Castle and Castle Howard,[88] both linked to the Howard family of Catholic recusants. Allerton Castle, formerly "Allerton Park" is a Grade I listed nineteenth century Gothic or Victorian Gothic house in North Yorkshire Castle Howard is a Stately home in North Yorkshire, England 15 miles (24 km north of York. This article is about the notable family For the fictional group of long-lived people from Robert A In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or [89] Castle Howard and the Earl of Harewood's Harewood House are included amongst the Treasure Houses of England, a group of nine English stately homes. Earl of Harewood, in the County of York is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Harewood House (ˈhɑː(rwʊd as if written Harwood) is a Country house located in Harewood (pronounced as if written Hairwood) near The Treasure Houses of England is a heritage consortium founded in the early 1970s by ten of the foremost Stately homes in England still in private ownership [90]
There are numerous other Grade I listed buildings within Yorkshire including areas in public places such as Leeds Town Hall, Sheffield Town Hall, the Yorkshire Museum and Guildhall, as well as large estates Wentworth Castle, Brodsworth Hall and Temple Newsam. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance Leeds Town Hall was built between 1853 and 1858 in Park Lane (now The Headrow) Leeds, West Yorkshire to a design by Architect Cuthbert Sheffield Town Hall is a building in the City of Sheffield, England. The Yorkshire Museum is a Museum in York, England. It is the home of the Cawood sword, and has four permanent collections covering Biology York Guildhall is located behind the York 's Mansion House and was built in the 15th century it served as a meeting place for the guilds of York A similarly-named great house in Yorkshire is Wentworth Woodhouse. Brodsworth Hall, situated 5 miles to the North West of Doncaster, in South Yorkshire in the United Kingdom, is one of the most complete surviving examples Temple Newsam (historically Temple Newsham) ( is a Tudor - Jacobean house with grounds landscaped by Capability Brown, in Leeds, In addition to this there are entities which are conserved and managed by the National Trust, such as Studley Royal Park, Nunnington Hall and the Rievaulx Terrace & Temples. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales Studley Royal Park is a park containing and developed around the ruins of the Cistercian Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire, England. Rievaulx Terrace & Temples is a site located in North Yorkshire, England overlooking Rievaulx Abbey and owned by the National Trust. [91] Religious places of note such as historic cathedrals as well as the ruins of monasteries and abbeys are in abundance. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the destruction under Henry VIII; this includes Whitby Abbey, Fountains Abbey, Rievaulx Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, Gisborough Priory, Bolton Abbey amongst numerous others. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine Abbey sited on Whitby 's East Cliff in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire, England, is a Ruined Cistercian Monastery, founded in 1132 Rievaulx Abbey is a former Cistercian Abbey, headed by the Abbot of Rievaulx, located in the small village of Rievaulx (pronounced 'Ree-voh' The Abbey of St Mary in York, England, is a ruined Benedictine abbey that lies in what are now the Yorkshire Museum Gardens, to the west Gisborough Priory was founded in 1119 by Robert Bruce 1st Lord of Annandale, an ancestor of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce. Bolton Abbey is the estate within which is located the ruined 12th-century Augustinian Bolton Priory in North Yorkshire, England. [92] However, some noted religious buildings of historic origins are still in use, such as York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe. York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland [92] Others include Beverley Minster, Ripon Cathedral and Bradford Cathedral. Beverley Minster, in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire is a Parish church in the Church of England. Ripon Cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds and the Motherchurch of the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds, situated in the small Bradford Cathedral ( is situated in the heart of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, on a site used for Christian worship since the 8th century when [92]
Literature and art
During the time of the kingdom Northumbria which Yorkshire made up half, there were several noted exponents who were poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, they included Alcuin, Cædmon and Wilfrid. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c Cædmon (ˈkædmɒn is the earliest English poet whose name is known Wilfrid (c 634 - 24 April 709 was an English Bishop and Saint. [93] The most noted literary family from the county are the three Brontë sisters, with part of Yorkshire being nicknamed Brontë Country in their honour. The Brontë sisters (ˈbrɒnte Charlotte (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 Emily (30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848 and Anne (17 January 1820 The Brontë Country is a name given to an area of south Pennine hills west of Leeds / Bradford in West Yorkshire, England. [94] Their novels, written in the mid-1800s, caused a sensation when they were first published, and were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature. [95] Amongst the most noted novels credited to the sisters are Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. Anne Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (17 January 1820 &ndash 28 May 1849 was a British Novelist and Poet, the youngest member of the Brontë literary family The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final Novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848. Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Jane Eyre (dʒeɪn ɛə by Charlotte Brontë, published by Smith Elder & Company of London in 1847, is one of the most influential and Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë 's only Novel. It was first published in 1847 under the Pseudonym Ellis Bell and a posthumous second [94] Bram Stoker authored Dracula while living in Whitby[96] and it includes several parts of local folklore such as the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri, which became the basis of Demeter in the book. Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [97]
