Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
Uyghur : شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايون Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni Chinese : 新疆维吾尔自治区 Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū
Abbreviations: 新  (pinyin: Xīn)
Origin of name	新 xīn - new 疆 jiāng - territory "new territory"
Administration type	Autonomous region
Capital (and largest city)	Ürümqi
Official languages	Mandarin Uyghur
Designated Minority	Uyghur
CPC Ctte Secretary	Wang Lequan
Chairman	Nur Bekri (努尔·白克力)
Area	1,660,001 km² (640,930 sq mi) (1st)
Population (2004)  - Density	19,630,000 (24th) 11. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use An autonomous region ( is a first-level administrative subdivision of China. Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended Wang Lequan ( Chinese: 王乐泉 Pinyin: Wáng Lèquán born 1944) is the current secretary of the Communist Party of China of the Xinjiang Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions special administrative In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions municipalities 8 /km² (31 /sq mi) (29th)
GDP (2006)  - per capita	CNY 301. This articles lists of the first-level administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (P Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 9 billion (25th) CNY 14,871 (14th)
HDI (2005)	0. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of their total Gross This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 757 (medium) (14th)
Nationalities percentage	Uyghur - 45% Han - 41% Kazakh - 7% Hui - 5% Kyrgyz - 0. The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. 9% Mongol - 0. 8% Dongxiang - 0. The Dongxiang people (autonym Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of 3% Tajik - 0. Tajiks in China ( Chinese: 塔吉克族 Pinyin: Tǎjíkèzú are one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of 2% Xibe - 0. The Xibe ( Sibe;) are an Ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. 2%
Prefecture-level	14 divisions
County-level	99 divisions
Township-level†	1005 divisions
ISO 3166-2	CN-65
Official website http://www.xinjiang.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Source for nationalities data: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China ISBN 7105054255 † As at December 31, 2004

Xinjiang (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, Shinjang; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade-Giles: Hsin¹-chiang¹; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Chinese Postal Map Romanization ( Traditional Chinese: 郵政式拼音 Simplified Chinese: 邮政式拼音 Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì Pīnyīn refers to the An autonomous region ( is a first-level administrative subdivision of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES It was militarily captured and annexed by China and is a large, sparsely populated area (spanning over 1. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 6 million sq. km) which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south and Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the southeast, Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north, and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and the Pakistan- and India-controlled parts of Kashmir to the west. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR also called Xizang Autonomous Region (བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་ Wylie: Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs (青海 qīnghǎi is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir It administers most of Aksai Chin, which India claims sovereignty over. Aksai Chin ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦 Traditional chinese: 阿克賽欽 Hanyu pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn Hindi: अकसाई India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

"Xinjiang" or "Ice Jecen" in Manchu, literally means "New Frontier", a name given during the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China. Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China ^[1] It is home to a number of Turkic ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Uyghurs. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The region is often referred to in older English references (in particular past reference works) as Chinese Turkestan^[2], sometimes East Turkestan or Uyghuristan. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND

History

Main article: History of Xinjiang

Early history

According to JP Mallory, the Chinese describe the existence of "white people with long hair" or the Bai people in the Shan Hai Jing, who lived beyond their northwestern border. The known history of Xinjiang dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Shan Hai Jing ( is a Chinese classic text that is at least 2000 years old ^[3]

The very well preserved Tarim mummies with Caucasoid features, often with reddish or blond hair, today displayed at the Ürümqi Museum and dated to the 3rd century BCE, have been found in precisely the same area of the Tarim Basin. The Tarim mummies are a series of Caucasoid Mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China, which date from The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC Various nomadic tribes, such as the Yuezhi were part of the large migration of Indo-European speaking peoples who were settled in eastern Central Asia (possibly as far as Gansu) at that time. The Yuezhi or Rouzhi ( Chinese: 月支 Pinyin: yuè zhī or ròu zhī; also 月氏 Pinyin: yuè shì ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. The Ordos culture situated at northern China east of the Yuezhi, are another example. The Ordos culture comprises the period from Upper Paleolithic to the late Bronze age at the Ordos Desert, in the south of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous

Nomadic cultures such as the Yuezhi are documented in the area of Xinjiang from the 1st millennium BCE. The first known reference to the Yuezhi was made in 645 BC by the Chinese Guan Zhong in his Guanzi 管子(Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81) . Events and trends Assyrian king Ashurbanipal founds library which includes our earliest complete copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Guan Zhong (Chinese 管仲 Wade-Giles Kuan Chung (born 725 BC died in 645 BC was a Chinese politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Guanzi ( is an Encyclopedic compilation of Chinese philosolphical materials named after the 7th century BCE philosopher Guan Zhong, He described the Yuzhi 禺氏, or Niuzhi 牛氏, as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of Yuzhi 禺氏 at Gansu. Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. ^[4] The supply of jade^[5] from the Tarim Basin from ancient times is indeed well documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the As early as the mid-first millennium BCE the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China. " (Liu (2001), pp. 267-268).

The nomadic tribes of the Yuezhi are also documented in detail in Chinese historical accounts, in particular the 2nd-1st century BCE "Records of the Great Historian", or Shiji, by Sima Qian. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi. According to these accounts:

The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the Qilian or Heavenly Mountains (Tian Shan) and Dunhuang, but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west, beyond Dayuan, where they attacked and conquered the people of Daxia and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui [= Oxus] River. The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central Dunhuang ( also written as 燉煌 till early Qing Dynasty; is a City (pop The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes The Dayuan or Ta-Yuan ( lit “Great Yuan” were a people of Ferghana in Central Asia, described in the Chinese historical works of Daxia, Ta-Hsia, or Ta-Hia ( Chinese: 大夏 Pinyin: Dàxià is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. A small number of their people who were unable to make the journey west sought refuge among the Qiang barbarians in the Southern Mountains, where they are known as the Lesser Yuezhi. ^[6]

According to Han accounts, the Yuezhi "were flourishing" during the time of the first great Chinese Qin emperor, but were regularly in conflict with the neighbouring tribe of the Xiongnu to the northeast. Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes

Struggle between Xiongnu and Han China

Tarim Basin in the 3rd century

Traversed by the Northern Silk Road,^[7] Western Regions or Xinjiang is the Chinese name for the Tarim and Dzungaria regions of what is now northwest China. The Northern Silk Road is a Prehistoric Trackway in northern China originating in the early capital of Xi'an and extending north of the The Western Regions or Xiyu ( was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to 8th century that referred to the regions west of Jade Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 220), the region was subservient to the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people based in modern Mongolia. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East In the 2nd century BC, Han China sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the states in the region, beginning several decades of struggle between the Xiongnu and Han China over dominance of the region, eventually ending in Chinese success. Zhang Qian ( 張[[wikt 騫|騫]] Wade-Giles Chang Ch'ien was an imperial envoy to the outside world in the 2nd century BC during the time of the Han Dynasty In 60 BC Han China established the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府) at Wulei (烏壘; near modern Luntai) to oversee the entire region as far west as the Pamir. The Protectorate of the Western Regions was a Chinese Military government established by the Han Dynasty to manage and to control the Western Regions Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongolian in Cyrillic The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and

