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Cyrillic letter Yer
Image:Cyrillic letter Hard Sign.png
Unicode (hex)
majuscule: U+042A
minuscule: U+044A
Cyrillic alphabet
АБВГҐДЃ
ЂЕЀЁЄЖЗ
ЅИЍІЇЙЈ
КЛЉМНЊО
ПРСТЋЌУ
ЎФХЦЧЏШ
ЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
Non-Slavic letters
ӐӒӘӚӔҒӶ
ҔӖҼҾӁҖӜ
ҘӞӠӤӢӀҊ
ҚҞҠӃҜӅӍ
ҤҢӉӇӦӨӪ
ҨҦҎҪҬӲӰ
ӮҮҰҲҺҴӴ
ҶӋҸӸҌӬ 
Archaic letters
ҀѸѠѾѺѢІА
ѤѦѪѨѬѮѰ
ѲѴѶꙞ   
List of Cyrillic letters

The letter (Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак [ˈtvʲor. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by A (А а is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It arose directly from the Greek letter alpha. Ve (В в is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the sound /v/ Ge or He (Г г italics Г, г) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing /g/ or /ɦ/ in different languages Ge (Ґ ґ italic Ґґ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet mainly used in Ukrainian, representing the De (Д д italics Д д) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Gje (Ѓ ѓ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language to represent / ɟ / or / ʥ / Dje, or Djerv (Ђ ђ is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian language to represent the sound /ʥ/ a Voiced alveolo-palatal For the Ukrainian alphabet letter Ye (Є є see Ukrainian Ye. Ye with grave ( Majuscule: Ѐ, minuscule: ѐ) is a Cyrillic character representing a stressed variant of regular letter е. Yo (Ё ё is the seventh letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, invented in 1783 by Yekaterina Dashkova, and first used among others in 1797 by the Russian Ye (Є є is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in Ukrainian and Rusyn languages to represent the iotated vowel sound /je/ Zhe (Ж ж is the letter of Cyrillic alphabet which represents the Voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ ( listen) similar to the s Ze (З з is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /z/ Dze (Ѕ ѕ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used to represent the sound /dz/ in the Macedonian alphabet. I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic I with grave ( Majuscule: Ѝ, minuscule: ѝ) is a character representing a stressed variant of regular letter ‹и› in some variants of the I (І і (also called dotted I) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the orthographies of the Belarusian, Kazakh and Yi (Ї ї is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Ukrainian and Rusyn languages Je (Ј ј is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian, Macedonian, Azeri, and Altai languages Ka (К к is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It is derived from the Greek letter kappa (Κ κ El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian The Cyrillic letter lje (Љ љ was originally a ligature of Л and Ь and represents a palatal lateral /ʎ/ a sound similar (but not equal Em (М м is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing a Bilabial nasal consonant /m/ unless it is before a palatalizing vowel when it represents En (Н н is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It represents the consonant /n/ unless followed by ь or any of the Palatalizing vowels when it represents /nʲ/ The Cyrillic letter Nje (Њ њ is a Ligature of Н and Ь. It is used in Macedonian and Serbian, where it represents O (О о is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /o/ word-initially and after hard consonants Pe (П п (formerly referred to by the mnemonic name pokoy) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /p/ unless followed Er (Р р is the eighteenth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was developed from the Greek letter Rho. Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Te (Т т italics Т, т) is the letter in the Cyrillic alphabet corresponding to T in the Latin alphabet Tshe (Ћ ћ is the 23rd letter in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Kje (Ќ ќ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language. U (У у is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /u/ after non-palatalized (hard consonants Short U (Ў ў is a letter of the Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet. Ef (Ф ф is the twenty-second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Kha, (Х х is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the Voiceless velar fricative /x/ in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Tse (Ц ц is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It looks somewhat like U with square corners and a "pig tail" on the bottom right Che or Cha (Ч ч italics Ч ч) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Dzhe (Џ џ is a letter of Vuk Karadžić 's Cyrillic alphabet reform used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to represent a Voiced Sha (Ш ш italics Ш ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʂ/ Shcha or Shta (Щ щ italics Щ щ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, historically representing