The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued on into the 20th century, with authors such as J. B. Priestley, Alan Bennett and Barbara Taylor Bradford being noted examples. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on John Boynton Priestley, OM ( 13 September, 1894 &ndash 14 August, 1984) was an English Writer and broadcaster Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934 is an English Author and Tony Award -winning Playwright. Barbara Taylor Bradford OBE (born May 10, 1933) is an English Novelist Her 1979 debut A Woman of Substance, [98][99] Taylor Bradford in particular is noted for A Woman of Substance which is one of the top-ten bestselling novels in history. A Woman of Substance is a Novel by Barbara Taylor Bradford, and was published in 1979. [100] Another noted author was children's writer Arthur Ransome who was the author the Swallows and Amazons series. Children's literature is an age category of literature written for published for or marketed to Children roughly through age 12 Arthur Mitchell Ransome (born 18 January 1884 in Leeds - died 3 June 1967) was an English author and journalist Swallows and Amazons is the first book in the Swallows and Amazons series by Arthur Ransome and was published in 1930 [99] In terms of poetry exponents include W. H. Auden, William Empson and Andrew Marvell. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W Sir William Empson ( 27 September 1906 – 15 April 1984) was an English Literary critic Andrew Marvell ( 31 March 1621 &ndash 16 August 1678) was an English metaphysical poet, and the son of a Church of [99][101][102] Two well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. Dame Barbara Hepworth DBE (January 10 1903 &ndash May 20 1975 christened Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth) was a major British Some of their works are available for public viewing at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park. The Yorkshire Sculpture Park ( is an open-air art organisation showing work by UK and international artists including notably Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth [103] There are several art galleries in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as Leeds Art Gallery, York Art Gallery, Millennium Galleries and Ferens Art Gallery. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. Leeds Art Gallery in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England has major collections of traditional and contemporary paintings drawings prints and sculpture York Art Gallery in York, North Yorkshire, England is a public art gallery with a collection of paintings from 14th century to contemporary and 20th century The Millennium Galleries is an Art gallery in the City of Sheffield, England The Ferens Art Gallery is an Art gallery in the English city of Kingston upon Hull. [104][105] One of the better known local painters is David Hockney, who gained importance during the pop art movement of the 1960s. David Hockney, CH, RA, (born 9 July 1937 is an English Artist, based in Los Angeles California, United States Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. [106] The 1853 Gallery at Salts Mill contains over 400 works by Hockney. Salt's Mill (or Salts Mill) is an art gallery shopping and restaurant complex located in Saltaire, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England [107]
Sport
Yorkshire has a long history in the field of sports, with participation in football, rugby league, cricket and horse racing being the most established sporting ventures. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. [108][109][110][111] Yorkshire County Cricket Club represents the historic county in the domestic first class cricket County Championship; with a total of 30 championship titles, 12 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club. Yorkshire County Cricket Club, who represent the historic county of Yorkshire, are one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket First-class cricket refers to the class of Cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first-class by Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The County Championship is the domestic first class Cricket competition in England and Wales. [110] Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game are Yorkshiremen,[112] amongst them Herbert Sutcliffe and Len Hutton. Herbert William Sutcliffe (born November 24, 1894, Summerbridge Harrogate, Yorkshire, England; died January 22 Sir Leonard Hutton (born June 23, 1916 in Fulneck near Pudsey, Yorkshire, died September 6, 1990 in [112] England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at Kiplingcotes near Market Weighton. Kiplingcotes Derby is widely accepted to be the oldest annual horse race in the English sporting calendar Market Weighton is a small town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. [111] Furthermore in the field of horse racing, there are currently nine established racecourses in the county. [113] Yorkshire is officially recognised by FIFA as the birth-place of club football,[114][115] as Sheffield FC founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Sheffield Football Club, commonly referred to as simply Sheffield FC or Sheffield, is an English Amateur football club from Sheffield [116] The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground Sandygate Road. Sandygate Road is a football and Cricket stadium in the Sheffield suburb of Crosspool, Yorkshire. [117] The Laws of the Game which are now used worldwide were drafted by Ebenezer Cobb Morley from Hull. The Laws of the Game are the rules governing a game of Association football. Ebenezer Cobb Morley (1831-1924 was an English sportsman and is regarded as the father of The Football Association and modern Football Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred [118]
The most successful football clubs founded in Yorkshire are Sheffield Wednesday, Leeds United, Huddersfield Town and Sheffield United. Leeds United Association Football Club, commonly referred to as simply Leeds United or informally Leeds, are an English professional football Huddersfield Town Football Club is an English football club formed in 1908 and based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Sheffield United Football Club is a professional English football club based in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire. [119] All four have been the league champions with Huddersfield being the first club to win three consecutive league titles. History Following the legalisation of professional football by The Football Association in 1885 the English Football League was established in 1888 [120] Noted players from Yorkshire who have had an impact on the game include World Cup-winning goalkeeper Gordon Banks[121] and two time European Footballer of the Year award winner Kevin Keegan,[122] as well as prominent managers Brian Clough, Don Revie and George Raynor. The 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth staging of the World Cup was held in England from 11 July to 30 July Gordon Banks, OBE (born 30 December, 