During the usurpation of Wang Mang in China, the dependent states of the protectorate rebelled and returned to Xiongnu domination in 13. Wang Mang ( (45 BC&ndashOctober 6 23 Courtesy name Jujun (巨君 was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family Over the next century, Han China conducted several expeditions into the region, re-establishing the protectorate from 74-76, 91-107, and from 123 onward. After the fall of the Han Dynasty (AD 220), the protectorate continued to be maintained by Cao Wei (until 265) and the Western Jin Dynasty (from 265 onwards). The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties

A summary of Classical sources on the Seres (Greek and Romain name of China) (essentially Pliny and Ptolemy) gives the following account:

The region of the Seres is a vast and populous country, touching on the east the Ocean and the limits of the habitable world, and extending west nearly to Imaus and the confines of Bactria. Seres (Gr Σῆρες, Lat Sērēs) was the ancient Greek and Roman name for the inhabitants of the northwestern part of modern China Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. The people are civilised men, of mild, just, and frugal temper, eschewing collisions with their neighbours, and even shy of close intercourse, but not averse to dispose of their own products, of which raw silk is the staple, but which include also silk stuffs, furs, and iron of remarkable quality.

– Henry Yule, "Cathey and the way thither"

A succession of peoples

A Buddha statue from Tumshuq, Xinjiang. Sir Henry Yule ( May 1, 1820 - December 30, 1889) was a Scottish Orientalist. Tumxuk or Tumushuke ( Chinese: 图木舒克 Pinyin: Túmùshūkè تۇمشۇق|Tumushuq|Tumxuk̡ also known as Tumushuk Tumshuq etc 5th century. This is an example of Serindian art. Serindian art is the art that developed from the 2nd through the 11th century A

The Western Jin Dynasty succumbed to successive waves of invasions by nomads from the north at the beginning of the 4th century. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The short-lived non-Han Chinese kingdoms that ruled northwestern China one after the other, including Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang, and Western Liáng, all attempted to maintain the protectorate, with varying extents and degrees of success. The Former Liang ( 320 – 376) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin dynasty (265–420 in China. The Former Qin ( 351 - 394) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Later Liang ( 386 - 403) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. This article refers to the Han-founded kingdom in what is now Gansu, whose sovereigns were ancestors of the eventual Tang Dynasty emperors After the final reunification of northern China under the Northern Wei empire, its protectorate controlled what is now the southeastern third of Xinjiang. The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or Local states such as Shule, Yutian, Guizi and Qiemo controlled the western half, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang, remnants of a state (Northern Liang) that once ruled part of what is now Gansu province in northwestern China. Yutian may refer to Yutian County Hebei (玉田县 - a county in Hebei China Yutian County Xinjiang (于田县 - a county in Xinjiang Gweilo (zh-hk [[wikt鬼佬 鬼佬]] Jyutping: gwai2 lou2 Cantonese kwɐ̌ɪ lə̌ʊ sometimes also spelt Gwailo) is a Cantonese The Qiemo County, also known as Cherchen or Qarqan, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Gaochang ( is the site of an ancient Oasis city built on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. The Northern Liang ( 397 - 439) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.

Tang Dynasty and the Khanates

The Tang Dynasty was established in 618, and would prove to be one of the most expansionist dynasties in Chinese history. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Events By Place Asia The Sui Dynasty ends and the Tang Dynasty begins in China. Starting from the 620's and 630's, Tang China conducted a series of expeditions against the Turks, eventually forcing the surrender of the western Turks in 657. Events By Place Asia The Chinese Tang Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats a Turkish army Xinjiang was placed under the Anxi Protectorate (安西都護府; "Protectorate Pacifying the West"). The Protectorate General to Pacify the West or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the West ( 640 – 790) was a Chinese Military government The protectorate did not outlast the decline of Tang China in the 8th century. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. During the devastating Anshi Rebellion, Tibet invaded Tang China on a wide front from Xinjiang to Yunnan, occupied the Tang capital Chang'an in 763 for 16 days, and taking control of southern Xinjiang by the end of the century. The An Shi Rebellion ( took place in China during the Tang Dynasty, from December 16 755 to February 17 763. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Events By Place Europe Ciniod succeeds Bridei V as king of the Picts. At the same time, the Uyghur Khaganate took control of northern Xinjiang, as well as much of the rest of Central Asia, including Mongolia. The Uyghur

Both Tibet and the Uyghur Khaganate declined in the mid-9th century. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Kara-Khanid Khanate, which arose from a confederation of Turkic tribes scattered after the destruction of the Uyghur empire, took control of western Xinjiang in the 10th century and the 11th century. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids Meanwhile, after the Uyghur khanate in Mongolia had been smashed by the Kirghiz, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in the area around today's Turfan and Urumchi in 840. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. This Uyghur state would remain in eastern Xinjiang until the 13th century, though it would be subject to various overlords during that time. Some scholars have argued, that the Kara-Khanids were likewise "Uyghurs," as some of the components in the Kara-Khanid federation were likewise from the ruling clans of the Uyghur empire. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam, whereas the Uyghur state in eastern Xinjiang remained Manicheaean, while tolerating Buddhism and Christianity. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

In 1132, remnants of the Khitan Empire from Manchuria entered Xinjiang, fleeing the onslaught of the Jurchens into north China. The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu They established an exile regime, the Kara-Khitan Khanate, which became overlord over both Kara-Khanid-held and Uyghur-held parts of the Tarim Basin for the next century. This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate.

