City of York
An aerial view of York, with York Minster in the centre
Arms of City of York Council
York shown within England
Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°5′48″W / 53.95833, -1.09667
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	Yorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial county	North Yorkshire
Admin HQ	York City Centre
Settled by Romans	as Eboracum c. AD 71
Government
- Type	Unitary Authority, City
- Governing body	City of York Council
- Leadership:	Leader and Executive
- Executive:	Liberal Democrat
- MPs:	Hugh Bayley (L) John Greenway (C) John Grogan (L) Anne McIntosh (C)
Area
- Total	105 sq mi (271. York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the The Coat of arms of York is the official symbol of the local government of the city of York. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The pattern of local government in England is complex with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons Hugh Bayley (born January 9, 1952) British politician He is the Labour Member of Parliament for The City of York. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the John Robert Greenway (born February 15, 1946) is a British politician and Conservative Member of Parliament for Ryedale The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. John Timothy Grogan is the Labour Member of Parliament for the constituency of Selby. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Anne Caroline Ballingall McIntosh (born 20 September 1954 Edinburgh) is a politician in the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 94 km²)
Population (2005 est / Urban 2006)
- Total	191,800 (Ranked 74th)
- Density	1,779. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3/sq mi (687/km²)
- Ethnicity (2001 Census)	97. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 8% White
Time zone	Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
- Summer (DST)	British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Postcode	YO
Area code(s)	01904
ISO 3166-2	GB-YOR
ONS code	00FF
OS grid reference	SE603517
NUTS 3	UKE21
Website: www.york.gov.uk

York (pronunciation (help·info)) is a historic walled city in North Yorkshire, England, at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss. Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London Coordinated Universal Time, the basis for the world's civil time frequently referred to by the name of its predecessor Greenwich Mean Time Western Daylight saving time ( DST Western European Summer Time ( WEST) is a summer Daylight saving time scheme 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time The, also known as the York postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Bridlington, Driffield, Filey, Malton, Pickering A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2GB is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United Kingdom. The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating Census and other statistical data The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The River Ouse (pronounced "ooze" is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. The city is noted for its rich history, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is nearly 2,000 years old.

The city was founded as Eboracum in AD 71 by the Romans and was made one of the two capitals of all Roman Britain. Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 ^[1] During this period influential historical figures, such as Constantine the Great, became associated with the city. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The entire Roman Empire was governed from York for two years by Septimus Severus. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor ^[2]

After the Angles moved in, the city was renamed Eoferwic, and served as the capital of the Kingdom of Northumbria. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in ^[3] The Vikings captured the city in 866, renaming it Jórvík, the capital of a wider kingdom of the same name covering much of Northern England. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Around the year 1000, the city became known as York. ^[3]

Richard II wished to make York the capital of England, but before he could effect this he was deposed. Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 Deposition by Political means concerns the removal of a Politician or Monarch. ^[3] After the Wars of the Roses, York housed the Council of the North and was regarded as the capital of the North. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York The Council of the North was an administrative body originally set up in 1485 by king Richard III of England, the last Yorkist monarch to hold the Crown of England It was only during the 1660s that the political importance of the city began to decline. Nevertheless, York was the county town of Yorkshire, to which it lent its name. A county town is the 'capital' of a County in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. ^[3] The Province of York is one of the two English ecclesiastical provinces, alongside that of Canterbury. The Province of York is one of two Ecclesiastical provinces making up the Church of England and consists of 14 Dioceses which cover the northern third of An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian

From 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The urban area has a population of 137,505, while the entire unitary authority has 184,900 people. This is a list of the largest cities and towns of England ordered by population. The figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics. Currently, the core of the city within the walls is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. The English city of York has since Roman times been defended with walls of one form or another A tourist destination is a city town or other area that is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from Tourism.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Early history 1.3 Post conquest 1.4 Modern history 2 Governance 2.1 Local government 2.2 National government 2.3 Law courts 2.4 Twin cities 3 Geography 3.1 Location 3.2 City districts and surrounding villages 4 Demography 5 Economy 6 Education 7 Transport 7.1 River transport 7.2 Road transport 7.3 Rail transport 7.4 Air transport 7.5 Local public transport 8 Sites of interest 9 Culture 9.1 Theatre 9.2 Music 9.3 Media 9.4 Sports 10 Religion 11 Noted York people 12 Photo gallery 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Guides and maps 15.2 Local media 15.3 Academic 15.4 History 15.5 Photos and images 15.6 Weather

History

Main article: History of York

Toponymy

The name 'York' ultimately derives from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The history of York as a city dates to the beginning of the first millennium AD but evidence for the presence of people in the area date back much further to 8000/7000 BC Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The first known recorded mention of York by this name is dated circa 95-104 AD and is an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumbria. A stylus (plural styli or styluses) is a Writing utensil. The word is also used for a computer accessory ( PDAs) Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary Fort ( castrum) located at Chesterholm just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England ^[4]

The etymology of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the indigenous population of the area was never recorded. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical One theory is that Eboracum is derived from the Proto-Brythonic word Eborakon which can mean "place of the yew trees" or "the field of Eburos". The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Efrog in Welsh, Eabhrac in Irish Gaelic, Iorc in Scottish Gaelic. The name is then thought to have been Latinised by replacing -akon with -acum. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Another theory is that the language of the indigenous population was a Germanic language similar to Old English and so Eboracum is derived from *eburaz meaning a boar. ^[5][6] On the other hand as the invasion was performed by the IX legio Hispania, name given to all Iberian peninsula, so the roman Ebora city, now Évora, and conii people, so Eboracum may came from the city Evora and the Konii people Eborakon. Évora (ˈɛvuɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The city proper has 41159 inhabitants and the municipality has a total area of 1307 The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern

The Anglo-Saxons who inhabited York in the 7th century knew it as Eoferwic. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Two centuries later, as a Viking trading centre, the city was known as Jórvík. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas ^[7]

This was reduced to York in the centuries after the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk to Yourke in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th and then Yarke in the 17th century. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of The form York is first found in the 13th century. ^[8]

Early history

There is archaeological evidence that Mesolithic people settled in the region where York now is from 8000/7000 BC, although it is not known if these were permanent or temporary settlements. York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by tribes known to the Romans as the Brigantes. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands The Brigantes initially became a Roman client state but later became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England ^[9]

The city itself was founded in AD 71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a military fortress (castra) on flat ground above the River Ouse near its junction with the River Foss. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military The River Ouse (pronounced "ooze" is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. The fortess was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of 50 acres, and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Much of the Roman fortress now lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls. York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the ^[7][10]

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius ( March 31 c 250&ndash July 25 306) was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire (305&ndash306 During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city. Britannia Inferior was a subdivision of the Roman province of Britannia established c A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it Constantius I died during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine ^[10]

In the 7th century York became the chief city of the Angle King Edwin of Northumbria. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c 586 &ndash 12 October 632/633 was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would ^[11] The first Minster church was built at this time, for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, but he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald. Oswald (c 604 &ndash August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death and is now venerated as a Christian Saint. ^[7][12]

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the Vikings raided and captured York. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jorvik, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in the year 965 by King Edred, completing the unification of England. Eirik Bloodaxe ( Old Norse: Eiríkr blóðøx, Norwegian: Eirik Blodøks) (c King Edred, also known as Eadred or Aedred (c 923 &ndash 23 November, 955) known as 'weak-in-the-feet' was King ^[13]

Post conquest

In 1069, York was ravaged by William the Conqueror as part of the harrying of the North. The Shambles (official name Shambles) is an old street in York, England, with overhanging timber-framed buildings some dating back as far as William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069 &ndash 1070 ^[14] The old ancient Minster was badly damaged by fire at this time, and the Normans took the decision to build a new Minster on a fresh site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. Thomas of Bayeux (died 18 November 1100 Archbishop of York, was a native of Bayeux. York started to prosper again, becoming a profitable port and centre of trade, particularly in wool. King Henry I granted the city's first charter, confirming trading rights in England and Europe. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified ^[12][15]

In 1190, York was the site of an infamous pogrom of its Jewish inhabitants. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Jews sought sanctuary in Clifford's Tower, one of the city's fortifications. York Castle (also known as Clifford's Tower) is a fortification in the city of York, England. The mob besieged the trapped Jews for some days while preparations were made to storm the castle. Eventually a fire was started, whether by the Jews or their persecutors is uncertain, and 150 Jews lost their lives. ^[16]

The city underwent a period of decline during Tudor times. Social and economic revolution Following the Black Death Plagues and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century population growth Under Henry VIII, the dissolution of the monasteries saw the end of the monastic houses of York, most Northerners were Catholics and were upset with this, leading to the Pilgrimage of Grace in York. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in York, Yorkshire during 1536 in protest against England 's break with Rome and Henry VIII eventually reinstated the Council of the North in York, and this increased in importance under Elizabeth I, leading to a revival in the city's influence. The Council of the North was an administrative body originally set up in 1485 by king Richard III of England, the last Yorkist monarch to hold the Crown of England ^[17][18]

In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, but with the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. The Siege of York in 1644 was a prolonged contest for York during the English Civil War, between the Scottish Covenanter Army and the Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 The Parliamentarians retreated some six miles from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and devastatingly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on July 2 1644 during the First English Civil War of 1642&ndash1646 Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, but the city could not hold out for long, and on July 15 the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax. Thomas Fairfax 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 &ndash 12 November 1671 was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War. ^[17]

Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was gradually dominated by the local aristocracy and gentry. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds and Hull resulted in York losing its preeminent position as a trading centre, but the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred York's many elegant townhouses date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse. Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries a townhouse (or a "house in town" was a residence of a peer or member of the The York Assembly Rooms is an 18th century building in York, England, originally used as a place for high class social gatherings in the city The York Theatre Royal is a Theatre in St Leonard’s Place York, England, which dates back to 1744. York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the city of York in North Yorkshire, England with a spectator capacity of 60000 ^[18][19]

Modern history

George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. George Hudson (probably 10 March 1800 - 14 December 1871) English railway financier known as the "Railway King" was born Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time York was a major railway centre. By the turn of the century the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The North Eastern Railway (NER unlike many other of the pre-Grouping companies had a relatively compact territory having the district it covered to itself The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works and Terry's Confectionery Works, who were major employers in the city. Rowntree's is a historic brand currently owned by Nestlé SA that is used to market a range of fruit gums and pastilles formerly owned by Rowntree Mackintosh Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England. ^[18][20]

With the emergence of tourism as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major asset, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel A conservation area is a tract of land that has been awarded protected status in order to ensure that natural features cultural heritage or biota are safeguarded The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975. The National Railway Museum (NRM is a Museum in York forming part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry and telling The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city. ^[20]