1937 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England) is a former English footballer The "fr '''Ballon d'Or'''" ( French for " Golden Ball " often referred to as the European Footballer of the Year award is an association football Joseph Kevin Keegan, OBE (born 14 February 1951 is a former footballer, and former England national team coach who has been manager of various Brian Howard Clough, OBE ( 21 March, 1935 – 20 September, 2004) was a successful footballer and subsequently football Donald George 'Don' Revie, OBE, ( 10 July 1927 - 26 May 1989) was a football player for Leicester City, George S Raynor ( January 13, 1907, in Wombwell, Yorkshire &ndash November 24, 1985) was [123] The Rugby Football League and with it the sport of rugby league was founded during 1895 in Huddersfield after a North-South schism within the Rugby Football Union. History See also History of rugby league On 27 August 1895 as a result of an emergency meeting in Manchester prominent Lancashire clubs Broughton Rangers History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games In Great Britain the term North-South divide refers to the Economic and Cultural differences between southern England the South East, The history of rugby league began with a schism of 1895 in Rugby football. The Rugby Football Union (RFU is the Rugby union governing body in England [124] The top league is the Super League and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are Huddersfield Giants, Hull FC, Bradford Bulls, Hull KR and Leeds Rhinos. Huddersfield Giants are a professional Rugby league club (from Huddersfield, West Yorkshire) who play in the Super League. Hull FC is a professional Rugby league football club formed in 1865 and based in Hull, East Yorkshire, England. The Bradford Bulls are a professional Rugby league club based in the city of Bradford, England. Hull Kingston Rovers or Hull KR is a British Rugby league club playing in Super League (Europe, having won promotion from National Leeds Rhinos, or informally Leeds or Rhinos, are an English professional Rugby league football club based in Leeds [125] In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the Rugby League Hall of Fame amongst them is Harold Wagstaff, Jonty Parkin and Roger Millward. The British Rugby League Hall of Fame was established by the Rugby Football League in 1988 to commemorate the greatest ever players in British Rugby league Harold Wagstaff (1891 - 1939 born in Holmfirth, West Yorkshire) was an English Rugby league player Jonathon "Jonty" Parkin (born in Sharlston West Yorkshire) was an English Rugby league footballer Roger Millward MBE (born 16 September 1947 in Castleford, England) is an English former Rugby league player and coach from Castleford [126] In the area of boxing "Prince" Naseem Hamed from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,[127] in what the BBC describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers". Naseem Hamed (born November 1 1974) is a British boxer and former Bantamweight and Featherweight champion born to [127]
Cuisine
Foods associated with the county include: Yorkshire curd tart, a curd tart recipe with rosewater;[128][129] Parkin, a sweet ginger cake which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes oatmeal and treacle;[130] and Wensleydale cheese, a cheese associated with Wensleydale. Curd is a Dairy product obtained by curdling (coagulating Milk with Rennet or an edible Acidic substance such as Lemon juice A tart is a Pastry dish usually sweet that is a type of Pie with an open top not covered with pastry thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Parkin is a ginger cake, which originated in Northern England. Gingerbread is a sweet that can take the form of a Cake or a Cookie in which the predominant flavors are ginger and raw Sugar. Breakfast cereal health benefits There has been increasing interest in oatmeal in recent years due to its beneficial health effects Wensleydale cheese is a Cheese produced in the town of Hawes in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Wensleydale is the Valley (dale of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. [131] The beverage ginger beer, flavoured with ginger, came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid 1700s. Ginger beer is a type of carbonated Soft drink or occasionally Alcoholic beverage flavored primarily with Ginger, Lemon and Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world Liquorice sweet was first created in Yorkshire by George Dunhill from Pontefract, who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar. Liquorice candy ( licorice in American English) is flavored with the Extract of the roots of the Liquorice plant and usually Anise Pontefract is a Market town in West Yorkshire, England near the A1 (or Great North Road the M62 motorway, and Castleford. [132] Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionary industry, with chocolate factories or companies such as Rowntree's, Terry's and Thorntons inventing many of Britain's most popular sweets. Chocolate Factory is the seventh Studio album by Contemporary R&B singer R Rowntree's is a historic brand currently owned by Nestlé SA that is used to market a range of fruit gums and pastilles formerly owned by Rowntree Mackintosh Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England. Thorntons is a British Chocolate company established by Joseph William Thornton in 1911 [133][134] Another traditional Yorkshire food includes pikelets which are similar to a crumpet but much thinner. [135]
Popular music and film
During the 1970s David Bowie, himself of a father from Tadcaster in North Yorkshire,[136] hired three musicians from Hull in the form of Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey; together they recorded Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, an album that went on to become widely considered as one of the greatest and most influential of all time. David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. Tadcaster is a Market town in North Yorkshire, England, lying on the Great North Road approximately 15 miles east of Leeds and 10 North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Mick Ronson (26 May 1946 &ndash 29 April 1993 was an English Guitarist, Composer, Multi-instrumentalist, Arranger and producer Trevor Bolder (born 9 June 1950, Kingston upon Hull, England) is an English rock Bass guitarist Biography Mick 'Woody' Woodmansey (born c 1951 is an English rock Drummer from Driffield, Yorkshire, best known for his work with David [137] In the following decade, Yorkshire had a very strong post-punk scene which went on to achieve wide spread acclaim and success, including; The Sisters of Mercy, The Cult, Gang of Four, The Human League, New Model Army, Soft Cell, Chumbawamba, The Wedding Present and The Mission. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The Sisters of Mercy are an English Gothic rock band that formed in 1980 The Cult are an English rock band which gained a dedicated following in their native Britain with mid-'80s singles like " She Sells Sanctuary " Gang of Four are an English Post-punk group from Leeds. Original personnel were singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist New Model Army are an English rock band. They have been variously classified as a punk band Post-punk, Folk rock Soft Cell are an English Synthpop duo who came to prominence in the early 1980s Chumbawamba are an English band who began their career playing Anarcho-punk, but over a 25-year career have gone on to play music ranging from pop -influenced The Wedding Present is a Rock group based in Leeds, England, formed in 1985 from the ashes of the Lost Pandas The Mission (known as The Mission UK in the United States) were a Gothic rock band formed in 1986 from the splinters of the freshly-dissolved rock band The Sisters [138] Pulp from Sheffield had a massive hit in the form of Common People during 1995, the song focuses on working-class northern life. Pulp were an English Alternative rock band formed in Sheffield in 1978 by Jarvis Cocker ( vocals Guitar) " Common People " is a song by English Alternative rock band Pulp. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types [139] The 2000s saw popularity of indie rock and post-punk revival bands from the area with the Kaiser Chiefs and the Arctic Monkeys, the latter of whom hold the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not. Indie rock is genre of Alternative rock that primarily exists in the independent Underground music scene The post-punk revival is a movement in Alternative rock of the 2000s where bands draw from of the original sounds and aesthetics of the Post-punk sound of the late Kaiser Chiefs are an English Indie rock band who formed in 1997 Arctic Monkeys are a British Indie band from High Green, a suburb of Sheffield. Whatever People Say I Am That's What I'm Not is the debut album by Sheffield band Arctic Monkeys, released on 23 January 2006 [140]
The three most prominent British television shows filmed in (and based around) Yorkshire are sitcom Last of the Summer Wine, drama series Heartbeat, and soap opera Emmerdale, the latter two of which are produced by Yorkshire Television. Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that is broadcast on BBC One. Heartbeat is a long-running British TV police drama series set in 1960s Yorkshire. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. Emmerdale, known as Emmerdale Farm until 1989 is a British Soap opera that has aired on ITV since 1972 Yorkshire Television is the ITV contractor for the Yorkshire franchise Last of the Summer Wine in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until present. [141] Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including Kes, This Sporting Life and Room at the Top. Kes is a British film from 1969 by director Ken Loach and producer Tony Garnett. This Sporting Life is also a radio program in Australia See This Sporting Life (radio program This Sporting Life is a 1963 Room at the Top is a 1959 British film based on the novel of the same name by John Braine. A comedy film set in Sheffield named The Full Monty, won an Academy Award and was voted the second best British movie of all-time by ANI. This article is about the film The Full Monty is a 1997 British Comedy film. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Asian News International (ANI agency provides Multimedia news to China and 50 Bureaus in India. [142] The county is also referenced in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life during a segment on birth where title card read, "The Miracle of Birth, Part II—The Third World". Monty Python's The Meaning of Life is a 1983 musical Comedy film by the Monty Python comedy team Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically The scene opens into a mill town street, subtitled "Yorkshire". [143] Monty Python were also performed the Four Yorkshiremen sketch live, which first featured on At Last the 1948 Show. The " Four Yorkshiremen" sketch is a parody of nostalgic conversations about humble beginnings or difficult childhoods At Last the 1948 Show was a satirical TV show made by David Frost's company Paradine Productions (although it was not credited on the programmes in association [144]
Governance
Politics
Traditionally, Yorkshire was represented by two Members of Parliament of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 when the county benefited from the disfranchisement of Grampound by taking an additional two members. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Grampound in Cornwall, was a Borough constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great [145] Yorkshire was represented during this time period in the form of one single, large, county constituency. Yorkshire was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290, then of the Parliament of Great Britain In the United Kingdom (UK, each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one or more members to a parliament or assembly [145] Like other counties, there was also some county boroughs within Yorkshire during some of this time, the oldest was the City of York which existed since the ancient De Montfort's Parliament of 1265. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City The City of York is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. De Montfort's Parliament was an English parliament of 1265, instigated by Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester without royal approval After the Reform Act 1832, Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from a more subdivisional basis, in the form of Member of Parliament represenatives from each three of the historic ridings of Yorkshire; North Riding, East Riding and West Riding constituencies. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system North Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency in the North Riding of Yorkshire. East Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire. West Riding of Yorkshire was a former UK Parliament constituency in England, returning two Members of Parliament 1832-1865 [145]
