The term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three benzene derivatives which is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. o -Xylene is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon, based on Benzene with two Methyl Substituents bonded to adjacent carbon atoms m -Xylene is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon, based on Benzene with two Methyl Substituents It is an isomer of ''o''-xylene p -Xylene is an Aromatic hydrocarbon, based on Benzene with two Methyl Substituents The “p” stands for para, identifying Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Xylene is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is very flammable. Like other solvents, xylene is also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties.
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Chemical properties
Xylene is a generic term for a group of three benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer. o-Xylene|m-Xylene|p-XyleneThe term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three Benzene derivatives which is used as a Solvent in the Printing The o-, m- and p- designations specify to which carbon atoms (of the benzene ring) the two methyl groups are attached. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 Counting the carbon atoms from one of the ring carbons bonded to a methyl group, and counting towards the second ring carbon bonded to a methyl group, the o- isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,2-dimethylbenzene, the m- isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and the p- isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Solvent grade xylene usually contains a small percentage of ethylbenzene as a contaminent. Ethylbenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3
The chemical properties differ slightly from isomer to isomer. The melting point is between −47. 87 °C (−54. 17 °F) (m-xylene) and 13. 26 °C (55. 87 °F) (p-xylene). The boiling point for each isomer is around 140 °C (284. 00 °F). The density is at around 0. 87 kg/L (7. 26 lb/U. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass S. gallon or 8. 72 lb/imp gallon) and thus is less dense than water. Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 Xylene in air can be smelled at 0. 08 to 3. 7 parts of xylene per million parts of air (ppm) and can begin to be tasted in water at 0. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 53 to 1. 8 ppm.
Applications
Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process p-Xylene is used as a feedstock in the production of terephthalic acid, which is a monomer used in the production of polymers. Terephthalic acid is one Isomer of the three Phthalic acids. It finds important use as a Commodity chemical, principally as a starting compound A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part" is a small Molecule that may become chemically bonded to other A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds It is also used as a cleaning agent for steel and for silicon wafers and chips, a pesticide [1], a thinner for paint, and in paints and varnishes. Cleaning Agents are substances usually Liquid, that are used to remove Dirt, including Dust, Stains, bad smells and clutter in Solid Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A wafer is a thin slice of Semiconductor material such as a Silicon crystal used in the fabrication of Integrated circuit and other microdevices Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. A paint thinner is a Solvent used to thin oil-based paints or as a cleaning agent Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials It may be substituted for toluene to thin lacquers where slower drying is desired. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. Jet fuel is a type of Aviation fuel designed for use in Aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. In animal studies it is often swabbed on the ears of rabbits to facilitate blood flow and collection, although the area must subsequently be cleansed with alcohol to prevent inflammation. Xylene is also used as a fixation agent for animal tissues.
| Xylene Isomers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||
| Common name | Xylenes | o-Xylene | m-Xylene | p-Xylene |
| Systematic name | Dimethylbenzenes | 1,2-Dimethylbenzene | 1,3-Dimethylbenzene | 1,4-Dimethylbenzene |
| Other names | Xylols | o-Xylol; Orthoxylene |
m-Xylol; Metaxylene |
p-Xylol; Paraxylene |
| Molecular formula | C8H10 (C6H4C2H6) | |||
| SMILES | Cc1c(C)cccc1 | Cc1cc(C)ccc1 | Cc1ccc(C)cc1 | |
| Molar mass | 106. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 16 g/mol | |||
| Appearance | clear, colorless liquid | |||
| CAS number | [1330-20-7] | [95-47-6] | [108-38-3] | [106-42-3] |
| Properties | ||||
| Density and phase | 0. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties 864 g/mL, liquid | 0. 88 g/mL, liquid | 0. 86 g/mL, liquid | 0. 86 g/mL, liquid |
| Solubility in water | practically insoluble | |||
| Soluble in non-polar solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons | ||||
| Melting point | -47. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 4°C (-53. 3°F; 226 K) | −25°C (-13°F; 248 K) | −48°C (-54. 4°F; 225 K) | 13°C (55. 4°F; 286 K) |
| Boiling point | 138. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 5°C (281. 3°F; 412 K) | 144°C (291. 2°F; 417 K) | 139°C (282. 2°F; 412 K) | 138°C (280. 4°F; 411 K) |
| Viscosity | . Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 812 cP at 20 °C (68 °F) | . The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. 62 cP at 20 °C (68 °F) | . The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. 34 cP at 30 °C (86 °F) | |
| Hazards | ||||
| MSDS | Xylenes | o-Xylene | m-Xylene | p-Xylene |
| EU Classification | Harmful (Xn) | |||
| NFPA 704 |
 3
2
0
|
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| Flash point | 24 °C (75 °F) | 17 °C (63 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) |
| R/S statement | R10, R20/21, R38: (S2), S25 | |||
| RTECS number | ZE2450000 | ZE2275000 | ZE2625000 | |
| Supplementary data page | ||||
| Structure & properties | n, εr, etc. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S statements, R/S numbers, R/S phrases, and R/S sentences, is a system of Hazard codes R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test | |||
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
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| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS | |||
| Related compounds | ||||
| Related aromatic hydrocarbons |
toluene, mesitylene, benzene, ethylbenzene | |||
| Related compounds | xylenols - types of phenols | |||
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Related compounds
Xylenes are a starting material for the production of other chemicals. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of In Organic chemistry, mesitylene or 135-trimethylbenzene (C9H12 is an Aromatic hydrocarbon with three Methyl Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Ethylbenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3 In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly For instance chlorination of both methyl groups gives three isomeric xylene dichlorides or 1,2-bis(chloromethyl)benzenes. Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as With oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), the methyl group can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H By oxidizing both methyl groups, o-xylene forms phthalic acid and p-xylene forms terephthalic acid. Phthalic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: benzene-12-dicarboxylic acid) is an Aromatic Dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H4(COOH2 Terephthalic acid is one Isomer of the three Phthalic acids. It finds important use as a Commodity chemical, principally as a starting compound
In articles of commerce, the term xylol refers to the solvent mixture of three xylene isomers, sometimes containing ethylbenzene. In the chemical trade, this mixture is referred to as xylenes (plural). This substance must not be confused with the toxic and corrosive xyleneol compounds, which are dimethyl phenol isomers.
Health effects
Xylene has an effect on the brain. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain High levels from exposure for short periods (14 days or less) or long periods (more than 1 year) can cause headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one's sense of balance. Exposure of people to high levels of xylene for short periods can also cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat; difficulty in breathing; problems with the lungs; delayed reaction time; memory difficulties; stomach discomfort; and possibly changes in the liver and kidneys. It can cause unconsciousness and even death at very high levels (see inhalants).
Studies of unborn animals indicate that high concentrations of xylene may cause increased numbers of deaths, and delayed growth and development. In many instances, these same concentrations also cause damage to the mothers. It is not yet known whether xylene harms the unborn fetus if the mother is exposed to low levels of xylene during pregnancy
Besides occupational exposure, the principal pathway of human contact is via soil contamination from leaking underground storage tanks containing petroleum products. Occupational Hygiene is the discipline of anticipating recognising evaluating and controlling Health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment An Underground Storage Tank (UST in United States environmental law, is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 percent of its Humans who come into contact with the soil or groundwater may become affected. Use of contaminated groundwater as a water supply could lead to adverse health effects.
See also
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0084 (o-Xylene)
- International Chemical Safety Card 0085 (m-Xylene)
- International Chemical Safety Card 0086 (p-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (o-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (m-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (p-Xylene)
- European Chemicals Bureau
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