Xerox Corporation
Type	Public (NYSE: XRX)
Founded	Rochester, New York, USA (1906)
Headquarters	Norwalk, Connecticut, USA Offices in Rochester, New York
Key people	Anne M. Mulcahy, Chairman & CEO Ursula Burns, President Larry Zimmerman, CFO Gary R. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Anne M Mulcahy is chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Xerox Corporation, Stamford Conn Kabureck CAO Michael MacDonald, President, Marketing Operations
Industry	Document Services Computer Peripherals
Products	Digital Imaging Printers
Revenue	▲$17. A company's Chief Accounting Officer (CAO is typically responsible for overseeing all aspects of an organization's accounting function For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" A document management system (DMS is a Computer system (or set of computer programs used to track and store Electronic documents and/or images of paper For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of Digital images typically from a physical object In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 2 billion USD (2007)
Employees	57,400 (2007)
Website	www.xerox.com

Xerox's former headquarters in Stamford (now headquartered in Norwalk)

Xerox Corporation (NYSE: XRX) (name pronounced /ˈziːrɒks/) is a global document management company, which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (moved from Stamford, Connecticut in October 2007^[1]), though its largest population of employees is based in and around Rochester, New York, the area in which the company was founded. Norwalk is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States.

History

The Xerox 914 was the first one-piece plain paper photocopier, and sold in the thousands.

Xerox was founded in 1906 as "The Haloid Company",^[2] which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment. The company subsequently changed its name to "Haloid Xerox" in 1958 and then simply "Xerox" in 1961 ^[3]. The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the first plain paper photocopier using the process of xerography (electrophotography) developed by Chester Carlson, the Xerox 914 [1]. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Xerography (or electrophotography) is a Photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and Patented on October 6 Xerography (or electrophotography) is a Photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and Patented on October 6 Chester Floyd Carlson ( February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American Physicist, Inventor, and The Xerox 914 was the first successful commercial plain paper copier which in 1959 revolutionized the document-copying industry The 914 was so popular that by the end of 1961, Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. By 1965, revenues leaped to over $500 million. Before releasing the 914, Xerox had also introduced the first xerographic printer, the "Copyflo" in 1955.

The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires of some long-suffering investors who had nursed the company through the slow research and development phase of the product. In 1960, the "Wilson Center for Research and Technology" was opened in Webster, New York, a research facility for xerography. Webster is a Town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 37926 at the 2000 census In 1961, the company changed its name to "Xerox Corporation". Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1961 and on the Chicago Stock Exchange in 1990. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The Chicago Stock Exchange ( CHX) is a Chicago -based Stock exchange.

In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, bringing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk into a reality. Ten years later in 1973, a color copier followed.

The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher Gary Starkweather by modifying a Xerox copier. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper Gary K Starkweather is an American engineer and inventor In 1969 Starkweather invented the Laser printer at Xerox 's Webster research center This development resulted in the first commercially available laser printer, the Xerox 9700, being launched in 1977. Laser printing eventually became a multi billion dollar business for Xerox.

In 1970, under company president Charles Peter McColough, Xerox opened the Xerox PARC (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) research facility. Charles Peter Philip Paul McColough ( August 1 1922 - December 13 2006) was the joint creater and owner of the Xerox Corporation PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Inc formerly Xerox PARC, is a Research and development company in Palo Alto California that began as a division of The facility developed many modern computing methods such as the mouse and the graphical user interface. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the Xerox Alto in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a workstation and personal computer. The Xerox Alto was an early Personal computer developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated The Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. In 1979, several Apple Computer employees, including Steve Jobs, visited Xerox PARC, interested in seeing their developments. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24 1955 is the Co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc and former CEO of Pixar Animation Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the GUI and mouse, and began development of the Apple Lisa, which Apple introduced in 1983. For the MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers see Lisa assembler.

The Xerox Alto workstation was developed at Xerox PARC.

Xerox later released a similar system to the Alto, the Xerox Star in 1981 as a workstation. The Star Workstation, officially known as the Xerox 8010 Information System, was introduced It was the first commercial system to incorporate various technologies that today have become commonplace in personal computers, including a bit-mapped display, a window-based GUI, mouse, Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers and e-mail. Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs In Computing, a file server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of providing a location for the shared storage of Computer files (such A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to client computers over a network, and Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving The Xerox Star, despite its technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, costing $16,000 per unit. A typical Xerox Star-based office would have cost $100,000.

