| Yenisei River | |
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| Origin | Tuva (Russia), Darkhad Valley (Mongolia) |
| Mouth | Arctic Ocean |
| Basin countries | Russia, Mongolia |
| Length | 5,539 km (3,445 mi) |
| Avg. Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Tyva Republic (Респу́блика Тыва́ Respublika Tyva, rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva Тыва Республика Tyva Respublika) or Tuva Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Darkhad valley (Дархадын хотгор Darkhadyn Khotgor is a large Valley in northwestern Khövsgöl aimag, Mongolia Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East discharge | 19,600 m³/s (692,272 ft³/s) |
| Basin area | 2,580,000 km² (996,138 mi²) |
Yenisey (Russian: Енисе́й) is the greatest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean, and at 5,539 km (3,445 mi) is the fifth longest river in the world. In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1000 kilometers Rising in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea, draining a large part of central Siberia, the longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Yenisei Gulf (Енисейский залив is a large and long estuary through which the lower Yenisei River flows into the Kara Sea. The Kara Sea ( Russian: Ка́рское мо́ре is part of the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving
The upper reaches, subject to rapids and flooding, pass through sparsely populated areas. The middle section is controlled by a series of massive hydroelectric dams fuelling significant Russian primary industry. Partly built by gulag labor in Soviet times, industrial contamination remains a serious problem in an area hard to police. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Moving on through sparsely-populated taiga, the Yenisei swells with numerous tributaries and finally reaches the Kara Sea in desolate tundra where it is icebound for more than half the year. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons
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Upper Yenisey
The Yenisey rises in two major headstreams: the Bolshoi (greater) Yenisey also known as the Bii-Khem (Бий-Хем) rises in the Tuva region on the S flank of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and north of the Tannu-Ola Mountains at ; the Malyy (lesser) Yenisey· also known as the Kaa-Khem (Каа-Хем) rises in the Darkhad (rift) valley in Mongolia. Tyva Republic (Респу́блика Тыва́ Respublika Tyva, rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva Тыва Республика Tyva Respublika) or Tuva The Sayan Mountains (Саяны Sayany; Kokmen Mountains during the period of the Göktürks) are a Mountain range in southern The Tannu-Ola mountains ( Tuvan: tyv Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula mountains) is a mountain range in southern Siberia, in the Tuva Republic Darkhad valley (Дархадын хотгор Darkhadyn Khotgor is a large Valley in northwestern Khövsgöl aimag, Mongolia In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Recent research has shown that the narrow exit to the Darkhad Valley has regularly been blocked by ice producing a lake as large as neighbouring Lake Khövsgöl. HovsgolDalaijpg|thumb|right|Mountains on the western shore]] Lake Khövsgöl (Хөвсгөл нуур Khövsgöl nuur, classic script: Köbsügül naɣur When the glaciers retreated (the last time 9300 years BP) as much as 500 km³ of water would have escaped, possibly catastrophically.
Lake Baikal headwater
The 320 km (partly navigable) Upper Angara River feeds into the northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from the Selenga which forms a delta on the south-eastern side. Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia The Upper Angara River (Верхняя Ангара is a river in Siberia. Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Buryat Republic (Респу́блика Буря́тия Буряад Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) The Selenga (Селенга or Selenge (Сэлэнгэ гол Сэлэнгэ мөрөн is a river in Mongolia and Russia. The longest tributaries rise on the eastern slopes of central Mongolia's Khangai Mountains. The Khangai mountains ( mongolian mn Хангайн нуруу Khangain nuruu) are a mountain range in central Mongolia, some 400 kilometres west of Another tributary, the Tuul passes through the Mongolian capital, Ulan Bator while the Egiin Gol drains Lake Khövsgöl. Tuul River (Туул гол tuul gol; in older sources also Tola) is a river in central and northern Mongolia. Ulan Bator, or Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар is the Capital and largest city of Mongolia. The Egiin gol (Эгийн гол is a river in the Khövsgöl and Bulgan provinces in northern Mongolia. HovsgolDalaijpg|thumb|right|Mountains on the western shore]] Lake Khövsgöl (Хөвсгөл нуур Khövsgöl nuur, classic script: Köbsügül naɣur
Angara River
The Angara River (Ангара́) river drains Lake Baikal and runs 1840 km from the regional capital Irkutsk to converge with the Yenisei at Strelka (). Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Irkutsk (Ирку́тск Эрхүү Erkhüü; Эрхүү Erkhüü) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of It is dammed in four places to power local industry. The 44m dam at Irkutsk produces 650 MW. Bratsk lies 500 km downstream, where the 124 m dam built in the 1960s produces 4500 MW. Bratsk (Братск is a city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Angara River near the vast Bratsk Reservoir. Bratsk hydroelectric plant (named 50 years of Great October) is the second level of the Angara River hydroelectric stations cascade in Irkutsk Oblast, The resultant reservoir is nicknamed Dragon Lake because of its outline. The tributary Oka and Iya rivers, which rise on the north slopes of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, form the 'jaws' and 400 km of the Angara form the 'tail'. The Sayan Mountains (Саяны Sayany; Kokmen Mountains during the period of the Göktürks) are a Mountain range in southern There are newer dams almost as large at Ust-Ilimsk 250 km downstream (also damming the tributary Ilim river) and Boguchany a further 400 km downstream (not operational). Ust-Ilimsk (Усть-Или́мск is a city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Angara River. Further dams are planned but the environmental consequences of completely taming the Angara are leading to protests which may prevent funding.
