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"Huron" redirects here. For other uses, see Huron (disambiguation).
Wendat
(Huron, Wyandot, Wyandotte)
Total population

circa 2001: 8,000
Regions with significant populations
Canada – Quebec, southwest Ontario;

United States – Ohio, Oklahoma, Michigan, Kansas
Languages
Wendat, French, English
Religions
Animism, Roman Catholicism, Other, None
Related ethnic groups
Petuns, other Iroquoians

The Wyandot and Huron are indigenous peoples of North America known in their native language as the Wendat. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Wyandot is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot, Wendat or Huron French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals The Petun or Tionontati were an Iroquoian-speaking people whose homeland was located in the area immediately to the west of the territory of the Huron Confederacy The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Wyandot is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot, Wendat or Huron Modern Wyandots and Hurons emerged in the 17th century from the remnants of two earlier groups, the Huron Confederacy and the Petun, who were located in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario before being decimated by disease and dispersed by war. The Petun or Tionontati were an Iroquoian-speaking people whose homeland was located in the area immediately to the west of the territory of the Huron Confederacy Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Wyandots and Hurons today live in various locations in Canada and the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Contents

Before 1650: Hurons and Petuns

Names and organization

In the early seventeenth century, the people known as Hurons by the French called themselves the Wendat, which means "Dwellers of the Peninsula" or "Islanders", because the Wendat homeland was bordered on three sides by the waters of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe. Lake Simcoe is a Lake in southern Ontario, Canada, the twelfth-largest lake in the province [1] Early French explorers called them the Huron, either from the French huron ("ruffian", "rustic"), or from hure ("boar's head"), because, according to tradition, French sailors thought that the bristly hairstyle of Wendat men resembled that of a boar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [1]

The Wendat were not a tribe, but a confederacy four or more tribes with a mutually intelligible language. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand [2] According to tradition, this Wendat (or Huron) Confederacy was initiated by the Attignawantans ("People of the Bear") and the Attigneenongnahacs ("Cord"), who confederated in the 15th century. [2] They were joined by the Arendarhonons ("People of the Rock") in about 1590, and the Tahontaenrats ("People of the Deer") around 1610. [2] A fifth group, the Ataronchronons ("People of the Marshes" or "Bog"), may not have attained full membership in the confederacy,[2] and may have been a division of the Attignawantan. [3]

The largest Wendat settlement, and capital of the confederacy, was located at Ossossane, near modern-day Elmvale, Ontario. Springwater is a township in central Ontario, Canada in Simcoe County between Barrie and Wasaga Beach. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Their traditional territory was known as Wendake. [4]

Closely related to the people of the Huron Confederacy were a group known to the French as the Petuns ("Tobacco People"), who lived further south. The Petun or Tionontati were an Iroquoian-speaking people whose homeland was located in the area immediately to the west of the territory of the Huron Confederacy The Petun comprised two groups: the Deer and the Wolves. [5] What the Petun called themselves is not known, but considering that they formed the nucleus of the tribe later known as the Wyandot, they too may have called themselves Wendat. [6]

Culture

Hurons, like other Iroquoian people, were farmers who supplemented their diet with hunting and fishing. The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. [2] Maize was the mainstay of their diet, which was supplemented primarily by fish, although some venison and other meats were eaten during the hunting seasons. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Venison is the Culinary name for Meat from the family Cervidae. [7] Women did most of the agricultural work, although men helped to clear the fields, which was usually done by slashing and burning. Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or [8] Men did most of the fishing and hunting, and constructed the houses, canoes, and tools. [9] Each family owned a plot of land that they farmed; this land reverted to the common property of the tribe when the family no longer used it. [10]

Hurons lived in villages spanning from one to ten acres (40,000 m²), most of which were fortified in defense against enemy attack. They lived in long houses similar to other Iroquoian cultural groups. In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world The typical village had 900 to 1600 people organized into 30 or 40 longhouses. [11] Villages were moved about every ten years as the soil became less fertile and the nearby forest, which provided firewood, grew thin. [12] Hurons engaged in trade with neighboring tribes, notably for tobacco with the neighboring Petun and Neutral nations. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. [13]

Tuberculosis was endemic among Hurons, aggravated by the close and smoky living conditions in the long houses. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common [14] Hurons were on the whole healthy, however; the Jesuits believed that the Huron were "more healthy than we". The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order [15]

European contact and Wendat dispersal

The earliest written accounts of the Huron were made by the French, who began exploring North America in the 16th century. News of the newcomers reached the Huron, particularly when Samuel de Champlain explored the Saint Lawrence River in the early 1600s, and some Hurons decided to go and meet the Europeans for themselves. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Atironta, the principal headman of the Arendarhonon tribe, went to Quebec and made an alliance with the French in 1609. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province

The total population of the Huron at the time of European contact has been estimated on average at about 20,000 to 40,000 people. [16] From 1634 to 1640, Hurons were devastated by European diseases such as measles and smallpox, and numerous villages and areas were permanently abandoned. Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. About two-thirds of the population died in the epidemics,[17] decreasing the population to about 12,000. [11]

Before the French arrived, the Huron had already been in conflict with the Iroquois to the south. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Once the European powers became involved, this conflict intensified significantly. The French allied with the Huron, because they were the most advanced trading nation at the time. The Iroquois tended to ally with the English, who took advantage of their hatred of the Huron and their new French allies. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The introduction of European weapons increased the severity of wars, and, by about 1650, the Iroquois had almost completely destroyed the Huron tribes. The Jesuit mission of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, near modern Midland, Ontario, was one focus of Iroquois attacks, and many of the Jesuit missionaries were killed (see Canadian Martyrs); the mission was eventually burned on abandonment by the Jesuits, so as to prevent capture in 1649. Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons ( French: Sainte-Marie-au-pays-des-Hurons) was a French Jesuit settlement in Wendake, the land of the Midland (population 16700 2006 Canada Census is a Town located on Georgian Bay in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. The North American Martyrs, also known as the Canadian Martyrs, were eight Jesuit Missionaries from Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, who were After relocating and spending the bitter winter of 1649-50 on Gahoendoe, some Huron relocated near Quebec City and settled at Wendake, Quebec, becoming the Huron-Wendat Nation. Christian Island is a large Island in Georgian Bay close to the communities of Penetanguishene and Midland, Ontario. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Wendake is the current name for the Huron-Wendat reserve, an enclave within Quebec City, Quebec. The Huron-Wendat Nation is a Huron-Wendat First Nation whose community and reserve is at Wendake Quebec, a municipality now enclosed

Emergence of the "Wyandot"

In the late 17th century, elements of the Huron Confederacy and the Petuns joined together and became known as the "Wyandot" (or "Wyandotte"), which is a variation of Wendat. [2] The western Wyandot eventually re-established themselves in the area of Ohio and southern Michigan. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Some Wyandot of the Wyandot Nation of Anderdon still live in Michigan. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. However, most of the surviving people were displaced through Indian removal in the early 19th century, and today a large population of Wyandot (over 4,000) can be found in eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America.

In June 1853 Big Turtle, a chief of the Wyandot tribe, wrote to the Ohio State Journal regarding the current condition of his tribe. The Wyandots received nearly $127,000 in 1845. Big Turtle noted that in the spring of 1850 the tribal chiefs retroceded the granted land to the government. $100,000 of the proceeds was invested in 5% government stock. Removed from Ohio to the Indian Territory, the Wyandot tribe had good libraries along with two thriving Sabbath Schools. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States They were in the process of organizing a division of the Sons of Temperance and maintained a sizable Temperance Society. Big Turtle commented on the agricultural yield, which produced an annual surplus for market. He said that the Wyandot's general thrift exceeded that of any tribe north of the Arkansas line. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The Wyandot nation was contented and happy, and enjoyed better living conditions than formerly in Ohio. [18]

A United States government treaty ceded the Wyandot Nation a small portion of fertile land located in an acute angle of the Missouri River and Kansas River. The Kansas River (also known as the Kaw) is a River in northeastern Kansas in the United States. In addition the government granted thirty-two floating sections which were located on public lands west of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to By 1855 the number of Wyandots had diminished to 600 or 700. On August 14 of that year the Wyandot nation elected a chief, using polls which were located at a lodge about 200 yards from the confluence of the Kansas River and the Missouri River. The Kansas correspondent of the Missouri Republican reported that the judges of the election were three elderly braves, who were trusted by their peers. Some of the floating sections were offered for sale on the same day at a price of $800. A section was composed of 640 acres (2. 6 km²). Altogether 20,480 acres (82. 9 km²) were sold for $25,600. They were located in Kansas, Nebraska, and unspecified sites. Surveys were not required, with the title becoming complete at the time of location. [19]

An October 1855 article in the New York Times reported that the Wayandots were free and without restrictions placed on other tribes. Their leaders were unanimously Pro Slavery, which meant 900 or 1,000 additional votes in opposition to the Free State movement of Kansas. Pro-Slavery Thought (in the Pre- Civil War American South refers to a wide array of political economic legal spiritual biblical sociological and racial justifications for History See also Orange Free State Geography The Free State is situated on flat boundless plains in the heart of South Africa [20]

The last of the original Wyandot of Ohio was Margaret "Grey Eyes" Solomon, a. k. a. "Mother Solomon". The daughter of Chief John Grey Eyes, she was born in 1816 and departed Ohio in 1843. She had returned to Ohio by 1889 when she was a spectator to the restoration of the Wyandot's "Old Mission Church," a Wyandot Mission Church at Upper Sandusky. Upper Sandusky was a 19th century Wyandot town near what is now Upper Sandusky Ohio, in the United States. She died in Upper Sandusky on August 17, 1890. [21] For photograph see this reference site.

20th century to present

In February 1985 the U. S. government agreed to pay descendants of the Wyandot Indians $5. 5 million. The decision settled a 143-year-old treaty which forced the tribe to sell their Ohio homes for less than fair value in 1842. A spokesman for the Bureau of Indian Affairs said that the government would pay $1,600 each, in July 1985, to 3,600 people in Kansas and Oklahoma who could prove they are Wyandot descendants. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U A program founded in the 1940s to address grievances filed by various Native American tribes allocated $800 million to rectify promises broken by settlers who invaded their territories. The Wyandot settlement was based on an 1830 Federal law which required Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. Originally the Wyandots were paid . 75 cents per acre for land that was worth $1. 50 an acre. [22]

In 1999, representatives the far-flung Wyandot bands of Quebec, Kansas, Oklahoma and Michigan gathered at their historic homeland in Midland, Ontario, and formally re-established the Wendat Confederacy.

Each modern Wyandot community is a self-governing band:

The Kansas and Oklahoma groups have fought legal battles over the Huron Indian Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas for over 100 years, and continue to do so in the 21st century. Tribal sovereignty refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves The Huron-Wendat Nation is a Huron-Wendat First Nation whose community and reserve is at Wendake Quebec, a municipality now enclosed Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Trenton is a small city in Wayne County in the southeast portion of the U Kansas City Kansas. Items for the metro area should also go to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area page Items for Kansas City Missouri The Wyandotte Nation is a Native American tribe centred in Wyandotte Oklahoma. Wyandotte is a town in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, United States. The local Wyandots wish to preserve the 400 plus grave cemetery, while the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma wants to use the land to establish commercial gambling. The Wyandotte Nation is a Native American tribe centred in Wyandotte Oklahoma.

The approximately 3,000 Wyandots in Quebec are primarily Catholic and speak French as a first language. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people There are now efforts to promote the use and study of the Wyandot language. Wyandot is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot, Wendat or Huron For many decades, a leading source of income for the Wyandots of Quebec has been selling pottery and other locally produced crafts.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Trigger, Children of Aataentsic, 27.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Dickason, "Huron/Wyandot", 263–65.
  3. ^ Trigger, Children of Aataentsic, 30.
  4. ^ http://www.tolatsga.org/hur.html
  5. ^ Garrad and Heidenreich, "Khionontateronon (Petun)", 394.
  6. ^ Steckley, "Wendat Dialects".
  7. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 378.
  8. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 380, 382–83.
  9. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 383.
  10. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 380.
  11. ^ a b Gary Warrick, "European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-Petun)" World Archaeology 35 (October 2003), 258–275.
  12. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 381.
  13. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 385.
  14. ^ P. C. Hartney, "Tuberculosis lesions in a prehistoric population sample from southern Ontario" in Jane F. Buikstra, ed. , Prehistoric Tuberculosis in the Americas Northwestern University Archaeological Program Scientific Papers No. 5, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. 1981, 141-160. OCLC 7197014
  15. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 379.
  16. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 369.
  17. ^ Heidenreich, "Huron", 369.
  18. ^ Civilization of the Wyandot Indians, New York Times, June 1, 1853, Page 3.
  19. ^ Wyandot Indians holding an Election-Their Land Claims, New York Times, August 24, 1855, Page 2.
  20. ^ Affairs In Kansas, New York Times, October 2, 1855, Page 2.
  21. ^ Howe, Henry. Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio. Volume 2. pp. 900-902.
  22. ^ Wyandot Indians Win $5. 5 Million Settlement, New York Times, February 11, 1985, Page A10.

References

Further reading

External links

Official tribal websites
Other
Wendake is the current name for the Huron-Wendat reserve, an enclave within Quebec City, Quebec.

Dictionary

Wyandot

-proper noun

  1. a Native American people, formed from the Huron confederacy, that lived in and around Ohio
  2. a member of this people
  3. the Iroquoian language of this people
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