Arrival of the Mongols

After Genghis Khan had unified Mongolia and began his advance west, the Uyghur state in the Turfan-Urumchi area sensibly offered its allegiance to the Mongols in 1209, contributing taxes and troops to the Mongol imperial effort. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder In return, the Uyghur rulers retained control of their kingdom. By contrast, Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire conquered the Kara-Khitan in 1218. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Because the Kara-Khitan had persecuted Islam, the Mongols were met as liberators in the Kashgar area. After the break-up of the Mongol Empire into smaller khanates, Xinjiang, though mostly ruled by the Chagatai Khanate, one of the successor states of the empire, in fact was fought over by Yuan Dynasty, the successor regime based in Mongolia and in China. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai In the 15th century the Chagatai Khanate disintegrated into separate states in Gulja, Yarkand, and Turpan. Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern Yarkent (Yarkand County ( Chinese 莎車县 Pinyin: Shāchē; يەكەن|Yerkent|Yərkənt; Turkish: Yerkent which means 'ground city' also Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in

In the 17th century, the Dzungars (Oirats, Kalmyks) established an empire over much of the region. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that This article deals with the Oirat ethnic group For the obsolete term for the Turkic Altays see Altay people. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. Kalmyks controlled a vast area known as Grand Tartary or the Kalmyk Empire to Westerners, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the Don River, and from the Himalayas to Siberia. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Empire, established by the Manchus in China, gained control over eastern Xinjiang as a result of a long struggle with the Zunghars (Dzungars) that began in the seventeenth century. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in In 1755, the Manchu Empire attacked Ghulja, and captured the Zunghar khan. Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern Over the next two years, the Manchus and Mongol armies of the Qing destroyed the remnants of the Zunghar khanate, and attempted to divide the Xinjiang region into four sub-khanates under four chiefs. Similarly, the Qing made members of a clan of sufi shaykhs known as the Khojas, rulers in the western Tarim Basin, south of the Tianshan Mts. In 1758-59, however, rebellions against this arrangement broke out both north and south of the Tian Shan mountains. Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central The Qing was thus forced, contrary to its initial intent, to establish a form of direct military rule over both Zungharia (northern Xinjiang) and the Tarim Basin (southern Xinjiang). The Manchus put the whole region under the rule of a General of Ili (Chinese: 伊犁将军, Yili Jiangjün), headquartered at the fort of Huiyuan (the so-called "Manchu Kuldja", or Yili), 30 km west of Ghulja (Yining). The townnship of Huiyuan (惠远镇 Huìyuǎn-zhèn) is located within Huocheng County, in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern

By the mid-19th century, the Russian Empire was encroaching upon Qing China along its entire northern frontier. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Opium Wars and Taiping and other rebellion's in China proper had severely restricted the dynasty's ability to maintain its garrisons in distant Xinjiang. China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast In 1864 both Chinese Muslims (Hui) and Uyghurs rebelled in Xinjiang cities, following an on-going Chinese Muslim Rebellion in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces further east. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Dungan Revolt was a religious war It also known as the Hui Minorities' War and the Muslim Rebellion. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the People's Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Qing control of the region was swept away. In 1865, Yaqub Beg, a warlord from the neighbouring Khanate of Kokand, entered Xinjiang via Kashgar, and conquered nearly all of Xinjiang over the next six years. Muhammad Yaqub Bek (1820 – May 30, 1877) ( Uzbek:Муҳаммад Яқуб Бек was an Uzbek adventurer who became head of the kingdom The Khanate of Kokand ( Uzbek: Qo'qon Xonligi) was a state in Central Asia that existed from 1709&ndash1876 within the territory of modern Uzbekistan In 1871, Russia took advantage of the chaotic situation and seized the rich Ili River valley, including Gulja. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ili River (Іле İle, Или 伊犁河 Yili He is a River in northwestern China ( Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern By then, Qing China held onto only a few strongholds, including Tacheng. Tacheng, ( Chinese: 塔城 Pinyin: Tǎchéng or Qoqek, is a County-level city (1994 est

Yaqub Beg's rule lasted until General Zuo Zongtang (also known as General Tso) reconquered the region between 1875 and 1877 for Qing China. Zuǒ Zōngtáng 1st Marquess Kejing of the Second Class ( Courtesy name: Jigao) ( November 10, 1812 - September 5, 1885) spelled Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1881, Qing China recovered the Gulja region through diplomatic negotiations (Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)). Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881 was the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Chinese Empire, signed in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on In 1884, Qing China established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province, formally applying onto it the political system of China proper. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast

After the Qing Dynasty

In 1912 the Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates Yang Zengxin (杨增新), acceded to the Republic of China in March of the same year, and maintained control of Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928. Yang Zengxin ( Chinese: 楊增新/杨增新 1859-1928 born in Mengzi County in Yunnan in 1859 was the ruler of Xinjiang after the Xinhai Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following insurgencies against Governor Jin Shuren (金树仁) in the early 1930s in Eastern Sinkiang, a rebellion in Kashgaria in February, 1933 led to declaring by Southern Sinkiang (94% population of which were at this time ethnic Uyghurs) on November 12, 1933 its Independence and establishment at Kashgar of the short-lived self-proclaimed Turkish Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan or Republic of Uyghurstan , known also as First East Turkistan Republic (1st ETA). Jin Shuren (金樹仁 governor of Xinjiang, succeeded Yang Zengxin after Yang was assassinated in 1928 The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis The First Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR or Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET or Republic of Uyghurstan, was a short-lived break-away Xinjiang was eventually brought in 1934 under the control of Han Chinese Sheng Shicai (盛世才), who ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with close support from the Soviet Union, many of whose ethnic and security policies Sheng instituted in Xinjiang. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Sheng Shicai ( (1897 - 1970 was a Chinese Warlord who ruled Xinjiang from April 12, 1933 to The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Sheng invited a group of Chinese Communists to Xinjiang, including Mao Zedong's brother Mao Zemin, but in 1943, fearing a conspiracy, Sheng killed all communists, including Mao Zemin, in Xinjiang. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Mao Zemin (毛泽民 Courtesy name Yǒnglián 咏莲 ( April 3, 1896 - September 27, 1943) was communist leader Mao Zedong Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Second East Turkistan Republic (2nd ETA, also known as the Three Districts Revolution) existed from 1944-1949 with Soviet support in what is now Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang. The Second East Turkestan Republic, usually known simply as the East Turkestan Republic ( ETR) was a short-lived Soviet -backed separatist republic Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè

The Second East Turkistan Republic came to an end when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) entered Xinjiang in 1949. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to the PRC interpretation, the 2nd ETA was Xinjiang's revolution, a positive part of the communist revolution in China; the 2nd ETA acceded to and welcomed the PLA when they entered Xinjiang, a process known as the Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang. However independence advocates view the ETA as an effort to establish an independent state, and the subsequent PLA entry as an invasion. The autonomous region of the PRC was established on October 1, 1955, replacing the province. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The PRC's first nuclear test was carried out at Lop Nur, Xinjiang, on October 16, 1964. Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations Lop Nur ( Chinese: 罗布泊 Pinyin: Luóbù Pō also Lake Lop, Lop Nuur) Lop Nor = Lob-nor = Lo-pu po Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.

