The Yangzhou riot of August 22-23, 1868 was a brief crisis in Anglo-Chinese relations during the late Qing Dynasty. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The crisis was fomented by the gentry of Yangzhou who opposed the presence of foreign Christian missionaries in the city, who claimed that they were legally residing under the provisions of the Convention of Peking. Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the Emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Sui Dynasty to Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. See also Evangelism, Christianization A Christian mission has been widely defined since the Lausanne Congress of 1974 as that which The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the Threats against the missionaries were circulated by large character posters placed around the city. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Rumors followed that the foreigners were stealing babies and killing them to make medicine.
The riot that resulted was an angry crowd of Chinese estimated at eight to ten thousand who assaulted the premises of the British China Inland Mission in Yangzhou by looting, burning and attacking the missionaries led by Hudson Taylor. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before that the China Inland Mission before 1964 is an interdenominational Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. Youth and early work Taylor was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England, the son of a chemist ( Pharmacist) and Methodist No one was killed, however several of the missionaries were injured as they were forced to flee for their lives.
As a result of the report of the riot, the British consul in Shanghai, Sir Walter Henry Medhurst took seventy Royal marines in a Man of war and steamed up the Yangtze River to Nanjing in a controversial show of force that eventually resulted in an official apology from the Chinese government under Viceroy Zeng Guofan and financial restitution made to the C. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Sir Walter Henry Medhurst, born in Batavia in 1822 died in Torquay in 1885 British diplomat in China. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy A man-of-war (also man of war, man-o'-war or simply man) is an armed naval vessel ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Zeng Guofan ( Pinyin: Zēng Guófán Wade-Giles: Tseng Kuo-fan Styled Bóhán 伯函 and variably Díshēng 滌生 Posthumous I. M. as well as the restoration of the house that they had purchased in the city. Hudson Taylor and other Christian missionaries in China at that time were often accused of using gunboats to spread the gospel. A gunboat is literally a Boat carrying one or more Guns The term is rather broad and the usual connotation has changed over the years (sometimes encompassing This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament However, none of the missionaries had requested or desired the military intervention[1].
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Prelude
There was an orphanage in Yangzhou operated by a French Roman Catholic where a number of infants had died of natural causes. Early life Son of James Morrison a Scottish farm laborer and Hannah Nicholson an English woman who were both active members of the Scottish Presbyterian Church. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The following is a Timeline of the History of China. Between the changing of the dynasties, most dates overlap as ruling periods do not transfer immediately This timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a sampling of missionary outreach events Christianity in China is a growing minority religion that comprises Protestants (called 基督教 Jī dū jiào or Christ Religion) Catholics See also Christianity in China First Centuries Some Christian tradition suggests that St See also Christianity in China The second major thrust of Christianity into China occurred during the Thirteenth century. The history of the missions of the Jesuits in China in the early modern era stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and See also Protestantism in China China and the West were virtually unaware of each other’s civilizations until the nineteenth century Life Born at Pyritz, Pomerania, he was apprenticed to a Saddler in Stettin, but was able to secure admission to Padagogium in Youth and early work Taylor was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England, the son of a chemist ( Pharmacist) and Methodist The Lammermuir Party of 1866 May 26, 1866 &ndash September 30, 1866) !