Yery or Yeru (Ы ы usually called ы in modern Russian) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. The soft sign (Ь ь is a symbol in the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Old Slavic language, it represented a short -like vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing For the letter E (Е е of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian alphabets see Ye (Cyrillic Yu (Ю ю is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ju/ (a so-called iotated vowel or /u/ after a palatalized consonant Ya (Я я is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ja/ (a so-called Iotated vowel) or /a/ after a palatalized consonant The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages A with breve ( Majuscule: Ӑ, minuscule: ă) is a Cyrillic letter used in the Chuvash language orthography A with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӓ, minuscule: ä) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet currently used in the Khanty, Kildin Sami Schwa ( Majuscule: Ә, minuscule: ә) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Schwa with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӛ, minuscule: ӛ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet now only used in the Khanty language. Ӕ ӕ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet now used in Ossetic to represent the Near-open front unrounded vowel /æ/ Ghayn is also a spelling for the Arabic letter Ghain. The Cyrillic letter Ghayn, Ge stroke or Ayn (in Kazakh Ge with descender ( Majuscule: Ӷ, minuscule: ӷ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write Siberian Yupik in Ge with middle hook ( Majuscule: Ҕ, minuscule: ҕ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Sakha and Abkhaz to represent Ye with Breve ( Majuscule: Ӗ, minuscule: ӗ) is a Cyrillic letter used only in Chuvash language Abkhazian Che ( Majuscule: Ҽ, minuscule: ҽ) is a letter found in the Cyrillic Alphabet. The Abkhazian Che with descender ( Majuscule: Ҿ, minuscule: ҿ) is a Cyrillic letter currently used for the Abkhazian language Zhe with breve ( Majuscule: Ӂ, minuscule: ӂ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, created by Soviet linguists for the Cyrillization The Cyrillic letter Zhe with descender or Zhje ( Majuscule: Җ, minuscule: җ) is used as a letter in the Tatar, Kalmyk and Zhe with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӝ, minuscule: ӝ) is a letter of the Cyrillic Alphabet used only in the Udmurt language. Ze with descender or Dhe ( Majuscule: Ҙ, minuscule: ҙ) is a Cyrillic letter used in the Bashkir language. Ze with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӟ, minuscule: ӟ) is a letter of Cyrillic now used in Udmurt language. Abkhazian Dze ( Majuscule: Ӡ, minuscule: ӡ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in the Abkhazian language. Used in the Udmurt language, I with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӥ, minuscule: ӥ) is a non-Slavic letter from the Cyrillic alphabet. I with macron ( Majuscule: Ӣ, minuscule: ӣ) is a letter of the Cyrillic Alphabet used in Tajik language to sound the Palatal approximant Palochka or Páločka ( Majuscule: Ӏ minuscule: ӏ Russian: па́лочка a stick is a letter added to the Cyrillic alphabet Short I with tail ( Majuscule: Ҋ, minuscule: ҋ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyrillic letter Қ, қ (in Kazakh: kk Qa) is a К with a Descender. Ka with stroke ( Majuscule: Ҟ, minuscule: ҟ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Abkhaz to represent an Uvular ejective Bashkir Qa or Bashkir Ka (Ҡ ҡ is a Cyrillic letter used in the Bashkir language. Ka with hook ( Majuscule: Ӄ, minuscule: ӄ) is a Cyrillic letter currently used in the Khanty and Chukchi language. Ka with vertical stroke ( Majuscule: Ҝ, minuscule: ҝ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Azeri. El with tail ( Majuscule: Ӆ, minuscule: ӆ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used only in Klidin Sami language, located between Em with tail ( Majuscule: Ӎ, minuscule: ӎ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet only now used in Kildin Sami language. Ligature En Ge ( Majuscule: Ҥ, minuscule: ҥ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in the non-Slavic languages Altai, Bashkir The Cyrillic letter N with descender or Ng (in Kazakh) (Ң ң is an Н with a Descender. En with tail ( Majuscule: minuscule: is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet now only used in Kildin Sami language. En with hook ( Majuscule: Ӈ, minuscule: ӈ) is a letter of Cyrillic alphabet used in non-Slavic languages Even, Evenki O with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӧ, minuscule ӧ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet now used in the Kurdish, Altay, Khakass The Cyrillic letter Oe or Barred O (Ө ө is an O with a horizontal line through it Oe with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӫ, minuscule: ӫ) is a Cyrillic letter used in the Khanty and Even languages Abkhazian Kha ( Majuscule: Ҩ, minuscule: ҩ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in the Abkhaz language and placed Ҧ ( minuscule: ҧ) is a Cyrillic letter only used in Abkhaz. Ҏ ( minuscule: ҏ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Kildin Sami to represent a voiceless trill ( IPA Es with descender or The (not the same as the Definite article) in Bashkir ( Majuscule: Ҫ, minuscule: ҫ) is a Cyrillic Te with descender ( Majuscule: Ҭ, minuscule: ҭ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Abkhaz, where it represents aspirated U with double acute ( Majuscule: Ӳ, minuscule: ӳ) is used for the Chuvash language. U with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӱ, minuscule: ӱ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet to be used for the Khakass, Mari, U with macron ( Majuscule: Ӯ, minuscule: ӯ) is a letter of the Cyrillic Alphabet used for the Tajik language. The Cyrillic letter Straight U (Ү ү (in Mongolian, Kazakh, Tatar, Bashkir languages Buryat and Kalmyk langugages and many others The Cyrillic letter Straight U with stroke (Ұ ұ is a straight Cyrillic У with a horizontal line through it Kha with Descender or Soft Kha ( Majuscule: Ҳ, minuscule: ҳ) is a letter of certain Cyrillic alphabets such as Abkhaz Shha or He (Һ һ is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet used in Bashkir, Ligature Te Tse ( Majuscule: Ҵ, minuscule: ҵ) is a Cyrillic ligature used only for the Abkhaz language, located between Che with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӵ, minuscule: ӵ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet now used in Udmurt language where it is the Che with descender ( Majuscule: Ҷ, minuscule: ҷ) is a letter of Tajik Cyrillic alphabet to represent the Affricate /ʤ/ Khakassian Che ( Majuscule: Ӌ, minuscule ӌ) is a letter of Cyrillic alphabet only now used in Khakas language. Che with vertical stroke ( Majuscule: Ҹ, minuscule: ҹ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used in Azeri. Yery with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӹ, minuscule: ӹ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used for writing the Mari language. The semisoft sign ( Majuscule: Ҍ, minuscule: ҍ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet used only in Kildin Sami, indicating E with diaeresis ( Majuscule: Ӭ, minuscule: ӭ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet currently used in Kildin Sami. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The letter koppa in the Early Cyrillic alphabet Uk (Оу оу is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. It was originally a Digraph of о and either {{unicode|ѵ}} or у Omega,, is a letter used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, descended from the Greek Omega, Ω ω Broad On (majuscule Ѻ, minuscule ѻ) is a variety of the regular Cyrillic letter "On" (О о used in Church Slavonic: italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly Ya (Я я is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ja/ (a so-called Iotated vowel) or /a/ after a palatalized consonant E iotified (Ѥ ѥ is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Psi (Ѱ ѱ is a letter in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, derived from the Greek letter psi (Ψ ψ For the acronym see FITA Fita (Ѳ ѳ is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet, descended from the Greek Theta. Izhitsa ( Ѵ, ѵ; И́жица is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. Izhitsa ( Ѵ, ѵ; И́жица is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. Variants of the Cyrillic alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages especially languages used in the former Soviet Union The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by dɨj znak]) in the modern Rusyn and Russian alphabets and as er golyam (ер голям, "big yer") in the Bulgarian alphabet. Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The letter is called back yer (ер обратный) in the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian, and in Old Church Slavonic. The Old Russian language adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, approximately during the tenth century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Originally the yer denoted an ultra-short or reduced middle rounded vowel. Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. Its companion is the front yer, now known as the soft sign in Russian and as er malək in Bulgaria (Ь, ь), which was originally also a reduced vowel, more frontal than the ъ, and which is today used to mark the palatalization of consonants in all of the Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet, except for Serbian and Macedonian, where it is not used although its traces can be seen in the letters њ and љ. The soft sign (Ь ь is a symbol in the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Old Slavic language, it represented a short -like vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The two reduced vowels are together called the yers in Slavic philology.