Governance

Local government

York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, to which it lends its name. A county town is the 'capital' of a County in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of this, it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire. A riding is an administrative jurisdiction or electoral district particularly in several current or former Commonwealth countries

York is an ancient borough, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm IV c76 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ( Municipal corporations Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict c 41 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1888 and established County councils and County borough The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially ' shire districts', are a type of local government district in England. North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in

In the 1990s UK local government reform, York became one of the many boroughs to regain unitary status, but was the only one to see a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of Ryedale district. The structure of Local government in the United Kingdom underwent large changes in the 1990s Selby is a local government district of North Yorkshire, England. Harrogate is a local government district and Borough of North Yorkshire, England. Ryedale is a Non-metropolitan district of the Shire county of North Yorkshire in England. Unsurprisingly, this caused tension with its neighbours. Ironically, the new boundary had not been promoted by the council, which had proposed the area contained within the A64/A1237 ring road. The A64 is a trunk road in England which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. List of A roads beginning with 1 in Great Britain beginning north of the Thames, east of the A1. The current boundary was imposed after central Government had rejected the council's proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the 2007 local elections (and a By-election in September 2007), no party has an absolute majority, resulting in no overall control. The 2007 UK local government elections were held on 3 May, 2007. A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis Within the context of Local councils of the United Kingdom the term No Overall Control (abbreviated to NOC refers to a situation in which no single party achieves The Liberal Democrats have 20 councillors and in May 2007 they formed a minority administration, and an executive of 9 councillors, to lead the Council for the next 12 months. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or The Labour Party formed the Opposition with 18 councillors. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The Conservative Party has 7 councillors and the Greens have 2. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW (Plaid Werdd Cymru a Lloegr is the principal Green political party in England and Wales. ^[21]

In 2007, Councillor Irene Waudby was appointed York’s Lord Mayor and Councillor Keith Hyman York’s Sheriff with both appointments lasting a year. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition SHERIFF is a telecom fraud detection and management system originally developed by BT and MCI. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council.

National government

Most of York is covered by the City of York constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, though the outer parts of the city and local authority area presently fall within the Selby, Vale of York and Ryedale constituencies. The City of York is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Selby is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Vale of York is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Ryedale is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament. Yorkshire and the Humber is a Constituency of the European Parliament. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU

Law courts

The city has its own Magistrates' Court, and more unusually also a Crown Court and County Court. A magistrates' court or court of petty sessions, formerly known as a police court, is the lowest level of court in England and Wales and For the TV programme see Crown Court (TV series. The Crown Court of England and Wales is together with the High Court of Justice England and Wales The County Court is the Workhorse of the civil justice system in England and Wales. It is served by the North Yorkshire Police Force. North Yorkshire Police is the Home Office police force covering the Non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire and the Unitary authority

Twin cities

York is twinned with:

• Dijon, France
• Fanteakwa, Ghana
• Münster, Germany

Geography

Location

York lies within the Vale of York, a flat area of arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age. South Bank is an area to the south of the River Ouse in York. This article is about the geographical area For the UK parliamentary constituency see Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. The North York Moors (also known as the North Yorkshire Moors) is a national park in North Yorkshire, England. The Yorkshire Wolds are low hills in the East Riding of Yorkshire in North-Eastern England. Confluence, in Geography, describes the meeting of two or more Bodies of water. The River Ouse (pronounced "ooze" is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. Moraine refers to any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions such as those An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets ^[22]

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making it easier to defend. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. ^[23] Much land in and around the city has always been too flood-prone for development.

City districts and surrounding villages

• Acaster Malbis, Acomb, Askham Bryan, Askham Richard
• Bishopthorpe, Bootham
• Cawood, Clifton, Copmanthorpe, Crockey Hill
• Deighton
• Derwenthorpe (new village, planning permission granted)
• Dringhouses
• Dunnington
• Earswick, Elvington
• Escrick
• Fishergate, Fulford
• The Groves
• Haxby, Heslington, Hessay, Heworth, Holgate, Holtby, Huntington
• Kexby, Knapton
• Layerthorpe
• Middlethorpe, Moor End, Murton
• Naburn, Nether Poppleton, New Earswick
• Osbaldwick
• Rawcliffe, Rufforth
• Skelton, South Bank, Stockton-on-the-Forest, Strensall, Stamford Bridge
• Tang Hall, Towthorpe
• Upper Poppleton
• West Huntington, Wheldrake, Wigginton, Woodthorpe