-->was a British Protestant Christian Virginia plantation roots Moon was born to affluent parents who were staunch Baptists Anna Maria Barclay and Edward Harris Moon The Cambridge Seven were seven students from Cambridge University, who in 1885 decided to become missionaries in China; the seven were Charles Eric Henry Liddell ( January 16, 1902 – February 21, 1945) was a Scottish athlete and Rugby Union international Beginning in 1807 with the arrival of Robert Morrison of the London Missionary Society and ending in 1953 with the departure of Arthur and Wilda Mathews of the OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before that the China Inland Mission before 1964 is an interdenominational The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational Missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM was the first American Christian foreign mission agency The Church Mission Society, known as the Church Missionary Society in Australia and New Zealand is a group of evangelistic societies working with the Anglican Church American Presbyterian Mission was an American Presbyterian missionary society operated by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Main article List of Protestant missionary societies Protestant missionary societies in China 1807-1953 See also Bible translations (Taiwanese The creation of Chinese Bible Translations began in the nineteenth century but availability only became widespread in the early Medical missions in China by Protestant Christian Physicians and Surgeons of the 19th and early 20th centuries laid many foundations for modern The Manchurian revival of 1908 was a period of spiritual renewal in the life of the Protestant Christians at churches and mission stations in Manchuria The following colleges and universities were originally founded by Christian organizations Colleges and universities Anglo-Chinese College Xiamen A List of Chinese Christian Hymn Books published between 1807-1912 The Romanization of Chinese is the use of the Latin alphabet to write Chinese Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The Taiping Rebellion or Rebellion of Great Peace was a large-scale Revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Government in China The Opium Wars ( also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late The Tianjin Massacre ( Chinese: 天津教案 Pinyin: Tiānjīn Jiào'àn occurred in Tianjin in 1870 The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Liang Fa (梁發 Pinyin: Liang2 Fa1 (梁發 1789 - 1855 was the first Chinese Protestant minister and evangelist. Keuh Agong or Kew Ah Gung, Kew A-Gang, Wat Ngong, Wat Angong or simply Agong (1785 &ndash 1867 was a Chinese Protestant Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. John Sung Shang Chieh ( aka John Sung ( 29 September 1901 – 18 August 1944) was a renowned Chinese Christian Wang Mingdao ( (1900-1991 was a Chinese Christian Protestant leader Allen Yuan Xiangchen (1914 &ndash August 16, 2005) was a Chinese Protestant Christian pastor Samuel Lamb or Lin Xiangao ( b October 4, 1924) is a Christian Pastor in Guangzhou, China. However, this fueled the rumors that Chinese children were disappearing[2].
Marshall Broomhall later noted regarding the cause of the riot:
| “ | In regard to riots in China the long-standing enmity of the literati of China to all things foreign must be remembered as well as the fact that the Chinese people were at that period " in the point of superstition very much where we were in the sixteenth century. Marshall B Broomhall 海恩波著 ( July 17, 1866 &ndash October 24, 1937) was a British Protestant Christian " Should the literati stir up the passions of the people by playing upon their superstitious fears, few officials had the moral courage as well as the ability to keep the peace for long, for their tenure of office was largely dependent upon the goodwill of the scholarly class.
Du Halde tells of a book dated as early as 1624 which circulated the base and foolish charges of the foreigners kidnapping children, extracting their eyes, heart, and liver, etc. , for medicine, and the Roman Catholic practice of extreme unction, and the habit of closing the eyes of the dead, may have given some basis for part of such a belief. Anointing of the Sick is the ritual anointing of a sick person and is a Sacrament of the Catholic Church. In 1862 a book entitled Death-blow to Corrupt Doctrine a book republished at the time of the Tientsin massacre in 1870 brought forward similar charges. The Tianjin Massacre ( Chinese: 天津教案 Pinyin: Tiānjīn Jiào'àn occurred in Tianjin in 1870 In 1866 Mr. S. R. Grundy, the Times correspondent in China, called attention to a proclamation extensively circulated in Hunan and the adjacent provinces. Clause VII. of this Proclamation read : " When a (Chinese) member of their religion (Roman Catholic) is on his death-bed, several of his co-religionists come and exclude his relatives while they offer prayers for his salvation. The fact is, while the breath is still in his body they scoop out his eyes and cut out his heart ; which they use in their country in the manufacture of false silver. "[3] |
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About two weeks before the riot, a meeting of the literati was held in the city, and soon anonymous handbills were posted up through out the city containing many absurd and foul charges. These handbills were followed by large posters calling the foreigners " Brigands of the religion of Jesus," and stating that they scooped out the eyes of the dying and opened foundling hospitals in order that they might eat the children. The Prefect had already been warned of the impending trouble, but did not take any action.
All possible conciliatory measures were adopted by the missionaries. Handbills were circulated promising the opening of the mission premises for inspection as soon as the workers had repaired the unfinished walls and removed the scaffolding which would be dangerous to a crowd.