For the 1865 general elections onwards, the West Riding was further divided into Northern, Eastern and Southern parliament constituency divisions, though these only lasted until the major Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. Results |} Total votes 854856 Northern West Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency covering part of the historic West Riding of Yorkshire. Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency covering part of the historic West Riding of Yorkshire. Southern West Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency covering part of the historic West Riding of Yorkshire. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict c 23 was a piece of British Electoral reform legislation that redistributed the seats in the House [146] This act saw the localisation of government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 new parliament constituencies within Yorkshire, while the Local Government Act 1888 saw some reforms for the county boroughs, there were 8 within Yorkshire by the end of the 19th century. Constituencies in 1868-1885 | 1885 MPs | 1886 MPs | 1892 MPs | 1895 MPs | 1900 MPs | 1906 MPs | January 1910 MPs The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict c 41 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1888 and established County councils and County borough County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar [147]
With the Representation of the People Act 1918 there was some reshuffling on a local level for the 1918 general election, revised again during the 1950s. The Representation of the People Act 1918 was an Act of Parliament passed to reform the electoral system in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom general election of 1918 was the first to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918, which meant it was the first United Kingdom Constituencies in 1950-1955 | 1955 MPs | 1959 MPs | 1964 MPs | 1966 MPs | 1970 MPs | Constituencies in 1974-1983 This [148] The most controversial reorganisation of local government in Yorkshire was the Local Government Act 1972,[149] put into practice in 1974. The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales Under the act, the ridings lost their lieutenancies, shrievalties, administrative counties, county boroughs and their councils were abolished, followed by metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties with vastly reformed borders. Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London [150] Although some government officials[151] and Prince Charles[152] have asserted such reform isn't meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the Yorkshire Ridings Society who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries. History The Yorkshire Ridings Society was founded in 1974 in response to the Local Government Act 1972, which it saw alongside subsequent local government reform as a [153] In 1996 the East Riding of Yorkshire was reformed as a unitary authority area and a ceremonial county, as well as the insertion of the Yorkshire and the Humber region of government office covering most, but not all of the historic county, with calls for complete reinsertion remaning. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. Government Offices are the primary means by which a wide range of policies and programmes of the Government of the United Kingdom are delivered in the Regions of England The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. [154]
Monarchy and peerage
When the area of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the Norse vikings, they inserted a monarchy in the form of a line of Kings of Jórvík who based their capital in the central city of Yorkshire at York. This position was regularly in control of Jórvík / Northumbria and intermittently of Dublin, the Isle of Man and Five Burghs. The title Earl of York or Yorkshire was created twice in the Kingdom of England before the title Duke of York was granted to Edmund of Langley For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas This position was regularly in control of Jórvík / Northumbria and intermittently of Dublin, the Isle of Man and Five Burghs. [155] The reign of the Norse royal family came to an end with the last king Eric Bloodaxe dying in 954, this was due to the invasion and conquest by the Kingdom of England from the south. Eirik Bloodaxe ( Old Norse: Eiríkr blóðøx, Norwegian: Eirik Blodøks) (c The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Jórvík was the last of the independent kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising [156]
Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of nobility (the earldom covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the Earl of Yorkshire),[157] by king of England Edgar the Peaceful in 960. The title Earl of York or Yorkshire was created twice in the Kingdom of England before the title Duke of York was granted to Edmund of Langley Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains Edgar I the Peaceful or the Peaceable (c 7 August 943&ndash8 July 975 1 [157] The title passed through the hands of various nobles from different areas of England, decided by the current king of the country at the time. The last man to hold the title was William le Gros, however the earldom was abolished by Henry II as a result of a troubled period known as The Anarchy. William le Gros (died 20 August 1179) was the Count of Aumale (Earl of Albemarle Earl of Yorkshire, and Lord of Holderness. The Anarchy or The Nineteen Year Winter refers to a period of English history during the reign ( 1135 &ndash 1154) of the Norman King [158]
The title of peerage was recreated by Edward III in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title Duke of York which he gave to his son Edmund of Langley. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York ( June 5 1341 &ndash August 1 1402) was a younger son of King Edward III of England and Philippa When he gained the title Edmund founded the House of York, later the title would be merged with that of the King of England as there was a line of three Yorkist kings. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Much of the modern day symbolism of Yorkshire is derived from the Yorkists, such as the White Rose of York,[159] giving the house a special affinity within the culture of Yorkshire and its identity, especially king Richard III who spent much of his life at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire. The White Rose of York ( Rosa alba) is the symbol of the House of York and has since been adopted as a symbol of Yorkshire as a whole The culture of Yorkshire evolved over the county's history, taking influences from the Cultures of those who came to control the region including the Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, in the county of North Yorkshire, was built by Robert Fitz Ralph, 3rd Lord of Middleham & Spennithorne [42][160] Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. Today the title Duke of York is still prestigious and is used by the current United Kingdom royal family, given to the second son of the British monarch. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy [161]
Noted Yorkshire people
- For more details on this topic, see List of people from Yorkshire. This is a list of people from Yorkshire. Yorkshire was the largest county in both England and the United Kingdom.