Continued tensions

There continues to be concern over tensions in the region, centering upon Uyghur cultural aspirations to independence, and resentment towards what Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch describe as repression of non-Han Chinese culture. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world.

Conversely, many Han Chinese perceive PRC policies of ethnic autonomy as discriminatory against them (see autonomous entities of China). Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' Independence advocates view Chinese rule in Xinjiang, and policies like the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps as Chinese imperialism. History The XPCC draws from the traditional Chinese Tuntian system a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient Historically ancient China has been one of the world's oldest Empires. The US and the UN have labelled the East Turkestan Islamic Movement a terrorist group. The East Turkestan Islamic Movement ( ETIM, Turkish: Doğu Türkistan İslâm Hareketi) is a militant Uyghur organization that advocates the creation

The tensions have occasionally resulted in major incidents and violent clashes during the PRC period. For example, in 1962, 60,000 Uyghur and Kazak refugees fled northern Xinjiang into the Soviet Union to escape the famine and political purges of the Great Leap Forward era; in the 1980s there was a smattering of student demonstrations and riots against police action that took on an ethnic aspect; and the Baren Township riot in April, 1990, an abortive uprising, resulted in more than 50 deaths. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Great Leap Forward ( of the People's Republic of China (PRC was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use China 's vast population

A police roundup of suspected separatists during Ramadan resulted in large demonstrations that turned violent in February 1997 in an episode known as the Ghulja / Yining Incident that led to at least 9 deaths [2]. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Urumqi bus bombs of February 25, 1997, perhaps a response to the crackdown that followed the Ghulja Incident, killed 9 and injured 68. Three bombs exploded in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China at 18h30 February 25 1997 Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Despite much talk of separatism and terrorism in Xinjiang, especially after the 9-11 attacks in the United States and the US invasion of Afghanistan, the situation in Xinjiang was quiet from the late nineties through mid-2006. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U

Then, on January 5, 2007 the Chinese Public Security Bureau raided a suspected terrorist training camp in the mountains near the Pamir Plateau in southern Xinjiang. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. According to the reports, 18 terrorists were killed and another 17 captured in a gun battle between the East Turkestan Independence Movement and PRC forces. One police officer was killed and "over 1,500 hand grenades. . . were seized. " ^[8]

In the runup to the Summer Olympics in Beijing, during which world attention was drawn by pro-Tibet protests along the Olympic torch relay, Uyghur separatist groups staged protests in several countries. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. ^[9]. According to the Chinese government, a suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight in Xinjiang was thwarted in March 2008. ^[10]

Subdivisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang

Xinjiang is divided into two prefecture-level cities, seven prefectures, and five autonomous prefectures. Xinjiang, an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following administrative divisions: A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. (Two of the seven prefectures are in turn part of Ili, an autonomous prefecture. ) These are then divided into eleven districts, twenty county-level cities, sixty-two counties, and six autonomous counties. Four of the county-level cities do not belong to any prefecture, and are de facto administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. History The XPCC draws from the traditional Chinese Tuntian system a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient

Geography and geology

Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China — it accounts for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Karamay or Kelamayi (also Karamai) (قاراماي|Qaramay|K̡aramay, Wade-Giles K'o-la-ma-i is a Prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Shihezi ( Chinese: 石河子 Pinyin: Shíhézǐ; شىخەنزە|Shihenze|Xihənzə is a Sub-prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang History The XPCC draws from the traditional Chinese Tuntian system a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient Tumxuk or Tumushuke ( Chinese: 图木舒克 Pinyin: Túmùshūkè تۇمشۇق|Tumushuq|Tumxuk̡ also known as Tumushuk Tumshuq etc Aral or Alaer ( Simplified Chinese: 阿拉尔 Traditional Chinese: 阿拉爾 Pinyin: Ālā'ěr ئارال|Aral|Aral is a Sub-prefecture-level Wujiaqu (五家渠 Pinyin: Wǔjiāqú ۋۇجياچۈ|Wujyachü|Vujyaqü is a Sub-prefecture-level city in the northern part of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Hami Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 哈密地区 Pinyin: Hāmì Dìqū قۇمۇل ۋىلايىتى|Qumul Wilayiti|K̡umul Vilayiti is located in eastern The Hotan Prefecture (Chinese “和田” Pinyin: Hétián Dìqū Uyghur: خوتەن ۋىلايىتى Xoten Wilayiti Hotən Vilayiti is located in the Aksu Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克苏地区 Pinyin: Ākèsū Dìqū ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى|Aqsu Wilayati|Ak̡su Vilayiti is located in mid-western Kashgar Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 喀什地区 Pinyin: Kāshí Dìqū قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى|Qeshqer Wilayiti|K̡əxk̡ər Vilayiti also spelled Subdivisions The prefecture is divided into 2 county level cities, 4 counties, and 1 Autonomous county. 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè Location of Altay Prefecture in Ili Kazakh, Xinjiang Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 Pinyin: Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu, Kyrgyz Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongolian in Cyrillic Changji Hui prefecture ( سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى|Sanji Xuizu Aptonom Oblasti|Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti is an Autonomous prefecture of Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Traditional Chinese: 博爾塔拉蒙古自治州 Simplified Chinese: 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bó'ěrtǎlā 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted It is divided into two basins by Mount Tianshan. The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central Dzungarian Basin is in the north, and Tarim Basin is in the south. Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Xinjiang's lowest point is the Turfan Depression, 155 metres below sea level (lowest point in the PRC as well). The Turfan Depression or Turpan Depression ( Uighur: تۇرپان ئويمانلىغى Turpan Oymanliği is a fault -bounded trough located around and Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Its highest peak, K2, is 8611 metres above sea level, on the border with Kashmir. K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) The eight-thousanders are the fourteen independent Mountains on Earth that are more than above Sea level. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir

Close to Karakoram Highway in Xinjiang

Most of Xinjiang is young geologically, having been formed from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, forming the Tian Shan, Kunlun Shan, and Pamir mountain ranges. The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central The Kunlun Mountains ( Mongolian: Хөндлөн Уулс is one of the longest Mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3000 Km. Consequently, Xinjiang is a major earthquake zone. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Older geological formations occur principally in the far north where the Junggar Block is geologically part of Kazakhstan, and in the east which is part of the North China Craton. Kazakhstania, also known as the Kazakhstan Block, is a small continental region in the interior of Asia. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The North China Craton is one of the smaller Continental Cratons of the Earth.

