Ynglingatal is a skaldic poem listing the kings of the House of Ynglings,[1] dated by most scholars to the late 9th century. Fjölnir, Fjölner, Fjolner or Fjolne ( 1st century BC - early 1st century AD was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling Sveigðir, Sveigder or Swegde was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. Vanlandi or Vanlande was a Swedish king at Uppsala of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. In Scandinavian mythology, Visbur was a king of the House of Ynglings and the son of Vanlandi. In Norse mythology Domalde, Dómaldi or Dómaldr was a Swedish king of the House of Ynglings cursed by his stepmother according to for the Tibetan village see Domar Tibet In Norse mythology, the Swedish king Domar of the House of Ynglings was Dyggvi or Dyggve was a mythological Swedish king of the House of Ynglings He died in bed and never reached Valhalla. Dag the Wise or Dagr Spaka (2nd or 3rd century AD was a mythological Swedish king of the House of Ynglings He was the son of Dyggvi, the former Agne, Agni, Hogne or Agni Skjálfarbondi was a mythological king of Sweden, of the House of Yngling. See Alaric for the Gothic kings Alrek and Eirík ( Old Norse Alrekr and Eiríkr Yngvi and Alf were two legendary Swedish kings of the House of Yngling. Jorund or Jörundr ( 5th century) was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling. For the village in Azerbaijan see Avun; for the airport with the IATA location identifier "AUN" see Auburn Municipal Airport (California. Ongentheow, (Anglo-Saxon Ongenþeow, Ongenþio, Ongendþeow; Swedish Angantyr) (– ca 515 was the name of a semi-legendary Swedish This is about the Swedish king Ohthere For the Norwegian voyager by the same name see Ohthere of Hålogaland Ohthere, Ohtere (the Eadgils, Adils, Aðils, Adillus, Aðísl at Uppsölum, Athisl, Athislus, Adhel was a Semi-legendary king Eysteinn (d ca 600 was the son of Eadgils and Yrsa of Saxony. This article deals with the legendary Swedish king Ingvar For a treatment of the name see Ingvar (name. Brøt-Anundr ( Old East Norse) or Braut-Önundr ( Old West Norse) (meaning trail-blazer Anund or Anund the land-clearer) was a legendary Ingjaldr hinn illráði or Ingjald illråde ("ill-ruler" was a legendary Swedish king of the House of Ynglings Ingjald may have ruled sometime Olaf Tree Feller ( Old Norse: Ólafr trételgja, Swedish Olof Trätälja, Norwegian Olav Tretelgja) was the son of the Swedish king Ingjald Halfdan Hvitbeinn ( Old Norse: Hálfdan hvítbeinn) was a mythical petty king in Norway described in Ynglinga saga. Eystein Halfdansson ( Old Norse: Eysteinn Hálfdansson) was the son of Halfdan Hvitbeinn of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla Halfdan the Mild ( Old Norse: Hálfdan hinn mildi) was the son of king Eystein Halfdansson, of the House of Yngling and he succeeded his father Gudrød the Hunter ( Old Norse: Guðrǫðr veiðikonungr, Norwegian Gudrød Veidekonge) was a semi-legendary king in south-east Norway, during Olaf Gudrødsson, or as he was named after his death Olaf Geirstad-Alf, was a legendary Norwegian king of the House of Yngling from the Ynglinga saga. Ragnvald (or Rognvald) "the Mountain-High" Olafsson was a petty king of Vestfold in what is today Norway. The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Ynglings were the oldest known Scandinavian dynasty It can refer to the following clans: The Scylfings ( Old Norse: Skilfingar) the The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.
The original version is attributed to Þjóðólfr af Hvini who was the skald of a Norwegian petty king named Ragnvald the Mountain-High and who was a cousin of Harald Fairhair. Þjóðólfr of Hvinir ( Thjodolf) was a Norwegian Skald, active around the year 900 The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Ragnvald (or Rognvald) "the Mountain-High" Olafsson was a petty king of Vestfold in what is today Norway. Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair ( Old Norse: Haraldr hárfagri, Norwegian: Harald Hårfagre) (c The reason was that the Norwegian kings claimed descendance from the Norse gods through the royal dynasty of Sweden, a dynasty which apparently shed glory on the Norwegian kings. Divided between the Æsir and the Vanir, and sometimes including the jötnar (giants the dividing line between these groups is less
Ynglingatal survives in three versions of which the best known is the Ynglinga saga in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla. The Ynglinga saga was originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson about 1225. Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse Kings' sagas. The second version, in Historia Norwegiae, is a translation into latin and contains essentially the same information. Historia Norwegiæ is a short history of the Norwegian past written by a Monk around the second half of the 12th century The third version is the most terse one and is preserved as only a listing of the names in Íslendingabók from the early 12th century. Íslendingabók, Libellus Islandorum or The Book of Icelanders is an historical work dealing with early Icelandic history.
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Controversy
The historicity of the matter in Ynglingatal has been a contention among scholars since the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar However, in the early 90s even the dating of the poem was disputed.
The late origin hypothesis
The authenticity of this poem has been questioned by Krag (1991), who believed it to be a 12th century propaganda work fabricated to enhance the legitimacy of the Norwegian kings. Members of Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish royal families have been Norwegian monarchs.