The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the strays are scattered around the city in marshy, low-lying places. Acaster Malbis is a Village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of the city of York, England. Acomb is an area within the City of York Unitary authority in the north of England, to the western side of York, south of Upper Poppleton and Askham Bryan is a Village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, 6 miles south west of Askham Richard is a village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south west of York, Bishopthorpe is a Village and Civil parish south of York in the City of York Unitary authority and ceremonial county of North Bootham is a district near the centre of the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Cawood (Other names Carwood) is a large village in North Yorkshire, England that is notable as the finding-place of the Cawood sword. Clifton is a suburb of the Unitary authority of the City of York, in the north of England. Copmanthorpe is a large village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south west of York Deighton is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Derwenthorpe is a controversial housing development planned to be built in the edge of York, England. Dringhouses is a suburb formerly a village in York, England. It is situated close to the Knavesmire, an open area of land on which York Racecourse Dunnington is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York Unitary authority and Ceremonial county of North Yorkshire Earswick is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Elvington is a village approximately 7 miles south-east of York, England, on the B1228 York- Howden road Escrick is a village in North Yorkshire, situated south of York city centre and north of Selby on the main A19 road. Fishergate is one of the centre wards of York, England. It is situated directly south of the city walls on the east bank of the River Ouse, north of Fulford is a historic village and Civil parish on the outskirts of York, England. The Groves is an area of York, England, covering the area just outside the city centre between Huntington Road and Haxby Road Haxby is a town in the Unitary authority of City of York, on the River Foss, to the north of York and south of Strensall, in Heslington is a Village in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south-east of the centre of York and is Hessay is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England about five miles west of York. Heworth is part of the City of York, England about a mile north-east of the centre Holtby is a small Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Huntington is a village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, on the River Foss, Kexby is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Layerthorpe is a former village and latterly industrial district to the north-east of the centre of the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Murton is a small village and a Civil parish located on the outskirts of York. Naburn is a small Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Nether Poppleton is a Village in the Unitary authority of the City of York in the north of England. New Earswick is a village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, near the River Foss, Osbaldwick is a village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, east of York. Rawcliffe is a Village and Civil parish in the city of York district of North Yorkshire, England. Rufforth is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Skelton is a village in the Unitary authority of the City of York, England. South Bank is an area to the south of the River Ouse in York. Stockton-on-the-Forest is a village in the Unitary authority of York, England. Strensall is a village and Civil parish in the Unitary authority of the City of York in the north of England, on the River Foss Stamford Bridge is a village and Civil parish on the River Derwent in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, approximately east of York Tang Hall is a suburban district of the city of York in England. Towthorpe is a Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. Upper Poppleton is a village in the Unitary authority of the City of York in the north of England. Wheldrake is a Village located seven miles (11 km south-east of York. Wigginton is a Village and Civil parish four miles north of York, North Yorkshire, England. Woodthorpe is an affluent suburb of south west of the city of York, North Yorkshire England. The Strays of York is a collective name for four areas of open land comprising in all over 800 Acres (3

Demography

At the time of the 2001 UK census the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 84% White, compared with the English average of 90. 92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average. ^[24][25]

Economy

York's economy is based on the service industry with 87. 1% of employment in the city in 2006 being in this area. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, IT and tourism that accounts for 10. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel 9% of employment. Unemployment in York is low at 1. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 9% in 2007 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 3%. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[26] The three biggest employers in York are the City of York Council with over 6,500 employees, Norwich Union Life and North Yorkshire and York Primary Care Trust both with between 3000 and 5000 employees. Norwich Union is an Insurance company in the UK. It is the biggest life-insurer in the UK and has a strong position in motor insurance Other major employers include Card Protection Plan, Nestlé, Shepherd Building Group and British Telecom as well are a number of different railway companies. Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland BT Group plc (formerly British Telecommunications plc) which trades as BT (ˌbiːˈtiː bee tee) (previously known as British Telecom and still ^[27]

This is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies^[28]. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people but closed in the mid 1990s. ^[28] York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé Rowntree, and home to the KitKat, Smarties (though not for much longer) and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Rowntree's is a historic brand currently owned by Nestlé SA that is used to market a range of fruit gums and pastilles formerly owned by Rowntree Mackintosh A Kit Kat bar or KitKat bar is a confection which was first created by Rowntree Limited of York, England, and now Blue smartiesJPG|thumb|UK blue Smarties old and new]] Nestlé Smarties are a colourful sugar-coated Chocolate Confectionery popular in Europe and the Yorkie is a chocolate bar made by Nestlé. It was originally branded by Rowntree's of York, hence the name Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. Terry's was a chocolate and confectionery maker in York, England. Terry's Chocolate Orange is a popular Chocolate product originally sold only in the United Kingdom, but now sold all across the world Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kraft Foods Inc ( is the second-largest Food and Beverage company headquartered in North America (behind PepsiCo) and the third However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on the 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[29] This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Norwich Union, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory. Norwich Union is an Insurance company in the UK. It is the biggest life-insurer in the UK and has a strong position in motor insurance British Sugar plc is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods and the sole British producer of Sugar from Sugar beet. ^[30] Despite this, the employment situation in York remains fairly buoyant, with at least one major employer (NU) still employing more people in the city than it did five years ago. . Since the closure the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP and two housing schemes, one of which was a Self-build project. " Self-build " is the practice of creating an individual home for yourself through a variety of different methods York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries with the creation of a science park near University of York and the city becoming a founding National Science City. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt There are many different definitions aimed at describing one of the newest media terms creative industries sometimes referred to as creative economy A science park is a property development designed for a concentration of High tech, Science, or Research related Businesses The definition The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England. Between 1998 and 2008 York has gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector. ^[31]

Regional gross value figures added for York, at current basic prices in pounds sterling, are:^[32]

Year	Agriculture	Industry	Services	Total
1995	30	579	1,443	2,052
2000	13	782	2,168	2,963
2003	16	779	2,505	3,299

Education

The University of York is on the outer edge of the city at Heslington. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England. Heslington is a Village in the Unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, south-east of the centre of York and is It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the centrally located York St. John University College, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status as York St John University. The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research University in Leeds, West Yorkshire; one of the largest in the United Kingdom with York St John University (formerly known variously as York St John University College, College of Ripon and York St John, York St John College and The city also hosts a branch of The College of Law. The College of Law of England and Wales (CoL is a private educational institution in England which provides Legal education for students and professionals

The University of York also boasts one of the most highly rated medical schools, Hull York Medical School. The Hull York Medical School (HYMS is a Medical school in England which took its first intake of students in 2003

The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. York College is a further and Higher education College in York, United Kingdom. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves. Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as Horticulture, Agriculture, Animal Management and even Golf Course Management. Askham Bryan College is a Further education agricultural college based in Askham Bryan, York. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

There are over 55 schools in the City of York area. The following is a partial list of currently operating Schools in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The Local Education Authority is the City of York Council, who manage most primary and secondary schools within the city. About 40 primary schools cover education from ages 5-11, with some offering early years education from age three. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. From 11-16 education is then provided by 11 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes

York also has several private schools. St Peter's School is famous as the school attended by Guy Fawkes. St Peter's School is one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, founded in the English City of York by St Paulinus of York in 627 Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English Two others have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational and The Mount School is all-girls. Bootham School is an independent Quaker Boarding school in the city of York in North Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities The Mount is a Quaker independent day and boarding school in York, England, for girls aged 11-18 On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret's School. Queen Margaret's School is an independent day and Boarding school for girls aged 11-18 in Escrick Park near York. One other is The Minster School.

On September 10th 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school. The new school is known as York High School, and the headteacher is David Ellis, who was previously headteacher at Oaklands. In January 2009 the school hopes to move back to the Oaklands site on Cornlands Road.

Transport

York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.

River transport

The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The River Ouse (pronounced "ooze" is a river in North Yorkshire, England. The River Foss is an improved River in North Yorkshire, England, and a Tributary of the River Ouse. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. A tidal river is a River, or more typically a stretch of a river whose flow and level is influenced by Tides An example of a tidal river is the portion of the Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal. A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways. Naburn is a small Village and Civil parish in the City of York, North Yorkshire, England. ^[33]

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Newsprint is low-cost non-archival Paper most commonly used to print Newspapers plus other publications and advertising material Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river. ^[33]

Road transport

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough, and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A19 is a major Road in England, running parallel to and east of the A1 road. Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. Tyneside is a Conurbation in northern England, which is home to over 80% of the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. The A59 is a major road in the United Kingdom that runs from Liverpool in Merseyside, to York in North Yorkshire. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary The A64 is a trunk road in England which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. The A1079 is a major road in northern England. It links the cities of York and Kingston upon Hull, both in Yorkshire. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred The A64 road also provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles from the city. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation The M1 is a major south – north Motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where

The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles from the centre of this city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from mediaeval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence much of the area inside the city walls is either car free or traffic is heavily restricted. Car-free zones (also known as auto-free zones and pedestrian zones) are areas of a city or town in which automobile traffic is prohibited To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride sites operate in York. York park and ride is a Park and ride system operated by First in the English city of York. The sites are located towards the edge of the city, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus. ^[34]

Rail transport

York has been a major railway centre since the beginning of the railway age, with the first line arriving in 1839. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway. The North Eastern Railway (NER unlike many other of the pre-Grouping companies had a relatively compact territory having the district it covered to itself ^[20]

York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. This article is about a railway station in England For the similarly named subway station in Brooklyn, New York City, see York Street (IND Sixth Avenue The East Coast Main Line ( ECML) is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham. Cross Country services on the UK Rail Network are those which by definition carry passengers on routes other than the main lines radiating from the principal hubs Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um ^[35]

TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool. First TransPennine Express is a train operating company in the United Kingdom. Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Local stopping services by Northern Rail connect York to Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield, Bridlington and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester & Lancashire. Northern Rail (often referred to simply as Northern) is a Train operating company that has operated local passenger services in the north of England Harrogate (or Harrogate Spa) is a large wealthy Spa town in North Yorkshire, England. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. ^[35]

Air transport

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some 7 miles south-east of the city centre, which is also the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. RAF Elvington located at Elvington, south east of York in Yorkshire was the only Airfield in the United Kingdom used by the remainder The Yorkshire Air Museum, ( RAF Elvington airfield during the World War II) is an air museum in England. Despite having the longest runway in the county, at present Elvington is only open to private aviation. Private aviation is the part of Civil aviation that involves flying not for hire Plans sometimes surface to open it to other traffic, either for business aviation or a full service airport. ^[36]

York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the First TransPennine Express is a train operating company in the United Kingdom. The nearer Leeds-Bradford Airport is linked to York by the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York. Leeds Bradford International Airport is located in the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. First York is the largest bus operator in York, England. It is part of First Group, a major bus and train operator with a turnover of nearly £2 ^[35][37]

Local public transport

Public transport within the city is largely bus based. The principal bus operator is First York, a part of FirstGroup plc. First York is the largest bus operator in York, England. It is part of First Group, a major bus and train operator with a turnover of nearly £2 FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York park and ride is a Park and ride system operated by First in the English city of York. York is also the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost. FTR is an example of Bus rapid transit, currently being proposed or being used in England in York and Leeds in West Yorkshire A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train ^[38]

Veolia Transport also operate a number of local bus services. Veolia Transportation (formerly Connex) is the international transport services division of the French -based multinational company Veolia Environnement

Longer distance bus services in York are provided by a number of operators:

• Arriva Yorkshire
  • Selby

• East Yorkshire Motor Services
  • routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington etc. Arriva Yorkshire is a division of Arriva which operates bus services around West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire and East Yorkshire Motor Services (EYMS operates a fleet of approximately 350 buses and coaches throughout Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, the

• Transdev Harrogate & District
  • Knaresborough, Harrogate

• Transdev Yorkshire Coastliner,
  • Linking Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby. Transdev is a major international multi-modal transport group based in Paris, France. Harrogate & District is a local Bus company based in Harrogate in North Yorkshire, England. Knaresborough is an historic Market town and Spa town in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located four miles Harrogate (or Harrogate Spa) is a large wealthy Spa town in North Yorkshire, England. Transdev is a major international multi-modal transport group based in Paris, France. Yorkshire Coastliner is a Bus company based in Malton in North Yorkshire, England. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Filey is a small town and Civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England.