In the mid 80s, Apple considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Apple attempted to adapt the graphical user interface and mouse to a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The Apple Macintosh was released in 1984, and was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse amongst the public. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc In the late 1980s, Xerox sued Apple over their use of the graphical user interface. The Xerox case was dismissed because the three year statute of limitations had passed -- Xerox had waited too long to file a suit.

The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range—essentially high-end laser printers with attached scanners which were able to be attached to computer networks—again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete "document service" to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. To reinforce this image, the company introduced a corporate signature, "The Document Company" above its main logo and introduced a red "digital X". The "digital X" symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds.

In 2000, Xerox acquired Tektronix color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million. Tektronix Inc is a North American company best known for its test and measurement equipment such as Oscilloscopes Logic analyzers, and video and mobile This led to the current Xerox Phaser line of products as well as Xerox solid ink printing technology. Xerox Phaser is the brand name for a line of color and black and white printers produced and sold by Xerox. Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986

In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of American history as an artifact in the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of

Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Anne M. Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002. Anne M Mulcahy is chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Xerox Corporation, Stamford Conn ^[4] Mulcahy launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development.

In November, 2006 Xerox completed the Acquisition of XMPie Press Release

Current products

Box of Xerox paper, showing the Xerox wordmark and "digital X" logos. Colour Impressions was launched in 2004.

Xerox today manufactures and sells a wide variety of office and production equipment including photo copiers, Xerox Phaser printers, multifunction printers, large-volume digital printers as well as workflow software under the brand strategy of FreeFlow. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Xerox Phaser is the brand name for a line of color and black and white printers produced and sold by Xerox. The impact of Xerox FreeFlow products on the graphic arts market and the print industry in general has grown exponentially since May 2006, largely as a result of the Xerox presence at IPEX 2006. Xerox also sells scanners and digital presses.

Xerox sells both color and black and white printers under the Xerox Phaser brand, with the color consumer model starting at US$299; the most expensive color model costs US$6,799. Xerox Phaser is the brand name for a line of color and black and white printers produced and sold by Xerox.

Xerox also produces fax machines, professional printers, black and white copiers, and several other products. Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i

In addition, Xerox produces many printing and office supplies such as paper, in many forms; and markets software such as DocuShare Xerox MarketPort and FlowPort, offers consulting services, ECM Digital Repository Services and printing outsourcing. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Enterprise content management ( ECM) is a set of technologies used to capture store preserve and deliver content and documents and content related to organizational A digital library is a Library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print Microform, or other media and accessible by computers Outsourcing is Subcontracting a process such as product design or Manufacturing, to a Third-party company

Corporate structure

Xerox logo 1971–2008 designed by Chermayeff & Geismar. Chermayeff & Geismar is a prominent New York-based graphic design firm

Although Xerox is a global brand, it maintains a joint venture, Fuji Xerox, with Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co. to develop, produce and sell in the Asia-Pacific region. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a is a Joint venture partnership between the Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co is a Japanese company known for its Photographic film and Cameras Fujifilm is the world’s largest photographic and imaging company. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Fuji Photo Film Co. is currently the majority stakeholder, with 75% of the shareholding.

Xerox India, formerly Modi Xerox, is Xerox's Indian subsidiary derived from a joint venture formed between Dr Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox India is the Indian subsidiary of Xerox Corporation, the American printer photocopier document supplies technology & services company Xerox obtained a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy out the remaining shareholders. ^[5]

Xerox now sponsors the Factory Ducati Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name of the "Xerox Ducati".

Rank Xerox

Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s

European operations, Rank Xerox, later extended to Asia and Africa, has been fully owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. Rank Xerox was formed in 1956 as a Joint venture between the Xerox Corporation of U The Rank Xerox name was discontinued following the buyout.

