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For other persons named Xenophon, see Xenophon (disambiguation).
Xenophon, Greek historian
Xenophon, Greek historian

Xenophon (In Greek Ξενοφῶν, ca. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly 431 – 355 BC), son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, was a soldier, mercenary and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates. Events By place Greece Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus an influential Athenian Events By place Greece King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to Ancient Greece, a deme ( δῆμος) was a subdivision of Attica, the region of Greece surrounding Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the sayings of Socrates, and the life of Greece. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Contents

Life and writings

Xenophon's birth date is uncertain, but most scholars agree that he was born in 431 BC around Athens, Greece. Events By place Greece Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus an influential Athenian Xenophon was born the son of an Athenian knight, thus granting him access to certain privileges of the aristocracy of Ancient Greece. While a young man, Xenophon participated in the expedition led by Cyrus the Younger against his older brother, the emperor Artaxerxes II of Persia, in 401 BC. Cyrus (Kuruš the Younger, son of Darius II of Persia (Dārayavahuš and Parysatis, was a Persian prince and General. Artaxerxes II Mnemon ( Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçrā, Ἀρταξέρξης (ca See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent Events By place Persian empire Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext Xenophon says that he had asked the veteran Socrates for advice on whether to go with Cyrus, and that Socrates referred him to the divinely inspired Delphic oracle. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Xenophon's query to the oracle, however, was not whether or not to accept Cyrus' invitation, but "to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with good fortune. An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature " So the oracle told him which gods to pray and sacrifice to. When Xenophon returned to Athens and told Socrates of the oracle's advice, Socrates chastised him. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand
Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand

Under the pretext of fighting Tissaphernes, Cyrus assembled a massive army composed of native Persian soldiers, but also a large number of Greeks, whom he viewed as superior fighters. The Ten Thousand were a group of Mercenary units mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire Tissaphernes (Pers Ciθrafarna, d 395 BC Gr Τισσαφέρνης was a Persian soldier and statesman grandson of Hydarnes. Prior to waging war against the emperor, Cyrus proposed that the enemy was the Pisidians, and so the Greeks were unaware that they were to battle against the larger army of King Artaxerxes II. Artaxerxes II Mnemon ( Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçrā, Ἀρταξέρξης (ca At Tarsus the soldiers became aware of Cyrus' plans to dispose of the king, and as a result refused to continue. Clearchus, however, convinced the Greeks to continue with the expedition. The army of Cyrus met the army of Artaxerxes II in the Battle of Cunaxa. The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes Despite effective fighting by the Greeks, Cyrus was killed in the battle. Shortly thereafter, the Greek general Clearchus of Sparta was invited to a peace conference, where, alongside four other generals and many captains, he was betrayed and executed. Clearchus (Κλέαρχος the son of Rhamphias was a Spartan general and Mercenary. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The mercenaries, known as the Ten Thousand, found themselves without leadership far from the sea, deep in hostile territory near the heart of Mesopotamia. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by The Ten Thousand were a group of Mercenary units mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding They elected new leaders, including Xenophon himself, and fought their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey They then sailed westward back to Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία On the way back, they helped Seuthes II make himself king of Thrace. Seuthes II was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, from about 405 BC – 391 BC. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Xenophon's record of the entire expedition against the Persians and the journey home was titled Anabasis ("The Expedition" or "The March Up Country"). This article is about the It is worth noting that the Anabasis was used as a field guide by Alexander the Great during the early phases of his expedition into Persia. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

Xenophon was later exiled from Athens, most likely because he fought under the Spartan king Agesilaus II against Athens at Coronea. Agesilaus II, or Agesilaos II ( Greek) (444 BC &ndash 360 BC was a king of Sparta, of the Eurypontid dynasty ruling from approximately The Battle of Coronea in 394 BC was a battle in the Corinthian War, in which the Spartans and their allies under King Agesilaus II defeated a force (However, there may have been contributory causes, such as his support for Socrates, as well as the fact that he had taken service with the Persians. ) The Spartans gave him property at Scillus, near Olympia in Elis, where he composed the Anabasis. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Scillus is a location in Elis, south of Olympia where Xenophon retired after his exile from Athens. Olympia ( Greek: Olympí'a or Olýmpia, older transliterations Olimpia, Olimbia) a sanctuary of ancient Greece However, because his son Gryllus fought and died for Athens at the Battle of Mantinea while Xenophon was still alive, Xenophon's banishment may have been revoked. The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 362 BC between the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and supported by the Arcadians and the Boeotian Xenophon died in either Corinth or Athens. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. His date of death is uncertain; historians only know that he survived his patron Agesilaus II, for whom he wrote an encomium. Agesilaus II, or Agesilaos II ( Greek) (444 BC &ndash 360 BC was a king of Sparta, of the Eurypontid dynasty ruling from approximately Encomium is a Latin word deriving from the Classical Greek ἐγκώμιον ( encomion) meaning the praise of a person or thing

Diogenes Laertius says Xenophon was sometimes known as the "Attic Muse" for the sweetness of his diction; very few poets wrote in the Attic dialect. Diogenes Laërtius ( Greek:, Diogénes Laértios) the biographer of the Greek Philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his surname Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Xenophon is often cited as being the original "horse whisperer", having advocated sympathetic horsemanship in his "On Horsemanship". A horse whisperer is a Horse trainer who adopts a sympathetic view of the motives needs and desires of the horse based on Natural horsemanship and modern equine For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description On Horsemanship (Ἱππαρχικὸς ἢ περὶ ἱππικῆς written c He also reports that Xenophon had a young eromenos whom he loved and of whom he said: "Now I look upon Clinias with more pleasure than upon all the other beautiful things which are to be seen among men; and I would rather be blind as to all the rest of the world, than as to Clinias. In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside And I am annoyed even with night and with sleep, because then I do not see him; but I am very grateful to the sun and to daylight, because they show Clinias to me. "

Xenophon's standing as a political philosopher has been defended in recent times by Leo Strauss, who devoted a considerable part of his philosophic analysis to the works of Xenophon, returning to the high judgment of Xenophon as a thinker expressed by Shaftesbury, Winckelmann, and Machiavelli. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Shaftesbury is a Town in North Dorset, England, situated on the A30 road near the Wiltshire border 20 Miles west of Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( December 9, 1717 - June 8, 1768) a German Art historian and Archaeologist, Strauss's reading has been heavily criticized, notably by classicist Myles Burnyeat, as attempting to force Socrates into the mould of Strauss's own philosophical views. Myles Fredric Burnyeat CBE (born 1 January 1939) is an English Classicist and Philosopher.

Pointing (1991) cites Xenophon as one of the first thinkers to argue that the ordered world must have been conceived by a God or gods. [1] Xenophon's Memorabilia poses the argument that all animals are "only produced and nourished for the sake of humans" (Pointing, 1991 p. 142[1]) and Pointing argues that this reasoning is not undermined until the emergence of scientific thought and Darwinian evolution in the nineteenth century. [1]

List of works

Xenophon's writings, especially the Anabasis, are often read by beginning students of the Greek language. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly His Hellenica is a major primary source for events in Greece from 411 to 362 BC, and his Socratic writings, preserved complete, are the only surviving representatives of the genre of Sokratikoi logoi other than the dialogues of Plato. Events By place Greece The Democracy of Athens is overthrown by the oligarchic extremists Antiphon, Events By place Persian Empire Mausolus of Caria joins the revolt of the Satraps of Anatolia against the Persian Socratic dialogue ( Greek Σωκρατικός λόγος or Σωκρατικός διάλογος) is a genre of prose literary works developed in

Xenophon in Pop Culture

The 1979 cult classic "The Warriors" seems loosely based on Xenophon's Anabasis. In it a gang (The Warriors) has to fight their way home through hostile territory after fleeing a meeting called by a prominent gang leader, Cyrus, who's subsequent murder is blamed on them.

Historical and biographical works

Socratic works and dialogues

Short treatises

In addition, a short treatise on the Constitution of Athens exists that was once thought to be by Xenophon, but which was probably written when Xenophon was about five years old. This article is about the Cyropaedia (from Greek Kúrou paideía (Κύρου παιδεία "The Education of Cyrus" is a "partly fictional biography" of Cyrus the The Memorabilia are also known by the alternate Latin title Commentarii, the Greek title Apomnemoneumata (Απομνημονεύματα The Oeconomicus Xenophon 's Symposium (Συμπόσιον records the discussion of Socrates and company at a dinner given by Callias for his On Horsemanship (Ἱππαρχικὸς ἢ περὶ ἱππικῆς written c The Constitution of the Athenians (or Athenaion Politeia, or The Athenian constitution) is the name of either of two texts from Classical antiquity one This is found in manuscripts among the short works of Xenophon, as though he had written it also. The author, often called in English the "Old Oligarch", detests the democracy of Athens and the poorer classes, but he argues that the Periclean institutions are well designed for their deplorable purposes. The Constitution of the Athenians (or Athenaion Politeia, or The Athenian constitution) is the name of either of two texts from Classical antiquity one Pericles (also spelled Perikles) (c 495 – 429 BC Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory" was a prominent and influential Statesman, orator Leo Strauss has argued that this work is in fact by Xenophon, whose ironic posing he believes has been utterly missed by contemporary scholarship. Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Pointing, C. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilisations, Penguin: New York

References and further reading

External links

Project Gutenberg e-texts

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works

Dictionary

Xenophon

-proper noun

  1. Athenian historian and philosopher born 427 BCE and author of the Memorabilia. He was a pupil of Socrates and became a general during the Persian wars.
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