Xinjiang has within its borders the point of land remotest from the sea, the so-called Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (Lat. This is a list of lists of extreme points of Earth, the points that are farther North, South, East or West than any other locations on the 46 degrees 16. 8 minutes N, Long. 86 degrees 40. 2 minutes E) in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, 1,645 miles (2648 km) from the nearest coastline (straight-line distance). The Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert (Gu'erbantonggute Shamo 古尔班通古特沙漠 is a remote arid and rugged area of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's

The Tian Shan mountain range marks the Xinjiang-Kyrgyzstan border at the Torugart Pass (3752 m). The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central Torugart Pass ( (elevation 3752 m / 12310 ft is a pass in the Tian Shan mountain range on the border between the Naryn Province of Kyrgyzstan The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass. The Karakoram Highway (KKH is the highest paved international road in the world |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Khunjerab Pass ( (el 4693 m/15397 ft is a high Mountain pass in the Karakorum Mountains on the northern border of Pakistan and the Xinjiang

Rivers

Rivers include:

• Tarim River

Deserts

Deserts include:

• Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert
• Kumtag Desert
• Taklamakan Desert

Major cities

• Urumqi
• Turpan
• Kashgar
• Karamay
• Yining
• Shihezi
• Qinggir

Politics

List of Secretaries of the CPC Xinjiang Committee

1. Wang Zhen (王震): 1949-1952
2. Wang Enmao (王恩茂): 1952-1967
3. Long Shujin (龙书金): 1970-1972
4. Seypidin Azizi (赛福鼎·艾则孜): 1972-1978
5. Wang Feng (汪锋): 1978-1981
6. Wang Enmao (王恩茂): 1981-1985
7. Song Hanliang (宋汉良): 1985-1994
8. Wang Lequan (王乐泉): 1994-incumbent

List of Chairmen of Xinjiang Government

1. Seypidin Azizi (赛福鼎·艾则孜): 1955-1967
2. Long Shujin (龙书金): 1968-1972
3. Seypidin Azizi: 1972-1978
4. Wang Feng (汪锋): 1978-1979
5. Ismail Amet (司马义·艾买提): 1979-1985
6. Tomur Dawamat (铁木尔·达瓦买提): 1985-1993
7. Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit (阿不来提·阿不都热西提): 1993-2003
8. Ismail Tiliwaldi (司马义·铁力瓦尔地): 2003-2007
9. Nur Bekri (努尔·白克力): 2007-incumbent

Economy

A panoramic view of Urumqi's city center taken from Red Mountain (Hong Shan). Tarim River ( Mandarin Tǎlǐmù Hé, 塔里木河 is the principal River of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of The Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert (Gu'erbantonggute Shamo 古尔班通古特沙漠 is a remote arid and rugged area of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's The Kumtag Desert (Sand Mountain Desert is an arid landform in northern China, which has been proclaimed as a National park in the year 2002 The Taklamakan Desert (Takelamagan Shamo 塔克拉玛干沙漠 also known as Taklimakan, is a Desert in Central Asia, in the Xinjiang Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Karamay or Kelamayi (also Karamai) (قاراماي|Qaramay|K̡aramay, Wade-Giles K'o-la-ma-i is a Prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Yining ( Uighur غۇلجا Ghulja also Ili Yili Kuldja Kulja Ghulja Ining Kulca is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern Shihezi ( Chinese: 石河子 Pinyin: Shíhézǐ; شىخەنزە|Shihenze|Xihənzə is a Sub-prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang Qinggir is a population center located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Wáng Zhèn ( 王[[wikt 震|震]] (1908 March 12, 1993) was a Chinese political figure and one of the Eight Immortals of the Communist Party Wang Lequan ( Chinese: 王乐泉 Pinyin: Wáng Lèquán born 1944) is the current secretary of the Communist Party of China of the Xinjiang Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit ( Chinese: 阿不来提·阿不都热西提 born November 1944 in Yining) was the Chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Ismail Tiliwaldi ( Simplified Chinese: 司马义•铁力瓦尔地 Pinyin: Sīmǎyì Tiělìwà'ěrdì Uyghur: سماىلى تئىلئىۋئالدئى Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

Xinjiang is known for its fruits and produce, including grapes, melons, pears, cotton, wheat, silk, walnuts and sheep. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Melon is a term used for various members of the Cucurbitaceae family with fleshy fruit A pear is a pomaceous Fruit produced by a tree of Genus Pyrus. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Walnuts (genus Juglans) are Plants in the family Juglandaceae. Xinjiang also has large deposits of minerals and oil. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit

Xinjiang's nominal GDP was approximately 220 billion RMB (about 28 billion USD) in 2004, and increased to 302 billion RMB (about 38 billion USD) in 2006, due to the China Western Development policy introduced by the State Council to boost economic development in Western China. China Western Development ( also China's Western Development, Western China Development, Great Western Development Strategy, or the Open Up the West Its per capita GDP for 2006 was 14,871 RMB (1,865 USD).

Oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is booming, with the West-East Gas Pipeline connecting to Shanghai. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Aksu or Akesu (also known as Ak-su, Akshu, Aqsu, Bharuka and Po-lu-chia; ئاقسۇ|Aqsu|Ak̡su Karamay or Kelamayi (also Karamai) (قاراماي|Qaramay|K̡aramay, Wade-Giles K'o-la-ma-i is a Prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang The West-East Gas Pipeline is a long pipeline which runs from Lunnan in Xinjiang to Shanghai. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The oil and petrochemical sector account for 60% of Xinjiang's local economy. ^[12]

Xinjiang's exports amounted to 3. 047 billion USD, while imports turned out to be 2. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 589 billion USD in 2004. Most of the overall import/export volume in Xinjiang was directed to and from Kazakhstan through Ala Pass [3]. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the China's first border free trade zone (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos [4]. Horgos is the largest land port in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Xinjiang will also open its second border trade market to Kazakhstan in March 2006, the Jeminay Border Trade Zone. [5]

Demographics

The languages of Xinjang.