Environmental Record

U. S. office workers print an average of 10,000 pages per year. ^[6] According to Xerox, around 40 percent of the pages printed out by people are only viewed once before being thrown away. Xerox is making attempts at reducing that number with “erasable paper. ” This new type of paper is embedded with chemicals that are sensitive to light. When different wavelengths of light touch its surface, the paper darkens, and this in turn gives the “printed text or image” look. The images stay on the paper for between 16 and 24 hours before dissolving, and this allows the paper to be used again in the future. ^[7]

The average American emits 9. 44 tons of carbon dioxide a year. ^[8]To help offices realize their environmental impact, Xerox released the “sustainability calculator” in late March 2008. The calculator has been created as a method to measure “the environmental benefits so we can use that in our reports and marketing materials” says Patty Calkins, who is the vice president of environment, health, and safety at Xerox, as well as to optimize the office equipment. ^[9]

Accounting irregularities

On April 11, 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Xerox. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility ^[10] The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several "accounting maneuvers," the most significant of which was a change in when Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases — recognizing a "sale" in the period a lease contract was signed, instead of recognizing revenue ratably over the entire length of the contract. At issue was when the revenue was recognized, not the validity of the revenue. Xerox's restatement only changed what year the revenue was stated.

In response to the SEC's complaint, Xerox Corporation neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. It agreed to pay a $10 million penalty and to restate its financial results for the years 1997 through 2000. On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled their issues with the SEC and neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. They agreed to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest.

On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against Xerox's auditors ^[11], KPMG, alleging four partners in the "Big Five" accounting firm permitted Xerox to "cook the books" to fill a $3 billion "gap" in revenue and $1. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. KPMG is one of the largest Professional services firms in the world 4 billion "gap" in pre-tax earnings. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a US$22. 48 million fine ^[12]. As part of the settlement KPMG neither admits nor denies wrongdoing.

During settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Xerox began to revamp itself once more. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" was increased in proportion to "The Document Company" on the corporate signature and the latter was dropped altogether in September 2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" are still used by Fuji Xerox. is a Joint venture partnership between the Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co

Trademark issues and name usage

The word "xerox" is commonly used as a synonym for "photocopy" (both as a noun and a verb) in many areas; for example,"I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk. " or "Please make a xeroxed copy of the articles and hand them out a week before the exam". Though both are common, the company does not condone such uses of its trademark, and is particularly concerned about the ongoing use of Xerox as a verb as this places the trademark in danger of being declared a generic word by the courts. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. A genericized trademark (also known as a generic trademark or proprietary eponym) is a Trademark or Brand name that has become the colloquial The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb. ^[13][14]

To this end, the company has written to publications that have used Xerox as a verb, and has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying machine". (Note that xerox is functionally a verb in this sentence. ) Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademark diligently in most if not all trademark categories. Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to mention the use of "xerox" as a verb, including the Oxford English Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English In 2008, Xerox changed its logo to a red sphere with a white X with three grey stripes. The change is meant to reflect less on the photo copying duties Xerox has carried out and instead to refocus on document management and solutions across the world for companies.

External links

• Xerox website
• Xerox Research Center Europe
• Xerox Research Centre of Canada
• Xerox data at Yahoo! Finance

References

1. ^ Online Fact Book: Historical Highlights. www. xerox. com (2007).
2. ^ Online Fact Book: Xerox at a Glance, xerox. com. Article retrieved 2006-12-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
3. ^ Xerox Hopes Its New Logo Doesn’t Say ‘Copier’, NYT. com. Article retrieved 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
4. ^ The Accidental CEO. Fortune (June 2003).
5. ^ Xerox looks to up stake in Indian arm to 100%. The Economic Times (March 2005).
6. ^ http://www.printgreener.com/earthday.html GreenPrint Retrieved May 5, 2008
7. ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/realestatenews/ci_9141683 San Jose Mercury News Retrieved May 5. 2008
8. ^ http://www.fightglobalwarming.com/ccresults.cfm Environmental Defense Fund Retrieved May 5, 2008
9. ^ http://www.sustainableindustries.com/breakingnews/17977249.html Sustainable Industries Retrieved May 5,2008
10. ^ SEC v. Xerox Corporation. SEC (2002).
11. ^ Complaint: KPMG LLP et al.. SEC (2003).
12. ^ SEC fines Xerox's ex-auditor. Democrat and Chronicle (April 2005).
13. ^ Stim, Richard (2006). Patent, Copyright & Trademark. Nolo, p. 388. ISBN 1413301967.  
14. ^ Online Fact Book: Overview. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival