| Xianfeng Emperor 咸豐帝 |
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|---|---|
| Qing Wenzong 清文宗 |
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| Reign | 9 March 1850 – 22 August 1861 |
| Predecessor | Daoguang Emperor |
| Successor | Tongzhi Emperor |
| Spouse | Empress Xiao De Xian Empress Xiao Zhen Xian Empress Xiao Qin Xian |
| Issue | |
| Zaichun, Tongzhi Emperor Princess Rongan |
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| Full name | |
| Chinese: Aixin-Jueluo Yizhu 愛新覺羅奕詝 Manchu: Aisin-Gioro I Ju |
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| Titles | |
| The Emperor | |
| Era name | |
| 1851 - 1862 - Xiánfēng 咸豐 | |
| Posthumous name | Emperor Xiétiān Yìyùn Zhízhōng Chuímó Màodé Zhènwǔ Shèngxiào Yuāngōng Duānrén Kuānmǐn Zhuāngjiǎn Xiǎn 協天翊運執中垂謨懋德振武聖孝淵恭端仁寬敏莊儉顯皇帝 |
| Temple name | Qing Wenzong 清文宗 |
| Royal house | House of Aisin-Gioro |
| Father | Daoguang Emperor |
| Mother | Empress Xiao Quan Cheng |
| Born | July 17, 1831 Old Summer Palace, Beijing |
| Died | August 22, 1861 (aged 30) Chengde Mountain Resort, Chengde |
| Burial | Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua |
The Xianfeng Emperor, born Yizhu, (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eighth Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Empress Xiao De Xian (孝德显皇后萨克达氏 ? - January 24, 1850 was the first Empress Consort of the Xianfeng Emperor. The Empress Dowager Ci'an (慈安皇太后 1837 - April 8, 1881, popularly known in China as the East Empress Dowager (东太后 Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Princess Rongan Ku Lun Kungchu (荣安固伦公主 (1855-1875 was the only daughter of the Xianfeng Emperor by his consort Li Fei. Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. Aisin Gioro was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo) The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness ( and originally called the Imperial Gardens ( was a complex of palaces and gardens Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Mountain Resort in Chengde ( Chinese: 避暑山庄 Pinyin: Bìshǔ Shānzhuāng literally Mountain Resort for Avoiding the Heat Manchu: Halhūn Chengde ( is a Prefecture-level city in Hebei province People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. Zunhua (Chinese 遵化市 is a County-level city of Tangshan, Hebei, China. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Contents |
Early years
Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Imperial Summer Palace Complex, 8 kilometers northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness ( and originally called the Imperial Gardens ( was a complex of palaces and gardens The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty His mother was the Imperial Concubine Quan (全贵妃), of the (Manchu) Niuhuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Quan Cheng (孝全成皇后). The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Niohuru (or Niuhuru) Clan (鈕祜祿氏 meaning "wolf" in the Manchu language) were a powerful Manchu Clan during the Qing Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Chosen as the Crown Prince in the later years of Dao Guang's reign, Yizhu had reputed ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers. He succeeded the throne in 1850, at age 19, and was a relatively young Emperor. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link He inherited a crumbling dynasty that faced challenges not only internally, but also from Europeans. The situation was not reflected at all by his reign title, Xianfeng (咸丰/咸豐), which means "Universal Prosperity. A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese " The Taiping Rebellion began in 1851, and spread to several provinces with amazing speed. The Taiping Rebellion or Rebellion of Great Peace was a large-scale Revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Government in China Xianfeng dispatched several prominent mandarins, like Zeng Guofan, and Imperial relatives, like the Mongol general Senggelinqin, to crush the rebellion, with limited success. Zeng Guofan ( Pinyin: Zēng Guófán Wade-Giles: Tseng Kuo-fan Styled Bóhán 伯函 and variably Díshēng 滌生 Posthumous Sengge Rinchen also Senggelinqin (僧格林沁 1811-1865）a Mongol nobleman and general during the Qing dynasty who is mainly known for his role Several Muslim rebellions in the southwest began in 1855.
Western Imperialism towards China
As western imperialism was carving a path through Asia, China was not spared. The European powers rightly saw the weakening Qing Empire as ripe for exploitation. European forces, led by France, after inciting a few battles on the coast near Tianjin, of which not all were decisive victories, attempted "negotiation" with the Qing Government. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Xian Feng, under the influence of the Concubine Yi (懿貴妃, later the Empress Dowager Cixi), believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any colonial demands. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the He delegated Prince Gong for several negotiations that failed to solve any significant problems. The 1st Prince Gong ( Wade-Giles: Prince Kung ( January 11, 1833 - May 29, 1898) commonly known in his days as the Lord Sixth On October 18, 1860, the western forces went on to loot and burn the Imperial Summer Palaces of Qīngyī Yuán (清漪园/清漪園) and Yuánmíng Yuán (圆明园/圓明園). Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Summer Palace or Yi he yuan ( is a palace in Beijing, China. The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness ( and originally called the Imperial Gardens ( was a complex of palaces and gardens
While negotiations with the European powers were in deliberation, Emperor Xianfeng and his Imperial entourage fled to the northern palace in Jehol. Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. Becoming more ill physically, Xian Feng's ability to govern also deteriorated, leading to competing ideologies in court that eventually formed two distinct factions — those under the rich Manchu Sushun, Princes Yi and Zheng; and those under the Concubine Yi, supported by Gen. Sushun ( Styled: Yuting ( (26 November 1816– 1861 was born in the Manchu Aisin-Gioro Clan as the sixth son of Wurgongga Zaiyuan (載垣 6th Prince Yi (died 1861 of the Manchu imperial Aisin-Gioro clan Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the Ronglu and Yehenala Bannermen. Ronglu (荣禄 April 6, 1836 - April 11, 1903) was a Manchu Statesman during the late Qing dynasty. The Eight Banners (In Manchu: jakūn gūsa, In Chinese: 八旗 baqí were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed
Death
Xian Feng died on August 22, 1861, at the imperial summer resort (行宮 xinggong) in Jehol, 230 kilometers northeast of Beijing. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. Being succeeded by his one surviving son, Zaichun, who was barely 6 years old, Xianfeng had summoned Sushun and his group to his bedside a day before, giving them an Imperial Edict dictating the power structure during the young Emperor's minority. The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu The edict appointed four members of the Imperial line, namely, Zaiyuan, the Prince Yi; Duanhua, the Prince Zheng; Duke Jingshou; and Sushun, and four Ministers, Muyin, Kuangyuan, Du Han, and Jiao Youying, as the eight members of a new regency council to aid the young Emperor. Zaiyuan (載垣 6th Prince Yi (died 1861 of the Manchu imperial Aisin-Gioro clan Sushun ( Styled: Yuting ( (26 November 1816– 1861 was born in the Manchu Aisin-Gioro Clan as the sixth son of Wurgongga By tradition, after the death of an Emperor, the body was to be accompanied to the Capital by the regents. Concubine Yi and the Empress, who were now both given titles of Empress Dowager, traveled to Beijing ahead of time, and planned a coup that ousted Sushun from the regency. Empress Dowager ( Chinese: 皇太后 Chinese, Korean Pronunciation: Hwang Tae Hu Japanese Pronunciation: Kōtaigō Vietnamese Pronunciation The Concubine Yi would subsequently rule China for the next 47 years, as the Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the
Emperor Xianfeng was interred in the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 "Tomb of Quietude") mausoleum complex.
Family & Personal
- Father: Emperor Daoguang (1782 - 1850)
- Mother: Empress Xiao Quan Cheng - Imperial Quan Concubine, of the (Manchu) Niuhuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Quan Cheng. The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty
- Consorts:
- Empress Xiao De Xian (孝德显皇后萨克达氏) (? - 1849). Empress Xiao De Xian (孝德显皇后萨克达氏 ? - January 24, 1850 was the first Empress Consort of the Xianfeng Emperor. Entered the Forbidden City as lady Sakda of the Sakda clan, raised to the rank of Empress after her death when Yi Zhu became the Xian Feng Emperor. She was granted the posthumous title of Empress Xiaode Xian.
- Empress Xiao Zhen Xian (the Ci An Dowager Empress) (慈安太后) of the Niuhuru clan (1837 - 1881 ). The Empress Dowager Ci'an (慈安皇太后 1837 - April 8, 1881, popularly known in China as the East Empress Dowager (东太后 The Niohuru (or Niuhuru) Clan (鈕祜祿氏 meaning "wolf" in the Manchu language) were a powerful Manchu Clan during the Qing
- Empress Xiao Qin Xian (The Ci Xi Dowager Empress) (Noble Concubine Yi 懿貴妃) (1835 - 1908). Empress Dowager Cixi 1 ( ( November 29 1835 – November 15 1908) popularly known in China as the
- Consort Li, posthumously known as Imperial Noble Concubine Zhuang Jing (庄靜皇貴妃) (1837 - 1890). Li Fei ( was a consort of Xianfeng Emperor. She was from the Tatala clan (他他拉氏 (1837 - 1890 and the daughter of Jiahai (庆海 Li Fei ( was a consort of Xianfeng Emperor. She was from the Tatala clan (他他拉氏 (1837 - 1890 and the daughter of Jiahai (庆海
- Imperial Noble Consort Duan Ge (端恪皇貴妃) of the Tongiya clan (1844 - 1910).
- Imperial Consort Mei (玫貴妃) (1837 - 1890), she gave birth to the emperors second son who died young.
- Imperial Consort Ji (吉妃) (? - 1905) of the Wang clan.
- Imperial Consort Xi (禧妃) (? - 1878) of the Chahala clan.
- Imperial Consort Qing (慶妃) (? -1886).
- Honoured Consort Wan (? - 1894).
- Imperial Concubine Yun (雲嬪) (? - 1855) of the Wugiya clan.
- Children:
- Prince Zaichun, (son of Ci Xi Dowager Empress) who became the Tongzhi Emperor after his death. The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun ( April 27, 1856 &ndash January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu
- Second son died young.
- Princess Rongan Ku Lun (榮安固倫公主) (daughter of concubine Li). Princess Rongan Ku Lun Kungchu (荣安固伦公主 (1855-1875 was the only daughter of the Xianfeng Emperor by his consort Li Fei.
Xianfeng had a large sexual appetite. He was a lover of opera and alcohol, and often became violent with his servants. He was known to smoke opium. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( [1]
See also
- Second Opium War (1856-1860)
- Treaties of Tianjin (1858)
- Beijing Convention (1860)
References
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Xianfeng Emperor
Born: July 17 1831 Died: August 22 1861 |
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| Preceded by The Daoguang Emperor |
Emperor of China 1850-1861 |
Succeeded by The Tongzhi Emperor |
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