Yarn

Spools of thread

Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Sewing or stitching is the fastening of Cloth, Leather, Furs Bark, or other flexible materials using needle and Crochet (kroʊˈʃeɪ is a process of creating fabric from Yarn or thread using a Crochet hook. "Knit" redirects here See also KNIT and Knitted fabric. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Embroidery is the Art or Handicraft of decorating fabric or other Materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch Fabric or other material together with Thread. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing. Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their ^[1] Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery. Machine embroidery is a term that can be used to describe two different actions

Structure

See main article Spinning (textiles)

A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which initiated the Industrial Revolution

Z- and S-twist yarn

Spun yarn is made by twisting or otherwise bonding staple fibers together to make a cohesive thread. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread The spinning jenny is a multi- Spool Spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn Staple is a term referring to naturally formed clusters or locks of Wool fibres throughout a fleece that are held together by cross fibres Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. ^[2] Twisting fibers into yarn in the process called spinning can be dated back to the Upper Paleolithic^[3], and yarn spinning was one of the very first processes to be industrialized. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Spun yarns may contain a single type of fiber, or be a blend of various types. Combining synthetic fibers (which have high strength, artificial lustre, and fire retardant qualities) with natural fibers (which have good water absorbance and skin comforting qualities) is very common. Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive research by Scientists to improve upon naturally occurring Animal and plant The most widely used blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fiber blends. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Acrylic fibers are Synthetic fibers made from a polymer ( Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100000 Blends of different natural fibers are common too, especially with more expensive fibers such as angora and cashmere. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. Cashmere wool, usually simply known as cashmere, and sometimes known as Pashmina, is a fiber obtained from the Cashmere goat.

Yarns are made up of a number of plies, each ply being a single spun yarn. In the Textile arts, plying is a process used to create a strong balanced Yarn. These single plies of yarn are twisted in the opposite direction (plied) together to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will be known as s-twist or z-twist. For a single ply, the direction of the final twist is the same as its original twist.

Filament yarn consists of filament fibers twisted together. Thicker monofilaments are typically used for industrial purposes rather than fabric production or decoration. Monofilament line is a thin string made from a single Fiber. Most Fishing line is made from monofilament because of its strength availability in all pound-test kinds Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons

Texturized yarns are made by a process of air texturizing (sometimes referred to as taslanizing), which combines multiple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns. Taslanizing or the Taslan process is the copyrighted trade name for air textured Yarns In German the word is Luftex

Measurement

Craft yarns

Cat with a ball of blue yarn. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic

Yarn quantities are usually measured by weight in ounces or grams. In the United States, Canada and Europe, balls of yarn for handcrafts are sold by weight. Common sizes include 25g, 50g, and 100g skeins. Some companies also primarily measure in ounces with common sizes being three-ounce, four-ounce, six-ounce, and eight-ounce skeins. This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force. These measurements are taken at a standard temperature and humidity, because yarn can absorb moisture from the air. The actual length of the yarn contained in a ball or skein can vary due to the inherent heaviness of the fiber and the thickness of the strand; for instance, a 50 g skein of lace weight mohair may contain several hundred meters, while a 50 g skein of bulky wool may contain only 60 meters.

There are several thicknesses of yarn, also referred to as weight. This is not to be confused with the measurement of weight listed above. The Craft Yarn Council of America is making an effort to promote a standardized industry system for measuring this, numbering the weights from 1 (finest) to 6 (heaviest)^[4]. Some of the names for the various weights of yarn from finest to thickest are called lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. This naming convention is more descriptive than precise; fiber artists disagree about where on the continuum each lies, and the precise relationships between the sizes.

A more precise measurement of yarn weight, often used by weavers, is wraps per inch (wpi). The yarn is wrapped snugly around a ruler and the number of wraps that fit in an inch are counted.

Labels on yarn for handcrafts often include information on gauge, known in the UK as tension, which is a measurement of how many stitches and rows are produced per inch or per centimeter on a specified size of knitting needle or crochet hook. In Knitting, the word Gauge, technical abbreviation GG refers to "Knitting Machines" fineness size (not to the proportion thickness or fineness of the finished knitted The proposed standardization uses a four-by-four inch/ten-by-ten centimeter knitted or crocheted square, with the resultant number of stitches across and rows high made by the suggested tools on the label to determine the gauge.

In Europe textile engineers often use the unit tex, which is the weight in grams of a kilometer of yarn, or decitex, which is a finer measurement corresponding to the weight in grams of 10 kilometers of yarn. Denier Denier is a unit of measure for the Linear mass density of Fibers. Many other units have been used over time by different industries.

Thread

Spool of all purpose sewing thread, closeup shows texture of 2-ply Z-twist mercerized cotton with polyester core.

Most types of embroidery thread come in a single size or weight; an exception is pearl or perle cotton, which comes in three weights, No. 3 (heaviest), No. 5, and No. 8 (finest). ^[5]

Color

Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum. Conner Prairie is a living history Museum in Fishers Indiana, USA, that preserves the historic William Conner home and recreates part of

self-striping yarn

Yarn may be used undyed, or may be colored with natural or artificial dyes. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Most yarns have a single uniform hue, but there is also a wide selection of variegated yarns:

• heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different colored fiber
• ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a single hue
• multi-colored: variegated yarn with two or more distinct hues (a "parrot colorway" might have green, yellow and red)
• self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of color that will automatically create stripes in a knitted or crocheted object
• marled: yarn made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together, sometimes in closely-related hues

See also

• Embroidery thread
• List of novelty yarns
• Textile manufacturing
• Electrically conducting yarn
• Dye lot
• Crochet thread

Notes

1. ^ Kadolph, Sara J. Novelty yarns are Yarns with an interesting texture or other notably unusual features that distinguish them from ordinary yarn like Cotton and Wool. Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest human industries The oldest known Textiles date back to about 5000 B An electrically conducting yarn is Yarn that conducts Electricity. A dye lot is a record taken during the Dyeing of Yarn to identify yarn that received its coloration in the same Vat at the same time Crochet thread is specially formulated Thread usually made from Mercerized cotton for crafting decorative Crochet items such as doilies , ed. : Textiles, 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 203
2. ^ Kadolph, Textiles, p. 197
3. ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland: Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years, W. W. Norton, 1994, p. 44
4. ^ Standards & Guidelines for Crochet & KNitting
5. ^ Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Needlework. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). ISBN 0-89577-059-8, p. 8

External links