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References
- ^ a b c d e f National Statistics - 200 Years of the Census in Yorkshire
- ^ "Yorkshire", Yorkshire-Ridings. Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca 43 - 69) whose name appears to contain the Indo-European element *mandu(a "pony"was a queen of the St Paulinus (born c 584 died 10 October 644 was the first Bishop of York and Bishop of Rochester in England Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c 586 &ndash 12 October 632/633 was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would Wilfrid (c 634 - 24 April 709 was an English Bishop and Saint. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c Eirik Bloodaxe ( Old Norse: Eiríkr blóðøx, Norwegian: Eirik Blodøks) (c Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where John Cardinal Fisher (c1469 &ndash 22 June, 1535) from 1935 Saint John Fisher, was an English Catholic bishop cardinal and Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 1586 is an English Saint and Martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English William Bradford ( March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Thomas Fairfax 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 &ndash 12 November 1671 was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War. Andrew Marvell ( 31 March 1621 &ndash 16 August 1678) was an English metaphysical poet, and the son of a Church of John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776 was an English Clockmaker. This article is about the 18th century civil engineer For the baggage handler involved in the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack, see John Smeaton (baggage Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist Sir George Cayley 6th Baronet ( December 27, 1773 &ndash December 15, 1857) sometimes known as "the father of Aerodynamics" was William Bradley ( February 10, 1787 – May 30, 1820) known more commonly as Giant Bradley or the Yorkshire Giant is the Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Anne Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (17 January 1820 &ndash 28 May 1849 was a British Novelist and Poet, the youngest member of the Brontë literary family Lieutenant-General Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Rivers ( 14 April, 1827 – 4 May, 1900) was an English army Harry Brearley ( February 18, 1871 &ndash August 12, 1948) was the inventor of "rustless steel" (later to be called " Stainless Percy Shaw ( 1890 - 1 September, 1976) was an English inventor who patented the reflective road stud cat's eye. Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. Charles Laughton ( 1 July, 1899 &ndash 15 December, 1962) was an English Academy Award -winning stage and Dame Barbara Hepworth DBE (January 10 1903 &ndash May 20 1975 christened Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth) was a major British Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W Sir Leonard Hutton (born June 23, 1916 in Fulneck near Pudsey, Yorkshire, died September 6, 1990 in Asa Briggs Baron Briggs (born 7 May 1921) is a British Historian, one of the most respected historians who has written on the Victorian era Dame Judith Olivia Dench, CH, DBE, FRSA, (born 9 December, 1934) usually known as Judi Dench, is an English Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934 is an English Author and Tony Award -winning Playwright. Gordon Banks, OBE (born 30 December, 1937 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England) is a former English footballer Michael Edward Palin, CBE (born 5 May 1943 is an English Comedian, actor writer and Television presenter best known for being one of the members org. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "What's so special about Yorkshire?", BBC. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)", VanderBilt. edu, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "The Viking Kingdom of York", Viking. no, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Description of Yorkshire from Pigots 1834 Gazetteer.", Genuki. org. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire and the Humber", Statistics. gov. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "And the winner of the award for the greenest city in Britain is ... Bradford", Guardian Unlimited, 24 October 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Green space conference comes to UK's 'greenest city'", Yorkshire Forward, 24 October 2007. Yorkshire Forward is the Regional development agency and Non-Departmental Public Body for the Yorkshire and the Humber region of the United Kingdom Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "God's own county", Guardian Unlimited, 24 October 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "What's so special about Yorkshire?", BBC, 1 August 2006. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Yorkshire (United Kingdom)", CRWFlags. nom, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Day", Army. mod. uk, 18 February 2008. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "The Celtic Tribes of Britain", Roman-Britain. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Brigantes", Roman-Britain. org, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Ptolemy, Geographia 2.1, 2.2
- ^ "The Parisii", Roman-Britain. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. org, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Romans In Britain", Romans-In-Britain. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Cartimandua", Arch. WYJS. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Brigantes", ShadowDrake. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)", VanderBilt. edu, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Roman York - a brief introduction to York's Roman History", YorkRomanFestival. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Roman York", BritainExpress. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "What have the Romans ever done for us?", SchoolHistory. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Ebrauc", HistoryFiles. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Elmet", HistoryFiles. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Elmet's British Era", OldTykes. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Anglo-Saxon Invasion circa 450 to 600 AD", NorthEastHistory. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Anglo-Saxons", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "What Happened to Them?", Jorvik-Viking-Centre. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Part Two - Jorvik and the Viking Age (866 AD - 1066 AD)", NorthEastEngland. net, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Narrative History of York: Viking Times", Britannia. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Eric Bloodaxe", HistoryFiles. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times", Britannia. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Resistance in the North East - 1069", NormanConquest. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Harrying of the North", NormanConquest. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Orderic's reaction", NormanConquest. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c "Yorkshire", LocalHistories. org, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Battle of the Standard", BritainExpress. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Gravett, Christopher. Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0415093781.