Angarsk, the center of the expanding Eastern Siberian oil industry and site of a huge Yukos-owned refinery, lies 50 km downstream of Irkutsk. Angarsk (Анга́рск is a city in Irkutsk Oblast, South-East Siberia, Russia. Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС was a Petroleum company in Russia which until recently was controlled by Russian A major pipeline takes oil west, and a new one is being built to carry oil east for supply to Japan from the Sea of Japan port of Nakhodka. The Sea of Japan is a Marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea and Russia Nakhodka (Нахо́дка is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia. The exact potential of Eastern Siberia is unknown, but two new major fields are the Kovyktinskoye field near Zhigalovo 200 km north of Irkutsk and the extremely remote Verkhnechonskoye field 500 km north of Irkutsk on the Central Siberian Plateau. The Central Siberian Plateau (Среднесиби́рское плоского́рье is made up of sharply demarcated surfaces of varying altitudes occupying most of Siberia
Lower Yenisei
The Great Kaz joins the Yenisei 300 km downstream from Strelka. It is noteworthy for its connection to the Ob via Ob-Yenisei canal and Ket River. Ob River (Обь also Obi, is a major river in West Siberia, Russia, the country's fourth longest Ob-Yenisei Canal, also known as Ket-Kas Canal is a disused waterway that connected the basins of the rivers Ob and Yenisei in Siberia The river starts to widen, its bed being littered with islands as numerous rivers augment its flow, in particular 1800 km Stony (Podkamennaya) Tunguska, and the 3000 km Lower (Nizhnyaya) Tunguska at Turukhansk draining the desolate central Siberian Plateau from the east. Turukhansk (Туруха́нск is a village ( selo) in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The remote Tunguska (Тунгуска) region is most famous for the 1908 meteorite impact, but is now being explored for oil. The Tunguska Event, or Tunguska explosion, was a powerful Explosion that occurred near the Podkamennaya (Lower Stony Tunguska River in what is now Beyond Turukhansk, the river enters tundra territory. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons
The river is icebound for more than half the year, and if unchecked ice could dam the river causing major flooding. Explosives are used to keep the water flowing. The final town is Dudinka which is connected to Krasnoyarsk by regular passenger boat. Dudinka (Дуди́нка is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The river widens to a 50 km estuary, the Yenisei Gulf, for its final 250 km and the shipping lanes are kept open by icebreaker.
During the ice age, the route to the Arctic was blocked by ice. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets Though the exact details are unclear, the Yenisei is believed to have flowed into a huge lake filling much of western Siberia, eventually flowing into the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey (See West Siberian Glacial Lake of the early Weichselian Glaciation)
Navigation
The first team to navigate the Yenisey's entire length, including its violent upper tributary in Mongolia, was an Australian-Canadian effort completed in September 2001. The West Siberian Glacial Lake, also known as West Siberian Lake, or Mansiyskoe Lake (Мансийское озеро was a Periglacial lake formed when "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river Ben Kozel, Tim Cope, Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this team. Ben Kozel is an Australian author and film maker Literary career Three Men in a Raft, 2002 ISBN 0-330-36460-X Five Months Colin Angus is a Canadian author and adventurer who is best known for claiming to have been the first person to make a self-propelled circumnavigation of the world within the Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition, and a documentary was produced for National Geographic Television.
History
Ancient nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people lived along its banks. Kets ( Кеты in Russian) are a Siberian people who speak the Ket language. Yugh people (pronounced "yook" often written Yug) were part of an indigenous group believed to be survivors of an ancient people who originally lived throughout The Ket, numbering about 1000, are the only survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia near the river banks. Their extinct relatives included the Kotts, Assans, Arins, Baikots, and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south. The modern Ket lived in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries. [1]
Gallery
 the bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, view from the left bank |
 Vantovyjj most, the bridge in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, view from the left bank |
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References
- ^ Vajda, Edward G. . The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples. Retrieved on 2006-10-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
Tim Cope's Yenisei River journey was recorded at, http://www.timcopejourneys.com/index.pl?page=44
External links
- Information and a Map of the Yenisei's Watershed
- Bratsk Dam and Angara Photos
- Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam
- Krasnoyarsk Dam
- Yenisei Nature Photos (Krasnoyarsk Area)
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