Krag claimed that it was based on the teaching of the four elements by Empedocles, in that the first four kings' deaths (Fjölnir, Sveigðir, Vanlandi and Vísburr) are associated to such elements. Empedocles ( Greek:, ca 490–430 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Fjölnir, Fjölner, Fjolner or Fjolne ( 1st century BC - early 1st century AD was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling Sveigðir, Sveigder or Swegde was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. Vanlandi or Vanlande was a Swedish king at Uppsala of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. In Scandinavian mythology, Visbur was a king of the House of Ynglings and the son of Vanlandi. According to Krag this suggests that Ynglingatal is not from the 9th century, but a much later work. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. He also pointed out that there is an euhemeristic approach in the early parts. Euhemerus (Εὐήμερος (working late fourth century BC was a Greek mythographer at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon.
Krag's thesis had a certain success among Scandinavian scholars, during the 1990s, and it became the point of view presented in Nationalencyklopedin when the articles were written in the early 90s. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant However, since then, many critics and other studies have shown serious problems and deficiencies with Krag's thesis.
Evidence against the late hypothesis
Many have asked, if the work actually is a propaganda work from the 12th century, why does it not end with a famous king such as Harald Fairhair? Instead it ends with the less known king Ragnvald the Mountain-High. Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair ( Old Norse: Haraldr hárfagri, Norwegian: Harald Hårfagre) (c Ragnvald (or Rognvald) "the Mountain-High" Olafsson was a petty king of Vestfold in what is today Norway. Krag's defense that it was an old text about Ragnvald that had been inserted is considered farfetched and it actually contradicts his thesis.
Hägerdal (1994) doubts that Christian ideas were unknown in Scandinavia before the 11th century and he (1994:4) has pointed out that Borre and Skiringssal, in the part about the kings of Vestfold, were archaeologically important locations during the Viking Age but not later. The Borre mound cemetery forms part of the Borre National Park in Horten, Vestfold, Norway. Skiringssal ( Old Norse Skíringssalr, literal translation The Shining Hall is the name of an area situated in the Norwegian municipalities is a county in Norway, bordering Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration is in Tønsberg. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history.
When the royal mounds at Gamla Uppsala and Ohthere's mound were excavated, they confirmed the dating given by Ynglingatal. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. This is about the Swedish king Ohthere For the Norwegian voyager by the same name see Ohthere of Hålogaland Ohthere, Ohtere (the
Sapp (2002:2, 85-98) has studied the language of Ynglingatal and other skaldic poems in kviðuháttr. The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic He found that the expletive particle of had stopped being productive in the 11th century. Sapp's conclusion is that the poem fits the language of the 9th century best, and to a lesser degree that of the 10th century. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Sapp excludes the possibility that the language is an imitation of old language, because the linguistic markers are unambiguous. Moreover, other linguistic traits show the same results: the 9th century.
Sundquist (2004) who has done the most thorough and extensive study of Ynglingatal, claims that Krag's arguments are rigid and erroneous. Instead Sundquist points out that there are obvious Swedish traditions in Ynglingatal. This concerns both kennings, place names and proper names. Some traditions go back to the Vendel Age and may be even older, such as the king's role as the keeper of sanctuaries, an aristocratic mounted culture, the divine origins of the kings, presaging, and many other peculiarities. Swedish prehistory the Vendel era ( 550 - 793) is the name given to a part of the Germanic Iron Age (or more generally the Age of Migrations Moreover, some of Krag's objections are not based on Ynglingatal but on the version given by Snorri in the Ynglinga saga, and consequently Krag criticizes the wrong version. Sundquist's conclusion is that Þjóðólfr of Hvinir based his work on an active Swedish tradition in the 9th century. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.
Footnotes
- ^ Odelberg, Maj (1995), “Ynglingatal”, Vikingatidens ABC, Swedish Museum of National Antiquities, ISBN 9171929843, <http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=11316>
See also
References
Åkerlund, W. Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or more formally Statens historiska museum) is a Museum located Ynglings were the oldest known Scandinavian dynasty It can refer to the following clans: The Scylfings ( Old Norse: Skilfingar) the Studier över Ynglingatal (Lund 1939).
Janson, H. Templum nobilissimum (Göteborg 1998).
Dómaldi's Death and the Myth of Sacral Kingship, in J. Lindow et al. (Eds. ), Structure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature (Odense 1986).
Krag, C. Ynglingatal og Ynglingesaga: en studie i historiske kilder (Oslo 1991).
Magerøy, H. 'Ynglingatal', in Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid 20 (Malmö 1976), p. 362-63.
Sapp, C. D. 'Dating Ynglingatal. Chronological Metrical Developments in Kviduhattr', Skandinavistik 2002:2, s. 85-98
Schück, H. De senaste undersökningarna rörande ynglingasagan' [Svensk] Historisk tidskrift 1895:1, p. 39-88.
Sundquist, O. "Freyr"s offspring. Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society". (2004)
Wallette, A. Sagans svenskar (Malmö 2004).
External links
- Ynglingatal in Old Norse from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
- Two editions of the Old Norse text
- Ynglingatal in the manuscript spelling with textual notes, and in normalised Old Norse spelling with prose translation into modern Danish.
- Svenska Dagbladet
- Online publication by Hägerdal
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