Xinjiang is home to several Muslim Turkic groups including the Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tatars and the Kazakhs, and a few Indo-European Iranic groups, such as the Tajiks and the Sarikolis/Wakhis (often mis-identified as Tajiks). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Tajiks in China ( Chinese: 塔吉克族 Pinyin: Tǎjíkèzú are one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of The Sarikoli language (also Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of Other PRC minority ethnic groups include Hui Chinese, the Mongols, the Russians, the Xibes, and the Manchus. The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Xibe ( Sibe;) are an Ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in

The "Kokbayraq" flag. This flag is used by Uyghurs as a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement. East Turkestan Independence Movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent self-governing Xinjiang, also referred to as East Turkestan It is almost identical to the flag of Turkey except with a blue background. The Chinese government prohibits using the flag in the country. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

The percentage of ethnic Han Chinese in Xinjiang has grown from 6 percent in 1949^[13] to an official tally of over 40 percent at present. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. This figure does not include military personnel or their families, or the many unregistered migrant workers. Much of this transformation can be attributed to the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), a semi-military organization of settlers that has built farms, towns, and cities over scattered parts of Xinjiang. History The XPCC draws from the traditional Chinese Tuntian system a policy of settling military units in frontier areas so that they become self-sufficient The demographic transformation is held by Uyghur independence advocates as a threat to Uyghurs and other non-Han ethnicities in maintaining their culture, similar to the case of Tibet. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European While at the same time, the minorities of Xinjiang were exempted from the One-Child Policy and many Uyghur people emigrated out of Xinjiang to other parts of China, the percentage of Uyghur people in the total population of China has increased steadily. The one-child policy is the Population control policy (or planned birth policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia.

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China.
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)

In general, Uyghurs are the majority in western Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, Kizilsu, and Aksu, as well as Turpan prefecture in eastern Xinjiang. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 Pinyin: Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu, Kyrgyz Aksu Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克苏地区 Pinyin: Ākèsū Dìqū ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى|Aqsu Wilayati|Ak̡su Vilayiti is located in mid-western Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Han Chinese are the majority in eastern and northern Xinjiang, including the cities of Urumqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changji, Bortala, Bayin'gholin, Ili (especially the city of Kuitun), and Kumul. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Karamay or Kelamayi (also Karamai) (قاراماي|Qaramay|K̡aramay, Wade-Giles K'o-la-ma-i is a Prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Shihezi ( Chinese: 石河子 Pinyin: Shíhézǐ; شىخەنزە|Shihenze|Xihənzə is a Sub-prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang Changji Hui prefecture ( سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى|Sanji Xuizu Aptonom Oblasti|Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti is an Autonomous prefecture of Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Traditional Chinese: 博爾塔拉蒙古自治州 Simplified Chinese: 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bó'ěrtǎlā Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongolian in Cyrillic 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè Kuitun ( Chinese: 奎屯 Pinyin: Kuítún is a County-level city with about 285000 residents (2000 census in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Kumul (Qumul or Hami (قۇمۇل|Qumul|K̡umul Chinese: 哈密 Pinyin: Hāmì is an oasis in Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang ( China Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in Ili prefecture in northern Xinjiang. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè

¹—Ili AP is composed of Kuitun DACLC, Tacheng Prefecture, Aletai Prefecture, as well as former Ili Prefecture. Ili Prefecture has been disbanded and its former area is now directly administered by Ili AP.
Source: 2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料，民族出版社，2003/9 (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
Does not include members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China.
P = Prefecture; AP = Autonomous prefecture; PLC = Prefecture-level city; DACLC = Directly-administered county-level city

Some Uighur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uighurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European), and relatively fair-skin, hair and eyes, as well as other so-called 'Caucasoid' physical traits, are not uncommon among them. The Tocharians were the Tocharian -speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " In general Uyghurs resemble those peoples who live around them in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan. In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1. 0%) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2. 2%). The population overall growth rate was 10. 9‰, with 16. 3‰ of birth rate and 5. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year 4‰ mortality rate. Mortality rate is a measure of the number of Deaths (in general or due to a specific cause in some population scaled to the size of that population per unit time

HIV/AIDS

With a population of about 20 million and an officially estimated 60,000 infections, Xinjiang has one-tenth of China’s AIDS cases and the highest HIV infection rate in the country. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Chinese authorities estimate that Kashgar Prefecture, with a population of about three million, has 780 cases, but public health experts here say the real figure is probably four times that and rising fast. Kashgar Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 喀什地区 Pinyin: Kāshí Dìqū قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى|Qeshqer Wilayiti|K̡əxk̡ər Vilayiti also spelled

Until recently, addicts were largely left to the police, who regarded them as simple criminals whose drug use was to be combated mercilessly. Resistance to treating drug addiction as a public health concern has been high, mirroring what some international health experts say was, more generally, a slow response to HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China. The HIV/AIDS pandemic scene in East Asia is largely dominated by China. ^[14]

Media

The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in the Mandarin (dialect), Uyghur (dialect), Kazak and Mongolian. Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited (Chinese 新疆广电传输网络有限责任公司 consists of media broadcasting to Urumqi and the Xinjiang province area Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station, (Chinese 乌鲁木齐人民广播电台 Pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí Rénmín Guǎngbō Diàntái) consists of radio broadcasting news to Xinjiang Television Station (XJTV (Chinese 新疆电视台 Xīn Jiāng Diàn shì tái is the local television network station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of

Sports

Professional sports teams in Xinjiang include:

• Chinese Basketball Association
  • Xinjiang Guanghui Flying Tigers

Transportation

Roads

In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transporation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway, and State Road 217, as well as other roads. The Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA; Chinese 中国男子篮球职业联赛 is the premier professional Basketball league in China. Xinjiang Guanghui Flying Tigers (新疆广汇飞虎 or Xinjiang Flying Tigers or Xinjiang Guanghui are a Basketball team in the Chinese Basketball

The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its contruction on July 24, 2007. The 56 km highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2. 39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, central and western Asia, plus some parts of Europe. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants The population it covers is around 40 percent of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area.

See also

• Battle of Jushi
• East Turkestan independence movement
• Gaochang
• Jiaohe Ruins
• List of laojiaos in Xinjiang

Notes

References

• "The Tarim mummies", J. P. Mallory. ISBN 0500051011
• "Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, ISBN 2877723372
• Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007; London: Hurst, Co. , 2007. ISBN 0231139241
• Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. "Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II". Translated from the Shiji of Sima Qian. Columbia University Press. Revised Edition. ISBN 0-231-08166-9; ISBN 0-231-08167-7 (pbk. ),

External links

• Xinjiang Government website
• Xinjiang travel guide from Wikitravel

Administrative Divisions of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Provincial Capital：Ürümqi City)