Contents

Original use

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the yer was a vowel letter, indicating the so-called "reduced vowel": ъ = [ŭ], ь = [ĭ] in the conventional transcription. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ These vowels stemmed from the Indo-European short /u/ and /i/ (compare Latin angulus and Old Church Slavonic ѫгълъ /ɔ̃gŭlŭ/). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In all West Slavic languages the yer either disappeared or was transformed into /e/, according to Havlík's law. The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. Havlík's law is a Slavic rhythmic law dealing with the reduced vowels (known as jers or yers) in Proto-Slavic.

Russian language

Old Russian: Yer

In Old and Middle Russian, the yers were dropped entirely in "weak" positions, and were replaced by non-reduced vowels in "strong" positions. Modern Russian inflection is therefore at times complicated by the so-called "transitive" (lit. беглые [ˈbʲe. glɨjə] "fugitive" or "fleeting") vowels, which appear and disappear in place of a former yer. For example:

The basic rule governing the fall of the yers in Russian may be stated as follows:

Simply put, in a string of Old Russian syllables each of which has a reduced vowel, the reduced vowels are in modern Russian alternately given full voicing and drop, and the last yer in this sequence will drop. There are some exceptions to this rule, usually considered to be the result of analogy with other words or other inflected forms of the same word, with a different original pattern of reduced vowels.

Since the usage of the terminal yer died out between the 15th and the 19th centuries (коммерсантъ was pronounced the same as коммерсант), it fell into disuse and was suppressed by the reform of 1918 as considered an allusion to rich bourgeoisie by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Today its usage is nothing more than humorous and can sometimes be encountered on runet. Runet ( Руне́т, short for Russian Internet) is the name Russian-speaking Internet users commonly use to call the segment of Internet written or understood

Modern Russian: Hard sign

In modern Russian the letter "ъ" is called the hard sign. It has no phonetic value of its own, and is purely an orthographic device. Its function is to separate a number of prefixes ending in a consonant from a following morpheme that begins with an iotated vowel and is therefore written with one of the letters "я", "ё", "е", or "ю" (that are pronounced as ya, yo, ye and yu only in Russian and Bulgarian languages). Iotation is a form of Palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. The hard sign marks the fact that the [j] continues to be heard in the composition. Example:

It therefore functions as a kind of "separation sign" and has been used only sparingly in the aforementioned cases since the spelling reform of 1918. The consonant before the hard sign often becomes somewhat softened (palatalized) due to the following iotation. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process As a result, in the twentieth century there were occasional proposals to eliminate the hard sign altogether, and replace it with the soft sign ь, which always marks the softening of a consonant. However, in part because the degree of softening before ъ is not uniform, these proposals were never implemented. The hard sign ъ is written after both native and borrowed prefixes. In recent years, it has sometimes been seen in borrowed words before the letter и, to mark a greater separation of the constituent syllables (the letter и does not mark an iotated vowel). Such written usage has not yet been formally codified (See also Russian phonology and Russian orthography). See also Russian language For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Russian for Wikipedia articles see HelpIPA for Russian This article discusses Russian orthography (правописание ˈpravəpʲɪˈsanʲjə is formally considered to encompass Spelling (орфография jə and Punctuation (пунктуация

Old Russian: Hard sign

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the hard sign was marked by an apostrophe (') as first determined by Peter the Great and used throughout the Romanov Dynasty. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Examples:

Bulgarian language

In Bulgarian, the er golyam is used for phoneme representing the mid back unrounded vowel (IPA /ɤ̞/), sometimes also notated as a schwa (/ə/). Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The close-mid back unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ɤ In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral It sounds approximately somewhere between the Russian 'o' and 'э'.

Since there is almost no palatalization in between the vowels in Bulgarian, no hard sign was ever used. Some old words might still occur with an apostrophe instead.

Belarusian language

The letter is absent in the alphabets of the Belarusian. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova In the Cyrillic Belarusian alphabet its functions are performed by the apostrophe or й. In the Latin Belarusian alphabet (Łacinka) functions of soft and hard signs are performed by j. The Belarusian Latin alphabet (also known as Latsinka (in BGN/PCGN) or Łacinka (in itself from лацінка, informal for the Latin alphabet

Ukrainian language

In Ukrainian, the hard sign is not used. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Its purpose (non-palatalization of a consonant preceding the [j]) is served by an apostrophe. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal

Dictionary

yer

-pronoun

  1. your
  2. you're
  3. (less commonly) you
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