- ^ a b c "The Wars of the Roses", HistoryOnTheNet. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c "Middleham Castle", RichardIII. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkists", Stanford. edu, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Hey, David. History of Yorkshire: County of the Broad Acres. Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1859361226.
- ^ "William Hirst - Leeds woollen industry pioneer", BBC, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "St. Margaret Clitherow", Catholic Encyclopedia, 25 November 2007. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Seeds of the English Civil War", BBC, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Historic Cleveland - Timeline. Historic-Cleveland. co. uk (25 November 2007). Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The York March and Marston Moor", British-Civil-Wars. co. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "History of the NUM : 1 - Towards A National Union", NUM. org. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Harrogate, Yorkshire Spa town", Great-British. co. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Historical Society for Leeds and District", Thoresby. org. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "National Railway Museum, York", NRM. org. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Hampton, W. , Local Government and Urban Politics, (1991)
- ^ Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore (1982). Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4. PSL. ISBN 978-0850595321.
- ^ a b HMSO, Aspects of Britain: Local Government, (1996)
- ^ a b "Local Government Structure", Politics. co. uk, 25 November 2007. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Arnold-Baker, C. , Local Government Act 1972, (1973)
- ^ a b c "Yorkshire Geology", Genuki. org, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The historic counties of England", JLCarr. info, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f (1992) Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide. Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978-1871890167.
- ^ "Kent loses its Garden of England title to North Yorkshire", Guardian Unlimited, 24 October 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Natural England. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Heritage Coasts. Natural England. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ a b "Yorkshire and Humberside: the North East", BritainGallery, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "A Filey Walk", FileyBay. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "North Yorkshire Heritage Coast", BritainExpress. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "About Bempton Cliffs", RSPB. org. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "A cyclic coastal landform", Spurn Point, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "In pictures: Scarborough", BBC. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Report rates the best UK beaches", BBC. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Region: North East - Trunk Road A1 in the North Riding of Yorkshire", IHT. org, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Marshall, Chris; Clive Jones, Chris "c2R", John Mohan and George Carty (2008). Motorway Database. CBRD. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ "M62 Liverpool to Hull", Highways. gov. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Marshall, Chris (2008). Motorway Database. CBRD. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ "East Coast Mainline Upgrade Could Create 2000 New Jobs", Yorkshire Forward, 24 October 2007. Yorkshire Forward is the Regional development agency and Non-Departmental Public Body for the Yorkshire and the Humber region of the United Kingdom Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Hull Ferry Port Information", BoozeCruise. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Leeds Bradford International Airport", Airports-Worldwide. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "History of the Airport", RobinHoodAirport. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Northern Britons by Christopher A. Snyder", InterScience. wiley. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Earl of Richmond", Everything. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "He's a shrewd, straight-talking Yorkshireman - not English, mind you, Yorkshire", Conservatives. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Kellett, Arnold (January 1994). The Yorkshire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore. Smith Settle. ISBN 1858250161.
- ^ "The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county'", DKSnakes. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Castles in Yorkshire. BritainExpress. com (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c About Yorkshire. English Heritage (24 October 2007). English Heritage is a Non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government ( Department for Culture Media and Sport) with a broad remit of Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Castle Howard. BritainExpress. com (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Northside, August 2006. NorthernLifestyle. com (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Saumarez Smith, Charles (1990). The Building of Castle Howard. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226764036.
- ^ Welcome to The Treasure Houses of England. TreasureHouses. co. uk (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Yorkshire & the North East. NationalTrust. org. uk (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c Yorkshire Abbeys - Yorkshire Minsters - Yorkshire Cathedrals. Dalesman. co. uk (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Whitby Abbey", Whitby-Abbey. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Biography of Family", BronteFamily. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "A brief history of English literature", UniversalTeacher. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Bram Stoker and Whitby", Dracula-in-Whitby. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Coast: Point 6 - Stoker", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "J. B. Priestley", Spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c "The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?", Guardian Unlimited, 25 October 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Barbara Taylor-Bradford: The best-selling author on the latest in the Ravenscar saga", The Book Show, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Life of Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)", Luminarium. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Poets' Corner - Andrew Marvell - Selected Works IV", TheOtherPages. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Visiting Yorkshire Sculpture Park - Bretton Hall", Haworth-Village. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Art Galleries", My-Yorkshire. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Art Gallery and Galleries", RedRagGallery. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "David Hockney", Artchive. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ 1853 Gallery. Visit Bradford. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ "Yorkshire clubs aim to cash in on jackpot", Yorkshire Post, 25 October 2007. The Yorkshire Post is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper, published in Leeds, England by Yorkshire Post Newspapers, a company Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rugby League in Yorkshire", YorkshireRugbyLeague. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Yorkshire County Cricket Club", Napit. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Ellerington, Alison (1989). The Kiplingcotes Derby. Hyperion Books. ISBN 978-0948929328.
- ^ a b "Yorkshire Win County Championship", Dalesview. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Racecourses", My-Yorkshire. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Sheffield FC: 150 years of history", FIFA, 25 October 2007. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "FIFA marks Sheffield FC's anniversary", FIFA, 25 October 2007. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Famous sons and daughters", SheffieldFC. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Ultimate A-Z of Sheffield", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Harvey, Adrian (January 2005). Football, the First Hundred Years: The Untold Story of the People's Game. Routledge. ISBN 0415350182.
- ^ The History of the Football League. Football League website (25 October 2007). Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ World Sports History Timeline 1921-1930 (25 October 2007). Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Gordon Banks", IFHOF. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Kevin Keegan Biography", Norman Phillips Organisation, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The top 50 managers of all time", TimesOnline. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The History Of Rugby League", Napit. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "League Champions", RLHallofFame. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rugby League Hall of Fame", RLHallofFame. org. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Naseem Hamed profile", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Curd Cheesecakes", Yorksgen Recipes, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire curd tart", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Right good food from the Ridings", AboutFood. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Recipes: Ginger Beer", Wensleydale. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Liquorice in Pontefract", Wakefield. gov. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Safeguard for chocolate heritage", YorkshirePost. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Chocolate is to York what mustard is to Norwich", VisitYork. org, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Yorkshire Pikelets", Seymour-Recipes. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Episode for 29 November 2003". Parkinson (TV series). Parkinson was a British television Chat show presented by Sir Michael Parkinson. November 29, 2003. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "The All-TIME 100 Albums", Time. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Will the gods come from Leeds?", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Common People", BBC. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Arctic Monkeys win Mercury Prize", BBC News, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Summer Wine - The Story", Summer-Wine. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Monty Python's 'Life of Brian' tops Best British Movie list", Yahoo. com, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)", New York Times, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The 'Four Yorkshiremen' Sketch", Ayup! Online Magazine, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c "Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House", Election. Demon. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "1885 Redistribution Act", Revision-Notes. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Local Government Act 1888", OPSI. gov. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Representation of the People Act 1918", Parliament. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Local Government Act 1972", StatuteLaw. gov. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Arnold-Baker, C. , Local Government Act 1972, (1973)
- ^ "White Rose or Red", AroundSaddleworth. co. uk, 25 October 2007. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Elsewhere (reprint of original article)", Guardian Unlimited, 23 September 2004. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ "About", Yorkshire Ridings Society, 25 October 2007. History The Yorkshire Ridings Society was founded in 1974 in response to the Local Government Act 1972, which it saw alongside subsequent local government reform as a Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "David Mckie: Elsewhere", Guardian Unlimited, 25 October 2007. guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Rulers of Jorvik (York)", Viking. no, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Jorvik - who Ruled it and When?", Viking. no, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Timeline of North East History", NorthEastEngland. talktalk. net, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Murder in the Cathedral: Crown, Church and People 1154-1173", SQA. org. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The White Rose of Yorkshire. YorkshireHistory. com (24 October 2007). Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Why a Yorkshire Branch Site?", Richard III Society - Yorkshire Branch, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Dukes of the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Duke of York", UKDukes. co. uk, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "A Beginner's Guide: Robin Hood", BoldOutlaw. com, 24 October 2007. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Notes
- a Though the Wars of the Roses were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and Middleham fought for the Yorkists, as did the the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby and Snape, as well as the the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale. Sheriff Hutton is a Village and Civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. Middleham is a small Market town within the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. Bolton is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Danby is a village and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. Snape is a large village in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England, located about 3 Miles (5 Km) south of Thirsk is a small Market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. Burton in Lonsdale is a village and Civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England, close to the border with Lancashire Yet some fought for the Lancastrians such as the Percies, the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley, Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness and Talbot of Sheffield. Skipton (also known as Skipton-in-Craven) is a Civil parish and historic Market town in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, Helmsley is a market town in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England It is situated on the River Rye. Holderness is an area of England on the coast of Yorkshire. An area of rich agricultural land Holderness was marshland until it was drained in the Middle Ages Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England
See also
- 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
- List of collieries in Yorkshire 1984-present with dates of closure
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service
- Yorkshire Building Society
- Yorkshire Forward
- Yorkshire Regiment
- Yorkshire Society
- Yorkshire Terrier
- Yorkshire Wolds
External links
- The History of Yorkshire
- Samples of Yorkshire Dialect
- Yorkshire Forum
- Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275-1295
- Visitor's Guide to Yorkshire
Dictionary
Yorkshire
-proper noun
- A former large county of north-east England; originally divided into three ridings, since 1974 divided into four administrative counties.
-noun
- (informal) Shorter name for Yorkshire pudding.
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