The riot
When the riot broke out the following members of the China Inland Mission were in Yangzhou : Mr. and Mrs. Hudson & Maria Taylor with four children (Herbert, Frederick, Samuel & Maria), Miss Emily Blatchley, Miss Louise Desgraz, Mr. Herbert Hudson Taylor ( April 3, 1861 &ndash June 6, 1950) British Protestant Christian Missionary Beginnings Howard Taylor was three when his father founded the China Inland Mission Biographical sketch Blatchley lost her mother and father before her experience as a missionary and Mrs. William David Rudland, and Messrs. Beginnings William Rudland was born in Harston, but lived in Eversden, Cambridgeshire, the son of William Rudland and Abigail Newman George Duncan and Henry Reid.
On Saturday, August 22, two foreigners came over from Zhenjiang to spend a few hours sight-seeing in the city, and almost immediately the city was full of wild rumors about the disappearance of as many as twenty-four children. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zhenjiang administers 6 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 3 county-level cities By 4 P. M. the Mission premises were besieged. Messengers were dispatched to the Prefect, but with no effect. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i The passions of the crowd were growing, and at last, when the attack upon the premises had become full-scale, Mr. Taylor and Mr. Duncan determined to face the mob and try and make their way personally to the Yamen. Not to be confused with Yemen, the nation in the Middle East A yámen ( is any local Bureaucrat 's or mandarin 's
Mr. Taylor and Mr. Duncan, after having been badly stoned, reached the Yamen in an exhausted condition to find the terrified gatekeepers closing the gates; the doors gave way before the pressure of the mob when the missionaries rushed into the judgment hall crying Kiu ming! Kiu ming ! ("Save life! Save life ! "), a cry to which any official is bound to attend at any hour, day or night. They were kept waiting in an agony of suspense for forty-five minutes before they saw the Prefect, and then only to be provokingly asked, " What do you really do with the babies ? " ; this interview was followed by another agonizing delay of two hours before they learned that help had been sent, though even then they were told on their way back that all the foreigners left in the house had been killed.
Those left in the mission house feared that the two who had faced the mob had been torn to pieces. When the house was set on fire from below the children and women had to be lowered from the upper story, and Mrs. Taylor and Miss Blatchley with their escape cut off had to jump, both were seriously injured. Mr. Reid was nearly blinded for life by being struck in the eye with a brick when trying to break Mrs. Taylor s fall.
That any of the party escaped to tell the tale was little less than a miracle. However, the whole party of missionaries, several of whom were severely wounded and weak from the loss of blood, were enabled on Monday, August 23, the anniversary of little Gracie Taylor’s death, to journey down to Zhenjiang, where they were cared for. A short life Grace was born in Ningbo during the Second Opium War, the day after rioting broke out in parts of the city
Aftermath
On their way down to Zhenjiang the missionaries passed the Assistant British Consul and the American Consul on their way up. Zeng Guofan ( Pinyin: Zēng Guófán Wade-Giles: Tseng Kuo-fan Styled Bóhán 伯函 and variably Díshēng 滌生 Posthumous The Consular Authorities proceeded to investigate the situation personally, and reported their findings directly to William Henry Medhurst, the British Consul at Shanghai. Mr. Medhurst made prompt demands for reparation. Proceeding with an escort to Yangzhou he demanded that the Prefect should accompany him to Nanjing that the case might be judged before the Viceroy. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The Prefect begged to be allowed to go in his own boat and not as a prisoner, and this was agreed to upon his furnishing his written promise not to escape. This he readily gave, yet fled under cover of darkness.
Even so, Mr. Medhurst proceeded to Nanjing with the gunboat Rinaldo as escort. In the course of the negotiations, which promised to terminate satisfactorily, the captain of the gunboat took ill and left for Shanghai. With the withdrawal of the gunboat the aspect of affairs immediately changed, and Mr. Medhurst had to depart diplomatically at a loss. This failure led Sir Rutherford Alcock to authorize Consul Medhurst to renew his demands, this time backed by a naval squadron. Sir Rutherford Alcock, KCB ( 1809 - 2 November, 1897) was the first British diplomatic representative in Japan The Viceroy Zeng Guofan speedily came to terms, and appointed two deputies to proceed to Yangzhou and hold an enquiry. A proclamation was thereupon issued which secured the reinstatement of the mission, compensation for damages to property, and moral status in the eyes of the people by stating that " British subjects possess the right to enter the land," and that " Local Authorities everywhere are to extend due protection. "
The British Foreign Office sharply criticized Medhurst and Alcock for having used gunboats to extract concessions from the Nanjing Viceroy. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting This was contrary to the British policy of holding the central government of China - not local governments - responsible for enforcing the commercial treaties and the safety of foreign residents in China. The incident prompted foreign secretary Lord Clarendon to officially censure Medhurst and Alcock for the actions, and to reiterate the policy of the British government to seek redress from Beijing whenever foreigners were attacked. Earl of Clarendon is a title that has been created twice in British history Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at [4]
The British press reacted critically of the missionaries working in China and blamed them for causing a crisis in Sino-British relations. There were heated debated in the British Parliament about whether missionaries should be allowed to continue to live abroad in China away from the Treaty Ports. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories [5]
Maria Taylor was among those who defended the actions of the China Inland Mission in the wake of the riot. She wrote to a friend in England:
| “ | In the riot we asked the protection of the Chinese Mandarin. . . . After our lives were safe and we were in shelter, we asked no restitution, we desired no revenge. I think I may say with truthfulness that we took cheerfully the spoiling of our goods. But a resident at Chinkiang, up to that time a perfect stranger to most of us, and only slightly acquainted with my dear husband, wrote stirring accounts to the Shanghai papers (without our knowledge), and public feeling demanded that action, prompt and decisive should be taken by our authorities. And this was taken unsolicited by us. [6] | ” |
On November 18 the Taylors were reinstated in their house at Yangzhou by the British Consul and the Taotai from Shanghai, who had come up as the Viceroy’s deputy. For some time Yangchow became the home of Mr. and Mrs. Taylor despite the efforts of some high-placed officials to eject them. The Governor of Zhenjiang, however, personally purchased the mission premises from the anti-foreign landlord a high military official named Li.
References
- Austin, Alvyn (2007). China’s Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2975-7.
- Broomhall, Alfred (1985). Alfred James Broomhall ( December 6, 1911 &ndash May 11, 1994) a Hudson Taylor and China’s Open Century, Book Five. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
- Broomhall, Marshall (1915). Marshall B Broomhall 海恩波著 ( July 17, 1866 &ndash October 24, 1937) was a British Protestant Christian The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission. London: Morgan & Scott.
- Cohen, Paul A. , China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Anti-Foreignism, 1860-1870. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1963)
- Fairbank, John King. John King Fairbank ( 24 May, 1907 - 14 September 1991) was among the most prominent American scholars of East Asia "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre. " Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20, no. 3/4 (1957): 480-511.
- Haar, Barend J. ter , Telling Stories: Witchcraft and Scapegoating in Chinese History, (Brill, Leiden: 2006) chap. 4, ‘Westerners as Scapegoats’ pp. 154-201.
- Taylor, Dr. & Mrs. Howard (1918). Single woman and missionary In her youth Geraldine taught a Bible class for "factory-girls" in Bromley-by-Bow in the East End of London where they Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission: The Growth of a Work of God. London: Morgan & Scott.
- Taylor, James H. III (2005). Christ Alone: A Pictorial Presentation of Hudson Taylor's Life and Legacy. Hong Kong: OMF books.
Notes
See also
External links
- OMF International (formerly China Inland Mission and Overseas Missionary Fellowship)
- Christian Biography Resources
- http://www.missionaryetexts.org/
- http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/hudsontaylor/hudsontaylorv1/hudsontaylorv1tc.htm
Further reading
See also List of China Inland Mission missionaries in China Christianity in China Benjamin Broomhall This is a list of selected references for OMF International (formerly the China Inland Mission) and Borneo Evangelical Mission.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic