| Xanthine | |
|---|---|
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| IUPAC name | 3,7-Dihydro-purine-2,6-dione |
| Other names | 1H-Purine-2,6-diol |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [69-89-6] |
| PubChem | |
| SMILES | O=C1NC(=O)c2[nH]cnc2N1 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C5H4N4O2 |
| Molar mass | 152. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 111 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Melting point |
decomposes |
| Solubility in water | 1 g/ 14. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 5 L @ 16 °C 1 g/1. 4 L @ 100 °C |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Xanthine (IPA: /ˈzænθiːn, ˈzænθaɪn]/), (3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and
Contents |
Reactions
Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Many organisms have Metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down Purines Synthesis Purines are biologically synthesized as Nucleotides (bases attached
- It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase. Guanine is one of the five main Nucleobases found in the Nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine deaminase (or guanine Aminohydrolase) is an enzyme which converts Guanine to Xanthine.
- It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring Purine derivative It is occasionally found as a constituent of Nucleic acids where it is present in the Anticodon The Enzyme xanthine oxidase, or XO, (bovine milk enzyme is,) catalyzes the Oxidation of Hypoxanthine to Xanthine and can further
Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 The Enzyme xanthine oxidase, or XO, (bovine milk enzyme is,) catalyzes the Oxidation of Hypoxanthine to Xanthine and can further
Pathology
People with the rare genetic disorder xanthinuria lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid. A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare Genetic disorder causing the accumulation of Xanthine.
Clinical significance of xanthine derivatives
Derivatives of xanthine, known collectively as xanthines, are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and Bronchioles decreasing airway resistance and thereby facilitating airflow Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are In contrast to other, more potent stimulants, they only inhibit the actions of sleepiness-inducing adenosine, making them far less effective as stimulants than sympathomimetic amines. Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic the effects of the Catecholamines Epinephrine (adrenaline Norepinephrine (noradrenaline and/or Due to widespread effects, the therapeutic range of xanthines is narrow, making them merely a second-line asthma treatment. The therapeutic index (also known as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic The therapeutic level is 10-20 micrograms/mL blood; signs of toxicity include tremor, nausea, nervousness, and tachycardia/arrhythmia.
Methylated xanthine derivatives include caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic Paraxanthine, or 17-dimethylxanthine is a di Methyl derivative of Xanthine, structurally related to Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. These drugs inhibit phosphodiesterase and antagonise adenosine. A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the Enzyme Phosphodiesterase (PDE therefore preventing the inactivation A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or Drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Xanthines are also found very rarely as constituents of nucleic acids. A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information
References
See also
The Murchison meteorite is named after Murchison Victoria, in Australia.Dictionary
xanthine
-noun
- (chemistry) Any of a group of alkaloids, that include caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine as well as the parent compound, a precursor of uric acid found in many organs of the body.
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