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For other uses, see Yellow Peril (disambiguation).
"The Yellow Terror In All His Glory", 1899 editorial cartoon
"The Yellow Terror In All His Glory", 1899 editorial cartoon

Yellow Peril (sometimes Yellow Terror) was a color metaphor for race that originated in the late nineteenth century with immigration of Chinese laborers to various Western countries, notably the United States, and later to the Japanese during the mid 20th century due to Japanese military expansion. In most societies and by some anthropologists color terminology was used to label races sometimes in addition to a non-color term for the same race. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term refers to the skin color of East Asians, and the belief that the mass immigration of Asians threatened white wages and standards of living. Human skin color can range from almost black (due to very high concentrations of the dark brown pigment melanin to nearly colorless (appearing reddish white due to the Blood

Many sources credit Kaiser Wilhelm II with coining the phrase "Yellow Peril" (in German, "gelbe Gefahr") in September 1895.

In 1898, British writer M. P. Shiel published a short story serial titled The Yellow Danger. Matthew Phipps Shiel (his surname was originally spelled Shiell ( July 21 1865 &ndash February 17 1947) was a prolific British writer Shiel took advantage of the murder of two German missionaries in Kiau-Tschou in 1897 to spread his anti-Chinese feelings. The Jiaozhou Bay ( was a German colonial concession which existed from 1898 to 1914 In later editions the serial was named The Yellow Peril.

The phrase "yellow peril" was common in the U. S. newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash It was also the title of a popular book by an influential U. S. religious figure, G. G. Rupert, who published The Yellow Peril; or, Orient vs. Occident in 1911. Based on the phrase "the kings from the East" in the Christian scriptural verse Revelation 16:12,[1] Rupert, who believed in the doctrine of British Israelism, claimed that China, India, Japan and Korea were attacking England and the U. British Israelism (sometimes called Anglo-Israelism) is the belief that many early Britons, Europeans and/or their royal families were direct lineal descendants S. , but that Jesus Christ would stop them. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [2]

While immigration of Asians was not a major issue in Europe, the rise of Japan as a major world power was a cause of anxiety for some Europeans.

Contents

United States

The notion of "yellow peril" manifested itself in government policy with the U. S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which reduced Chinese immigration from 30,000 per year to just 105. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6 1882 following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 [3] Exclusion was ultimately extended to all non-citizens of Asian racial background. [4] The labor leader Samuel Gompers argued: "The superior whites had to exclude the inferior Asiatics, by law, or, if necessary, by force of arms. Samuel Gompers (January 27 1850 - December 13 1924 was an American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. "

In 1920, the author Lothrop Stoddard wrote The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy arguing against Asian immigration, claiming immigrants threatened American society, with their presence a "peril. Lothrop Stoddard ( June 29, 1883 &ndash May 1, 1950) born Theodore Lothrop Stoddard, was an American political theorist The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy is a book by Lothrop Stoddard published in 1920 "

Lynching of Asian immigrants by vigilante groups were common in the early 1900s, paralleling the activities of the Ku Klux Klan and related groups in the South against African Americans. Lynching is an Extrajudicial punishment meted out by a mob Lynching an enumerated Felony in some states in the United States, is defined by some A vigilante is a person who ignores Due process of law and enacts their own form of Justice in response to a perception of insufficient response by the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa California academics such as David Starr Jordan and politicians such as James D. Phelan (who ran for mayor of San Francisco and United States Senate on the platform of "Keeping California White") were firm believers in the "yellow peril", and the politics of Washington highlighted "yellow peril". California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist James Duval Phelan ( April 20, 1861 San Francisco California - August 7, 1930) was an American Politician The Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the government of San Francisco, California. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The fear of the yellow peril reached its peak during World War II after the Japanese navy's attack on Pearl Harbor. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The Yellow Peril as the primary form of West Coast racism and as a factor in politics seemed to die out in the mid-20th century, perhaps due to guilt over the Japanese American internment during World War II, stigmatization of racism in general as the Nazi ideology, or Cold War geopolitical alignments which cut across racial lines. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and Internment of approximately 110000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to housing World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Also, on returning from internment, Japanese Americans largely abandoned the West Coast agricultural areas where rural whites had resented them as competitors, for the urban areas which became larger and more cosmopolitan during the war and its aftermath.

In the 1930s and 40s, the term "Yellow Peril" referred to Japanese military expansion.

The N3N, a biplane used to train carrier pilots at the start of World War II was nicknamed the "Yellow Peril" in part because of a brightly colored paint job intended to alert everyone around that a novice pilot was flying it; and in part because the plane itself had poorly designed landing gear which gave it a tendency to "ground loop," that is, destabilize and cartwheel on landing. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including At the conclusion of World War II, the remaining stock of N3N's were transferred from active service to the Naval Academy, where they remained in service until 1960. A Naval Academy is a national institution that provides undergraduate level education for prospective Naval officers Many nations support naval academies some of which are [5]

In the 1980s the Yellow Peril concept was revived as the U. S. was in intense competition with Japan over industrial supremacy. The beating death of Chinese-American Vincent Chin in 1982 outside Detroit by U. Vincent Jen Chin ( 1955 &ndash June 23, 1982) was a Chinese American beaten to death in June 1982 in the United States, in the Detroit S. auto workers was a hate crime motivated by fear of Asian economic competition.

The Yellow Peril is a major topic of study in Asian American studies. Asian American Studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Asian ancestry in America

Australia

Main article: White Australia policy

The White Australia policy is a generic term used to describe a collection of historical legislation and policies, intended to restrict non-white immigration to Australia, and to promote Western European immigration, from 1901 to 1973. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from However, the Policy started unravelling some decades earlier than this, with reforms starting in the 1940s that encouraged non-British and non-white immigration. From 1973 onwards, the White Australia policy was legally defunct, and in 1975 the Australian Government passed the 1975 Racial Discrimination Act which made racially-based selection criteria illegal. Despite the abolition, the legacy of the purpose of White Australia Policy continues to this day in Australia in various forms. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from

New Zealand

The "yellow peril" was a significant part of the policy platform promoted by Richard Seddon, a populist New Zealand prime minister, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Richard John Seddon ( 27 April 1845 - 10 June 1906) sometimes known as King Dick, was the longest serving Prime Minister New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Measures designed to curb Chinese immigration included a substantial poll tax following Imperial Japan's invasion and occupation of China, which was abolished in 1944 and for which the New Zealand government has since issued a formal apology. A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a Tax of a uniform fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income The politics of New Zealand takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Monarchy.

See also: Lionel Terry

Yellow Peril in fiction

Fu Manchu characters

The Yellow Peril was a common theme in the fiction of the time. Edward Lionel Terry (1873-1952 was a New Zealand White supremacist and murderer incarcerated in psychiatric institutions after murdering a Chinese immigrant Mr Perhaps most representative of this is Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu novels. Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward ( 15 February 1883 - 1 June 1959) better known as Sax Rohmer, was a prolific English Novelist Dr Fu Manchu is a Fictional character first featured in a series of novels by English author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century The Fu Manchu character is believed to have been patterned on the antagonist of the 1898 Yellow Peril series by British writer M. P. Shiel. (See above; see also M.P. Shiel). Matthew Phipps Shiel (his surname was originally spelled Shiell ( July 21 1865 &ndash February 17 1947) was a prolific British writer

In the late 1950s, Atlas Comics debuted the Yellow Claw, a Fu Manchu pastiche. Atlas Comics is the 1950s Comic book Publishing company that would evolve into Marvel Comics. The Yellow Claw is a fictional Comic book Supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe, created by EC Comics great However, a growing realization of the racist nature of the character archetype led to the villain having a handsome young Asian FBI agent, James Woo, being his principal opponent. Other characters inspired by Rohmer's Fu Manchu include Pao Tcheou. Pao Tcheou is a Fictional character from a series of French novels

A 1977 Doctor Who serial, The Talons of Weng-Chiang, builds a science fiction plot upon another loose Fu Manchu pastiche. Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The Talons of Weng-Chiang is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast In this case, the key "yellow devil" character serves to enable an ill-intentioned time traveller from the fifty-first century.

Yellow Peril: The Adventures of Sir John Weymouth-Smythe, by Richard Jaccoma (1978) is both a pastiche and a benign parody of the Sax Rohmer novels. Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward ( 15 February 1883 - 1 June 1959) better known as Sax Rohmer, was a prolific English Novelist [6] As the title suggests, it's a distillation of the trope, focusing on the psychosexual stereotype of the seductive Asian woman as well that of the ruthless Mongol conqueror that underlies much of supposed threat to Western civilization. Written for a sophisticated modern audience, it uses the traditional use of first-person narrative to portray the nominal hero Sir John Weymouth-Smythe as simultaneously a lecher and a prude, torn between his desires and Victorian sensibilities but unable to acknowledge, much less resolve, his conflicted impulses. The cover blurbs for the paperback edition declaim "Erotic adventure in the style of the original 'pulps'" and "'A Porno-Fairytale-Occult-Thriller!' —Village Voice. This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. " It is clearly in the same line as the contemporaneous works of Philip José Farmer, "updating" Rohmer the way Farmer updated Edgar Rice Burroughs, Lester Dent and Walter B. Gibson. Philip José Farmer (born January 26 1918) is an American Author, principally known for his Science fiction and fantasy Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero Lester Dent ( October 12, 1904 &ndash March 11, 1959) was a prolific pulp fiction author of numerous stories best known as the main Walter Brown Gibson ( September 12, 1897 - December 6, 1985) was an American Author and a professional magician best

Others

The "Yellow Peril" was a frequent theme of pulp fiction in the early twentieth century. Pulp magazines (or pulp fiction; often referred to as "the pulps" were inexpensive Fiction magazines The Swedish author Sven Lindqvist has pointed out that several science fiction novels from the time depicting cataclysmic clashes of civilizations take particular relish in describing the ultimate defeat of the Chinese, as compared to Africans or communists. Dr Sven Lindqvist (born April 28, 1932) is a Swedish author Sven Lindqvist was born in Stockholm in 1932

Jack London's 1914 story The Unparalleled Invasion, taking place in a fictional 1975, described a China with an ever-increasing population taking over and colonising its neighbors, with the intention of eventually taking over the entire Earth. Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Thereupon the nations of the West open biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases - among them smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, and Black Death — with all Chinese attempting to flee being shot down by armies and navies massed around their country's land and sea borders, and the few survivors of the plague invariably put to death by "mopping up" expeditions entering China. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia

This genocide, described in considerable detail, is throughout the book described as justified and "the only possible solution to the Chinese problem", and nowhere is there mentioned any objection to it. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The terms "Yellow Race", "Yellow crowds in streets", "yellow faces" and the like are frequently repeated throughout the story. It ends with the edifying spectacle of "The Sanitation of China" and its re-settlement by Western settlers, "the democratic American programme" as London puts it. [7]

Philip Francis Nowlan's novella Armageddon 2419 A.D., which first appeared in the August 1928 and was the start of the long-lasting popular Buck Rogers series, depicted a future America which had been occupied and colonised by cruel invaders from China, which the hero and his friends proceed to fight and kill wholesale. Philip Francis Nowlan (b 1888 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, d A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. Armageddon 2419 AD is Philip Francis Nowlan 's Novella which first appeared in the August 1928 issue of the pulp magazine Amazing Stories Buck Rogers is a fictional character who first appeared in 1928 as Anthony Rogers the hero of two Novellas by Philip Francis Nowlan published in the magazine China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Robert A. Heinlein's novel Sixth Column depicts American resistance to an invasion by a blatantly racist and genocidally cruel "PanAsian" empire. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Sixth Column, also known under the title The Day After Tomorrow, is a Science fiction Novel by Robert A Pan-Asianism is an ideology that Asian countries and peoples share similar values and similar histories and should be united politically or culturally

H. P. Lovecraft was in constant fear of Asiatic culture engulfing the world, and a few of his stories reflect this, such as The Horror At Red Hook, where "slant-eyed immigrants practice nameless rites in honor of heathen gods by the light of the moon", and He, where the protagonist is given a glimpse of the future - the "yellow men" have conquered the world, and now dance to their drums over the ruins of the white man. Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy

Yellow Peril is a book by Wang Lixiong, written under the pseudonym Bao Mi, about a civil war in the People's Republic of China that becomes a nuclear exchange and soon engulfs the world, causing World War III. Yellow Peril (黃禍 Huang Huo is a 1991 novel by Wang Lixiong, written in Chinese under the pseudonym Bao Mi (lit Wang Lixiong is a Chinese writer and intellectual He was born in 1953 at Changchun in Manchuria. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES World War III (also WWIII, or Third World War) denotes a successor to World War II (1939&ndash1945 that would be on a global scale with It's notable for Wang Lixiong's politics, as a Chinese dissident and outspoken activist; its publication following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989; and its popularity due to bootleg distribution across China even when the book was banned by the Communist Party of China. Wang Lixiong is a Chinese writer and intellectual He was born in 1953 at Changchun in Manchuria. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the [8]

The Yellow Peril is the nickname of Vault (sculpture), a controversial public art sculpture by Ron Robertson-Swann, in Melbourne, Australia. Vault is a public sculpture located in Melbourne, Australia. The work of sculptor Ron Robertson-Swann, Vault is an Ron Robertson-Swann OAM (born 1941 Sydney) is an Australian sculptor best known for his controversial abstract public sculpture Vault (1980

References

  1. ^ Revelation 16:12 (New King James Version). BibleGateway. com. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
  2. ^ NYU’s "Archivist of the Yellow Peril" Exhibit. Boas Blog (2006-08-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
  3. ^ Gabriel J. Chin, Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration, 46 UCLA Law Review 1 (1998) (discussing racial motivations for Asian Exclusion Laws)
  4. ^ Gabriel J. Chin, The Civil Rights Revolution Comes to Immigration Law: A New Look at the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 75 North Carolina Law Review 273(1996)
  5. ^ Naval Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
  6. ^ Richard Jaccoma (1978). "Yellow Peril": The Adventures of Sir John Weymouth-Smythe : a Novel. Richard Marek Publishers. ISBN 0399900071.  
  7. ^ THE UNPARALLELED INVASION. The Jack London Online Collection. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
  8. ^ 1999 World Press Freedom Review. IPI International Press Institute. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)

Publications

Yellow Peril, Collection of British Novels 1895-1913, in 7 vols. , edited by Yorimitsu Hashimoto, Tokyo: Edition Synapse. ISBN 978-4-86166-031-3

Yellow Peril, Collection of Historical Sources, in 5 vols. , edited by Yorimitsu Hashimoto, Tokyo: Edition Synapse. ISBN 978-4-86166-033-7

See also

External links

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