The Yingzao Fashi (Chinese: 營造法式; 'Treatise on Architectural Methods' or 'State Building Standards') is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the Chinese author Li Jie (1065–1110),[1] the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the mid Song Dynasty of China. A bracket is an architectural member made of wood stone or metal that overhangs a wall to support or carry weight A cantilever is a beam supported on only one end The beam carries the load to the support where it is resisted by moment and Shear stress. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms A promising architect, he revised many older treatises on architecture from 1097 to 1100. By 1100, he had completed his own architectural work which he presented to Emperor Zhezong of Song. Emperor Zhezong ( January 4, 1076 &ndash February 23, 1100) was the seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. [2][3] The emperor's successor, Emperor Huizong of Song, had the book published in 1103 in order to provide a unified set of architectural standards for builders, architects, and literate craftsmen as well as for the engineering agencies of the central government. Emperor Huizong ( November 2, 1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth and one of the most famous emperors of the Song Dynasty of An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing [3][2][4]
With his printed book becoming a noted success throughout the country, Li Jie was promoted by Huizong as the Director of Palace Buildings. [5] Thereafter Li became well-known for the oversight in construction of administrative offices, palace apartments, gates and gate-towers, the ancestral temple of the Song Dynasty, along with numerous Buddhist temples. Buddhist Temples monasteries, Stupas and Pagodas sorted by location [3] In 1145 a second edition of Li's book was published by Wang Huan. [4]
Contents |
The treatise
Li developed a standard 8-point grading system for different sizes of timber elements. Simple and strong the mortise and tenon joint has been used for millennia by Woodworkers around the world to join pieces of Wood, usually when the pieces The system was known as the cai-fen system of units and could be universally applied to buildings. [6] Some of the book used material from preexisting architectural writings, but most of the book is documentation of the inherited traditions of craftsmen and architects passed down by word of mouth. [2] Li's book provides a glossary of technical terms that includes mathematical formulae. See also List of glossaries A glossary is a list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms He incorporated topography in his estimations for buildings on various types of sites. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets [5] He also estimated the monetary costs of hiring laborers of different skill levels and types of expertise in crafts. His estimates are on the basis of a day's work and include the materials needed, taking into account the season in which the work is done. [5]
Li's work incorporates building rules and regulations, accounting information, standards for materials used in construction, and the classification of various crafts. [7] The 34 chapters in the book specify in detail the units of measurement,[8] the construction of moats and fortifications,[9] and standards for stonework[9] as well as for greater and lesser woodwork. A moat is deep broad Trench, usually filled with Water, that surrounds a structure installation or town normally to provide it with a preliminary line of Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Stone carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone [9] It includes the specifications (and illustrations) for constructing bracketing units with inclined arms and joints for columns and beams,[10] as well as directions for wood carving,[9] turning and drilling,[9] sawing,[9] bamboo work,[9] tiling,[9] wall building,[9] painting and decoration,[9] and the formulas for decorative paints, glazes and various coatings. Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool resulting in a wooden figure or figurine (this may be abstract A drill (from Dutch Drillen) is This article describes the method of execution Sawing is also a method of manufacturing Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. Chinese city walls ( refer to civic defensive systems used to protect towns and Cities in China in pre-modern times Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world In Mathematics and in the Sciences a formula (plural formulae, formulæ or formulas) is a concise way of expressing information Coating is a Covering that is applied to an object The aim of applying coatings is to improve surface properties of a bulk material usually referred to as a substrate [8] Included are the mixing proportions for mortars in masonry,[5] brickwork[9] and glazed tile. Mortar is a workable paste formed by mixture of Cement, Water and fine aggregate Masonry to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar, and the term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Glaze is a layer or coating of a Vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color decorate strengthen or waterproof it [9] The book provides hand-drawn illustrations of all the practices and standards. [8] He outlined structural carpentry in great detail, providing standard dimensional measurements for all the components. A carpenter (builder is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry - a wide range of Woodworking that includes constructing buildings,
Although others were written and compiled beforehand, Li's book is the oldest existing technical manual on Chinese architecture to have survived intact and in its entirety. Chinese architecture refers to a style of Architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries [1]
Gallery
 Bracket arm clusters containing cantilevers, Yingzao Fashi (1103) |
 Transverse corbel brackets, Yingzao Fashi (1103) |
 Bracket and cantilever arms, Yingzao Fashi (1103) |
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b Guo, 1-3. A bracket is an architectural member made of wood stone or metal that overhangs a wall to support or carry weight A cantilever is a beam supported on only one end The beam carries the load to the support where it is resisted by moment and Shear stress. The architecture of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 was based upon the accomplishments of its predecessors much like every subsequent dynastic period of China. The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960–1279 CE provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen
- ^ a b c Guo, 4.
- ^ a b c Needham, Volume 4, 84.
- ^ a b Guo 6.
- ^ a b c d Guo, 5.
- ^ Guo, 6-7.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 84-85.
- ^ a b c Guo, 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Needham, Volume 4, 85
- ^ Guo, 2.
References
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Guo, Qinghua. "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual," Architectural History: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain (Volume 41 1998): 1-13.
External links
- "Structural Carpentry in the Yingzao Fashi" by Andrew I-kang Li & Jin-Yeu Tsou, Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Bracket Sets in the Yingzao Fashi
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