Prefecture-level Cities, Regional District, Autonomous Prefectures Urban Area Districts, County-level Cities, Counties, Autonomous Counties Ürümqi City： Tianshan District | Saybagh District | Xinshi District | Shuimogou District | Toutunhe District | Dabancheng District | Dongshan District | Ürümqi County Karamay City： Karamay District | Dushanzi District | Baijiantan District | Urho District Turfan Prefecture： Turfan City | Toksun County | Piqan County Hami Prefecture： Kumul City | Yiwu County | Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County Hotan Prefecture： Hotan City | Hotan County | Lop County | Minfeng County | Pishan County | Qira County | Keriya County | Karakax County Aksu Prefecture： Aksu City | Wensu County | Xayar County | Baicheng County | Awat County | Kuqa County | Kalpin County | Toksu County | Uqturpan County Kashgar Prefecture： Kashgar City | Maralbishi County | Poskam County | Peyziwat County | Kargilik County | Yopurga County | Shule County | Mekit County | Yengisar County | Yarkent County | Shufu County | Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture： Artux City | Akqi County | Ulugqat County | Akto County Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture： Korla City | Hejing County | Yuli County | Hoxud County | Qiemo County | Bohu County | Luntai County | Ruoqiang County | Yanqi Hui Autonomous County Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture： Changji City | Fukang City | Miquan City | Qitai County | Manas County | Jimsar County | Hutubi County | Mori Kazakh Autonomous County Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture： Börtala City | Jinghe County | Wenquan County Autonomous Regional Districts directly under the jurisdiction of the County-level Cities： Shihezi City | Aral City | Tumushuke City | Wujiaqu City Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture： (The Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefectures are under the provincial jurisdiction of the Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. A county-level city ( is a county-level administrative division of Mainland China. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. The Republic of China currently administers two historical Provinces of China (one completely and a small part of another one and centrally administers two Direct-controlled Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Tianshan District ( Simplified Chinese: 天山区 Pinyin: Tiānshān Qū تڭرىتاغ رايونى|Tengritagh Rayoni|Təngritaƣ Rayoni is a district within the The Saybagh District ( Pinyin: Shāyībākè Qū سايباغ رايونى|Saybagh Rayoni|Saybaƣ Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinshi District ( Pinyin: Xīnshì Qū يېڭىشەھەر رايونى|Yéngisheher Rayoni|Yengixəhər Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region The Shuimogou District ( Pinyin: Shǔimógōu Qū شۇيموگۇ رايونى|Shuymogu Rayoni|Xuymogu rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region The Toutunhe District ( Pinyin: Tóutúnhé Qū تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى|Tudungxaba Rayoni|Tudunghaba Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous The Dabancheng District (达坂城区 Pinyin: Dábǎnchéng Qū is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction Dongshan District ( Pinyin: Dōngshān Qū دۇڭسەن رايونى|Dungsen Rayoni|Dungsən Rayoni is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is Ürümqi County (ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى|Ürümchi Nahiyisi|Ürümqi Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative Karamay or Kelamayi (also Karamai) (قاراماي|Qaramay|K̡aramay, Wade-Giles K'o-la-ma-i is a Prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Karamay District (قاراماي رايونى|Qaramay Rayoni|K̡aramay Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction Dushanzi (Maytagh District (مايتاغ رايونى|Maytagh Rayoni|Maytaƣ Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China and is under The Baijiantan District ( Pinyin: Báijiǎntān Qū جەرەنبۇلاق رايونى|Jerenbulaq Rayoni|Jərənbulak̡ Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Urho District ( Simplified Chinese: 乌尔禾区 Pinyin: Wū'ěrhé Qū ئورقۇ رايونى|Orqu Rayoni|Ork̡u Rayoni is a district within the Xinjiang Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the The Toksun (Toqsun County (پىتوقسۇن ناھىيىسى|Toqsun Nahiyisi|Tok̡sun Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration Piqan County ( Simplified Chinese: 鄯善县 پىچان ناھىيىسى|Pichan Nahiyisi|Piqan Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Hami Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 哈密地区 Pinyin: Hāmì Dìqū قۇمۇل ۋىلايىتى|Qumul Wilayiti|K̡umul Vilayiti is located in eastern Kumul (Qumul or Hami (قۇمۇل|Qumul|K̡umul Chinese: 哈密 Pinyin: Hāmì is an oasis in Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang ( China The Yiqu (Ara Türük County (ئارا تۈرۈك ناھىيىسى|Ara Türük Nahiyisi|Ara Türük Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County ( Simplified Chinese: 巴里坤哈萨克自治县 Pinyin: Bālǐkūn Hāsàkèzú Zìzhìxiàn باركۆل قازاقئاپتونوم The Hotan Prefecture (Chinese “和田” Pinyin: Hétián Dìqū Uyghur: خوتەن ۋىلايىتى Xoten Wilayiti Hotən Vilayiti is located in the The Hotan County (خوتەن ناھىيىسى|Xoten Nahiyisi|Hotən Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Lop County (لوپ ناھىيىسى|Lop Nahiyisi|Lop Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Khotan The Minfeng (Niye County (نىيە ناھىيىسى|Niye Nahiyisi|Niyə Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration The Pishan (Guma County (گۇما ناھىيىسى|Guma Nahiyisi|Guma Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of The Qira (Chira County (چىرا ناھىيىسى|Chira Nahiyisi|Qira Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of The Keriya (Kériye County ( Chinese: 于田县 Pinyin: Yútián Xiàn كېرىيە ناھىيىسى|Kériye Nahiyisi|Keriyə Nah̡iyisi is a county within the The Karakax (Qaraqash County ( Chinese: 墨玉县 Pinyin: Mòyù Xiàn قاراقاش ناھىيىسى|Qaraqash Nahiyisi|K̡arak̡ax Nah̡iyisi is a county within Aksu Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克苏地区 Pinyin: Ākèsū Dìqū ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى|Aqsu Wilayati|Ak̡su Vilayiti is located in mid-western Aksu or Akesu (also known as Ak-su, Akshu, Aqsu, Bharuka and Po-lu-chia; ئاقسۇ|Aqsu|Ak̡su The Wensu (Onsu County (ئونسۇ ناھىيىسى|Onsu Nahiyisi|Onsu Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Xayar (Shayar County ( Chinese: 沙雅县 Pinyin: Shāyǎ Xiàn شايار ناھىيىسى|Shayar Nahiyisi|Xayar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang The Baicheng (Bay County (باي ناھىيىس|Bay Nahiyisi|Bay Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Awat County (ئاۋات ناھىيىسى|Awat Nahiyisi|Avat Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu The Kuqa County (库车县 Kùchē Xian كۇچار ناھىيىسى|Kuchar Nahiyisi|Kuqar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the Kalpin County ( Chinese: 柯坪县 Pinyin: Kēpíng Xiàn كەلپىن ناھىيىسى|Kelpin Nahiyisi|Kəlpin Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Toksu (Toqsu County (توقسۇ ناھىيىسى|Toqsu Nahiyisi|Tok̡su Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, and is under the Uqturpan (Uchturpan County (乌什县 Pinyin: Wūshí Xiàn ئۇچتۇرپان ناھىيىسى|Uchturpan Nahiyisi|Uqturpan Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Kashgar Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 喀什地区 Pinyin: Kāshí Dìqū قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى|Qeshqer Wilayiti|K̡əxk̡ər Vilayiti also spelled Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Maralbishi County ( Simplified Chinese: 巴楚县 Pinyin: Bāchǔ Xiàn مارالبېشى ناھىيىسى|Maralbeshi Nahiyisi|Maralbexi Nah̡iyisi is a county The Poskam County (پوسكام ناھىيىسى|Poskam Nahiyisi|Poskam Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Peyziwat County (پەيزىۋات ناھىيىسى|Peyzivat Nahiyisi|Pəyzivat Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration Kargilik County (قاغىلىق ناھىيىسى|Qaghiliq Nahiyisi|K̡aƣilik̡ Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration The Yopurga County (يوپۇرغا ناھىيىسى|Yopurgha Nahiyisi|Yopurƣa Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration The Shule County ( Chinese: 疏勒县 Pinyin: Shūlè xiàn قەشقەر يېڭىشەھەر ناھىيىسى|Qeshqer Yéngisheher Nahiyisi|K̡əxk̡ər Yengixəh̡ər The Mekit (Makit County ( Chinese: 麦盖提县 مەكىت ناھىيىسى|Mekit Nahiyisi|Məkit Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Yéngisar County (英吉沙县 yīng jí shā xiàn يېڭىسار ناھىيىسى|Yéngisar Nahiyisi|Yengisar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Yarkent (Yarkand County ( Chinese 莎車县 Pinyin: Shāchē; يەكەن|Yerkent|Yərkənt; Turkish: Yerkent which means 'ground city' also The Shufu (Kona Sheher County (قەشقەر كونا شەھەر ناھىيىسى|Qeshqer Kona Sheher Nahiyisi|K̡əxk̡ər Kona Xəh̡ər Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County (تاشقرغان تاشقۇرقان تاجىكئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى|Tashqurqan Tajik Aptonom Nahiyisi|Taxk̡urk̡an Tajik Aptonom Nah̡iyisi Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 Pinyin: Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu, Kyrgyz Artux, Atush or Atushi ( Simplified Chinese: 阿图什 Traditional Chinese: 阿圖什 Pinyin: Ātúshí ئاتۇش|Atush|Atux Akqi (Aqchi County (ئاقچى ناھىيىسى|Aqchi Nahiyisi|Ak̡qi Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Ulugqat (Ulughchat County (ئۇلۇغچات ناھىيىسى|Ulughchat Nahiyisi|Uluƣqat Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the The Akto County (ئاقتو ناھىيىسى|Aqto Nahiyisi|Ak̡to Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Chinese:巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu Mongolian in Cyrillic Korla or Kuerle ( Mongolian: Хорл Simplified Chinese: 库尔勒 Traditional Chinese: 庫爾勒 Pinyin: Kù'ěrlè is a mid-sized The Hejing County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The Yuli (Lopnur County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The Hoshut County ( Chinese: 和硕县 Pinyin: Héshuò Xiàn is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Qiemo County, also known as Cherchen or Qarqan, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin The Bohu (Baghrash County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The Luntai (Bügür County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The Ruoqiang (Chaqiliq Qakilik County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Yanqi Hui Autonomous County ( Simplified Chinese: 焉耆回族自治县 Pinyin:Yānqí Huízú Zìzhìxiàn is an Autonomous county in the Xinjiang Changji Hui prefecture ( سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى|Sanji Xuizu Aptonom Oblasti|Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti is an Autonomous prefecture of Changji ( Chinese: 昌吉 Pinyin: Chāngjí سانجى|Sanji|Sanji is a County-level city of about 192000 inhabitants (in 1999 in the Region of Fukang ( Chinese: 阜康 Pinyin: Fùkāng is a County-level city in Xinjiang of the People's Republic of China. Miquan (read Mitɕʰuan ( Chinese: 米泉 Pinyin: Mǐquán is a County-level city in Xinjiang of the People's Republic of China The Qitai County (奇台县 Qitai Xian گۇچۇڭ ناھىيىسى|Guchung Nahiyisi|Guqung Nah̡iyisi also known as Gucheng (古城 is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Manas County (玛纳斯县 Maneisi Xian ماناس ناھىيىسى|Manas Nahiyisi|Manas Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration Jimsar County (جىمىسار ناھىيىسى|Jimisar Nahiyisi|Jimisar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Hutubi (Qutubi County (قۇتۇبى ناھىيىسى|Qutubi Nahiyisi|K̡utubi Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration The Mori Kazak Autonomous County (مورى قازاق ئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى|Mori Qazaq Aptonom Nahiyisi|Mori K̡azak̡ Aptonom Nah̡iyisi Kazakh: Мори Қазақ Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture ( Traditional Chinese: 博爾塔拉蒙古自治州 Simplified Chinese: 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 Pinyin: Bó'ěrtǎlā Bole (Börtala ( Traditional Chinese: 博樂 Simplified Chinese: 博乐 Pinyin: Bólè بۆرتالا|Börtala|Bɵrtala is a County-level The Jinghe (Jing County (جىڭ ناھىيىسى|Jing Nahiyisi|Jing Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the The Wenquan (Arishang County (ئارىشاڭ ناھىيىسى|Arishang Nahiyisi|Arixang Nah̡iyisi is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the Shihezi ( Chinese: 石河子 Pinyin: Shíhézǐ; شىخەنزە|Shihenze|Xihənzə is a Sub-prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang Aral or Alaer ( Simplified Chinese: 阿拉尔 Traditional Chinese: 阿拉爾 Pinyin: Ālā'ěr ئارال|Aral|Aral is a Sub-prefecture-level Tumxuk or Tumushuke ( Chinese: 图木舒克 Pinyin: Túmùshūkè تۇمشۇق|Tumushuq|Tumxuk̡ also known as Tumushuk Tumshuq etc Wujiaqu (五家渠 Pinyin: Wǔjiāqú ۋۇجياچۈ|Wujyachü|Vujyaqü is a Sub-prefecture-level city in the northern part of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè Subdivisions The prefecture is divided into 2 county level cities, 4 counties, and 1 Autonomous county. Location of Altay Prefecture in Ili Kazakh, Xinjiang 伊犁哈萨克自治州 Yīlí hāsàkè ) Autonomous Territories： Yining City | Kuitun City | Yining County | Tekes County | Nilka County | Zhaosu County | Xinyuan County | Huocheng County | Gongliu County | Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County Tacheng Prefecture： Tacheng City | Wusu City | Emin County | Yumin County | Shawan County | Toli County | Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County Altay Prefecture： Altay City | Qinggil County | Jeminay County | Fuyun County | Burqin County | Fuhai County | Habahe County