Rural services are provided by a number of companies, linking local towns and villages with York. ^[38]

Open Top Buses are operated by York Pulman and also Topline Travel on behalf of City Sightseeing. City Sightseeing is a global sightseeing bus brand started by Ensignbus and the spanish Hispalense de Tranvíaswhich operates Tour bus rides around various

Sites of interest

See also: York sites of interest and medieval churches of York

York Minster, the second largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, stands at the city's centre. York Castle (also known as Clifford's Tower) is a fortification in the city of York, England. A list of prominent tourist attractions in York. City centre All Saints' Church North Street Assembly Rooms, a grand Palladian York had around forty-five Parish churches in 1300 Twenty survive in whole or in part a number surpassed in England only by Norwich, although few are currently York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls. The English city of York has since Roman times been defended with walls of one form or another The entire circuit (including parts where walls never existed) is about 3 miles (5 km).

Clifford's Tower, a quatrefoil keep built on top of a Norman motte, was the site of a massacre in 1190 when the small Jewish community of York sought protection in the tower on the feast of Shabbat ha-Gadol. York Castle (also known as Clifford's Tower) is a fortification in the city of York, England. The word quatrefoil etymologically means "four leaves" and applies to general four-lobed shapes in various contexts A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Special Sabbaths are fixed Jewish Shabbat days which precede or coincide with certain Jewish holidays during the year Many Jews took their own lives rather than face a violent mob in an event regarded as one of the most notorious examples of antisemitism in medieval England. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[39]

The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. The Shambles (official name Shambles) is an old street in York, England, with overhanging timber-framed buildings some dating back as far as A tea house or tearoom is a venue centered on drinking Tea. Their function varies widely depending on the culture and some cultures have a variety of distinct Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived. Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 1586 is an English Saint and Martyr of the Roman Catholic Church.

Another feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former main market-place. The English city of York has since Roman times been defended with walls of one form or another The Snickelways of York (often misspelt Snickleways) are a collection of small streets and footpaths in the city of York, England. The city has many museums, including the Castle Museum, Yorkshire Museum & Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre, the York Art Gallery, Richard III Museum and the Merchant Adventurers' Hall. York Castle Museum is a Museum located in York, North Yorkshire, England, on the site of York Castle, originally built by William York Museum Gardens are Botanic gardens in the centre of York, England. The JORVIK Viking Centre is a Museum and visitor attraction in York, England York Art Gallery in York, North Yorkshire, England is a public art gallery with a collection of paintings from 14th century to contemporary and 20th century The Richard III Museum is located in the tallest of the four gatehouses Monk Bar in the historical city walls of York, England. The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval Guild &ndashhall in the city of York, England. The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. The National Railway Museum (NRM is a Museum in York forming part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry and telling Included this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman, which is being overhauled in the Museum. Number 4468 Mallard is a London and North Eastern Railway Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific Steam locomotive built at Doncaster, The LNER Class A3 Pacific locomotive no 4472 "Flying Scotsman" (originally no ^[40]

York is also noted for its wealth of churches and pubs. Many of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. It is said that York contains one church for every week of the year and one pub for every day of the year, and that there is no point within the city walls where one can stand and not be able to see at least one pub and at least one church, but these claims are exaggerated.

Culture

See also: List of people associated with York

Theatre

York has a number of theatres, the Theatre Royal, the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre. This is a list of notable people who are associated with the city of York in the English county of Yorkshire. The York Theatre Royal is a Theatre in St Leonard’s Place York, England, which dates back to 1744. The York Theatre Royal is a Theatre in St Leonard’s Place York, England, which dates back to 1744. The Grand Opera House is a theatre in the City of York, England. It also has many amateur companies, and is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company. Riding Lights is a British independent theatre company who have been touring shows nationally and internationally since 1977.

Music

A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is now the National Centre for Early Music, host to concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival. York had around forty-five Parish churches in 1300 Twenty survive in whole or in part a number surpassed in England only by Norwich, although few are currently The National Centre for Early Music is an educational resource located in York, England. The York Early Music Festival is an English Arts festival devoted mainly to classical music from the 18th century and earlier

Media

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006) and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York. The Press is the local daily paper for a substantial area of North and East Yorkshire, based on the city of York. Minster FM is an Independent Local Radio station based in Dunnington near York, Yorkshire, England and covering the city It is also served by York@54, a local free-to-air television station.

The University of York has its own television broadcasting channel York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers nouse and Vision, with Vision currently holding the title of Guardian Student Newspaper of the Year - a position that either one of the two newspapers have held for 4 out of the last 6 years. The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England. Student television in Great Britain is a growing field with an increasing number of major universities and some colleges playing host to a student-run TV station Nouse is a Student newspaper at the University of York. Founded in 1964 by student Nigel Fountain some twenty years before its rival York Vision York Vision (known in previous lives as yorkVision and York Student Vision) is one of two Student newspapers at the Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005. URY redirects here for other meanings see URY (disambiguation.

Sports

The city's football team is York City, currently playing in the Football Conference. KitKat Crescent, formerly Bootham Crescent, is an Association football Stadium in York, North Yorkshire. York City Football Club is an English football club based in York, North Yorkshire. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered York City Football Club is an English football club based in York, North Yorkshire. Conference National (currently named the Blue Square Premier for sponsorship reasons is the top division of the Football Conference. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3-0 during the 1995 League Cup. From 1892 until 1992 the Football League Second Division was the second highest division overall in English football. The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football, run by and named after Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 In Association football a League Cup generally signifies a cup competition for which entry is restricted only to teams in the top national league (some may include Their matches are played at KitKat Crescent (formerly Bootham Crescent). KitKat Crescent, formerly Bootham Crescent, is an Association football Stadium in York, North Yorkshire.

York also has a strong rugby league history. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games York F. C. , later known as York Wasps were one of the oldest Rugby teams in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. York City Knights Rugby League Club are a British Rugby league team hailing from York. The Huntington Stadium (formerly Ryedale Stadium) is the Stadium of English Rugby league team York City Knights. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who now play at the same stadium in National League Two. York City Knights Rugby League Club are a British Rugby league team hailing from York. Media Some games are shown on Sky Sports, games involving Celtic Crusaders are shown on Welsh-language channel S4C. An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge. York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the city of York in North Yorkshire, England with a spectator capacity of 60000 This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. The Knavesmire is one of a number of large marshy undeveloped areas within the city of York, England which are collectively known as Strays The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005. Ascot Racecourse is an English racecourse located in the village of Ascot, Berkshire used for Thoroughbred horse racing. In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843. The Ebor Festival is a three day race meeting held at York Racecourse in Great Britain during the month of August

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren, who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School). York Racecourse is a horse racing track in the southwest of the city of York in North Yorkshire, England with a spectator capacity of 60000 Marco Gabbiadini (born 20 January 1968 in Nottingham, England) is a former English - Italian football player whose The English national football team represents England in international football and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football Stephen "Steve" McClaren (born 3 May 1961 is an English football manager and former player Millthorpe School is a coeducational Secondary school in York.

Motorbike speedway took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.

York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year. York International 9s is an international Rugby league nines tournament taking place in York, England. Rugby league nines is a version of Rugby league played with 9 players on each side

Religion

Religion in York 2001[41]
UK Census 2001	York	Yorkshire	England
Christian	74. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. 42%	73. 07	71. 74%
No religion	16. 57%	14. 09%	14. 59%
Muslim	0. 58%	3. 81%	3. 1%
Buddhist	0. 21%	0. 14%	0. 28%
Hindu	0. 19%	0. 32%	1. 11%
Jewish	0. 11%	0. 23%	0. 52%
Sikh	0. 05%	0. 38%	0. 67%
Other religions	0. 30%	0. 19%	0. 29%
Religion not stated	7. 57%	7. 77%	7. 69%

Main article: Religion in York

Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York with 74. Religion in York can be traced back to the City's foundation in Roman times with evidence of York 's first Christian community dating from this period Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census. These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

There are 32 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the Diocese of York. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In Christianity, the term mother church or Mother Church may have one of five meanings The first Mission church in an area or a Pioneer York Minster is a Gothic Cathedral in York, England and is the second largest of its kind in Northern Europe (largest is the The Diocese of York is an administrative division of the Church of England, part of the Province of York. ^[42] York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England ^[43]

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses in York,^[44] Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,^[45] and Unitarians. A Friends meeting house is a place of worship for the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers There is one Mosque in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger ^[46] Various Buddhist traditions are represented in and around York. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

Noted York people

For more details on this topic, see List of people from York. This is a list of notable people who are associated with the city of York in the English county of Yorkshire.

Alcuin (735 – 804) scholar, ecclesiastic, poet William of York (1110 – 1154), archbishop, patron saint of York John Ball (1330 – 1381), Lollard priest, rebel Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 1586), Catholic saint, martyr Guy Fawkes (1570 – 1606), Catholic revolutionary John Earle (1601 – 1665), clergyman, author John Aislabie, (1670 – 1742), politician Peter Harrison (1716 – 1775), architect Richard Hotham (1722 – 1799), developer, politician Tuke family (1732 – 1895), social campaigners for the insane John Flaxman (1755 – 1826), sculptor, draughtsman Nathan Drake (1766 – 1836), essayist, physician William Etty (1787 – 1849), painter George Hennet (1799 – 1857), railway contractor, entrepreneur William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1800 – 1867), astronomer George Hudson (1800 – 1871), railway pioneer, politician

Joseph Hansom, (1803 – 1882), architect, inventor William Hepworth Thompson (1810 – 1886), classical scholar John Snow (1813 – 1858), physician Joseph Rowntree (1836 – 1925), chocolatier, philanthropist Albert Joseph Moore (1841 – 1893), painter Silvanus P. Thompson (1851 – 1916), author, electrical engineer James Hack Tuke (1819 – 1896), social campaigner for Ireland Henry Scott Tuke (1858 – 1929), painter Seebohm Rowntree (1871 – 1954), chocolatier, social reformer W. H. Auden (1907 – 1973), poet Christopher Hill (1912 – 2003), author, historian Frankie Howerd (1917 – 1992), comedian, actor Charles Whiting (1926 – 2007), author John Barry (born 1933), composer Judi Dench (born 1934), actress Steve McClaren (born 1961) footballer, manager Elliot Minor pop/rock band

Photo gallery

York Minster as seen from Minster Gardens. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c This article is about St William Archbishop of York England See also Saint William for other saints with this name The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members John Ball (c 1338 - 15 July 1381) was an English Lollard priest who took a prominent part in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 1586 is an English Saint and Martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English John Earle (c 1601 - November 17, 1665) was an English bishop John Aislabie ( 4 December 1670 &ndash 18 June 1742) was a British Politician, notable for his involvement in the Peter Harrison (1716-1775 was a colonial American Architect who was born in York England and emigrated to Rhode Island in 1740 Sir Richard Hotham ( October 5 1722 &ndash March 13 1799) was an English eighteenth century Property developer and The Tuke family of York were "a remarkable family of Quaker innovators" John Flaxman ( 6 July 1755 - 7 December 1826) was an English sculptor and draughtsman. Nathan Drake ( 15 January 1766 –1836 English essayist and Physician, son of Nathan Drake an artist was born at York. William Etty ( 10 March, 1787 &ndash 13 November, 1849) was an English painter, best known for his paintings of nudes George Hennet (1799 - 1857 was a railway engineer and contractor William Parsons 3rd Earl of Rosse KP ( June 17, 1800 &ndash October 31, 1867) built the world's largest telescope in 1845 and it George Hudson (probably 10 March 1800 - 14 December 1871) English railway financier known as the "Railway King" was born Joseph Aloysius Hansom (born 26 October, 1803; d 29 June 1882) was a prolific English Architect working principally in the Gothic William Hepworth Thompson ( 27 March 1810 &ndash 1 October 1886) was an English classical scholar and Master John Snow ( 15 March 1813 &ndash 16 June 1858) was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of Anaesthesia and medical Joseph Rowntree ( 24 May 1836 – 24 February 1925) was a Quaker Philanthropist and businessman from York, England Albert Joseph Moore ( 4 September 1841 – 25 September 1893) was an English painter known for his depictions of langorous female Silvanus Phillips Thompson FRS ( June 19, 1851 – June 12, 1916) was a professor of physics at the City and Guilds Technical College James Hack Tuke ( September 13, 1819 - January 13, 1896) was born at York, England, the son of Samuel Tuke. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Henry Scott Tuke, RA ( 12 June 1858 &ndash 13 March 1929) a British painter and photographer is best remembered Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree often known simply as Seebohm Rowntree ( 7 July 1871 &ndash 7 October 1954) was a British Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W Frankie Howerd OBE (born Francis Alick Howard, 6 March 1917 &ndash 18 April 1992) was a distinctive English Charles Whiting ( December 18, 1926 &ndash July 24 2007) was a British writer and military historian and with some 350 books of fiction and John Barry, OBE (born John Barry Prendergast on 3 November 1933 in York, England) is a renowned Golden Globe and five-time Academy Dame Judith Olivia Dench, CH, DBE, FRSA, (born 9 December, 1934) usually known as Judi Dench, is an English Stephen "Steve" McClaren (born 3 May 1961 is an English football manager and former player Elliot Minor (formerly The Academy) are a classically influenced rock band formed in York England	Lendal Tower on the River Ouse	The Yorkshire Wheel	The Ouse Bridge in York, with the river at a peak. The Yorkshire Wheel is a Ferris wheel in York, England which opened to the public on 12 April 2006 following setbacks due to bad weather
Remnants of St. Mary's Abbey in York.	St. Mary's Abbey	View of York from atop the York Minster	A panoramic view of York as it seen from the top of Clifford's Tower
Panoramic view of York Railway Station from the top of the York Wheel.	Statue of Constantine the Great

See also

• York Mystery Plays

References

External links

Guides and maps

• Where In York Local independent website for events, business listings, clubs and societies, weddings, jobs and useful information. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• York travel guide from Wikitravel
• York Guide by NorthYorks. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. com
• York Tourism, the official site of York
• York Pass
• York Attractions Places of interest in York
• Virtual Tour of York Tour the City by hundreds of panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.
• York Guide Online since 2001 studies of York by independent York residents
• York Insiders' City Guide York Insiders' City Guide
• York Pub Guide York Pub Listings
• Essential York Essential Guide to York
• York Virtual Tour
• Staal, Maria, Romans, Vikings, Churches and Chocolate: The History of York in a Nutshell (2007, FTK Publishing ISBN 9780955734403 Paperback)

Local media

• The Press The local newspaper's site with news, sport, what's on and tourism information.
• York Student Television England's oldest student TV station
• York@54, Independent TV station

Academic

• The University of York
• York St John University
• The National Centre for Early Music
• The National Science Learning Centre

History

• Large site dedicated to the History of York
• Timeline of York's history and a few articles.

Photos and images

• Imagine York: Historic Photographs Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
• The Evelyn collection of picture of York from the early 1900s [1]
• City of York Council's flood 2000 archive
• Pictures of York by people in York
• Red Hot Chilli Project - Gallery - York
• Pictures of Steam Locos in York
• York stories and walks

Weather

• Average weather condition

The Evelyn collection is a collection of images of York from the early 1900s taken by Dr William Arthur Evelyn.

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