Wuthering Heights
Title page of the first edition
Author	Emily Brontë
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre(s)	Novel
Publisher	Thomas Cautley Newby
Publication date	1847
Media type	Print (Hardback)
ISBN	NA

Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë's only novel. Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Thomas Cautley Newby (1797/1798 &ndash 1882 was an English publisher and printer based in London. A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centres (as an adjective, wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys both themselves and many around them. Heathcliff' is the central male character of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.

Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights' innovative structure, which has been likened to a series of Matryoshka dolls, met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, with many horrified by the stark depictions of mental and physical cruelty. The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from A matryoshka doll or a Russian nested doll, also called a stacking doll is a set of dolls of decreasing sizes placed one inside the other ^[1][2] Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was originally considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Jane Eyre (dʒeɪn ɛə by Charlotte Brontë, published by Smith Elder & Company of London in 1847, is one of the most influential and The Brontë sisters (ˈbrɒnte Charlotte (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 Emily (30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848 and Anne (17 January 1820 ^[3] Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor and songs (notably the hit Wuthering Heights by Kate Bush), ballet and opera. Radio programming is the content that is broadcast by Radio stations The original inventors of radio such as Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Bernard J Taylor is the writer and composer of six stage musicals that have been produced around the world and translated into German Romanian Polish Hungarian Spanish and Italian " Wuthering Heights " is a song by Kate Bush released as her debut single Kate Bush (born Catherine Bush on 30 July 1958 is an English singer songwriter musician and Record producer. Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto

Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Timeline 4 Local background 5 Literary allusions 5.1 Gothic and supernatural elements 6 Allusions/references in literature 7 Film, TV or theatrical adaptations 7.1 New versions 8 Musical allusions and adaptations 8.1 Opera 8.2 Other 9 References 10 External links

Plot summary

The narrative is non-linear, involving several flashbacks, and involves two narrators - Mr. In history film television and other media a flashback (also called analepsis) is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current Lockwood and Ellen "Nelly" Dean. The novel opens in 1801, with Lockwood arriving at Thrushcross Grange, a grand house on the Yorkshire moors he is renting from the surly Heathcliff, who lives at nearby Wuthering Heights. Lockwood spends the night at Wuthering Heights and has a terrifying dream: the ghost of Catherine Earnshaw, pleading to be admitted to the house from outside. Intrigued, Lockwood asks the housekeeper Nelly Dean to tell the story of Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights while he is staying at the Grange recovering from a cold.

Nelly takes over the narration and begins her story thirty years earlier, when Heathcliff, a foundling living on the streets of Liverpool, is brought to Wuthering Heights by the then-owner, Mr. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Earnshaw, and raised as his own. Ellen comments casually that Heathcliff might have been descended from Indian or Chinese origins^[4]. He is often described as "dark" or "gypsy". Earnshaw's daughter Catherine becomes Heathcliff's inseparable friend. Her brother Hindley, however, resents Heathcliff, seeing him as an interloper and rival. Mr. Earnshaw dies three years later, and Hindley (who has married a woman named Frances) takes over the estate. He brutalises Heathcliff, forcing him to work as a hired hand. Catherine becomes friends with a neighbour family, the Lintons of Thrushcross Grange, who mellow her initially wild personality. She is especially attached to the refined and mild young Edgar Linton, whom Heathcliff instantaneously dislikes.

A year later, Hindley's wife dies, apparently of consumption, shortly after giving birth to a son, Hareton; Hindley takes to drink. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Some two years after that, Catherine agrees to marry Edgar. Nelly knows that this will crush Heathcliff, and Heathcliff overhears Catherine's explanation that it would be "degrading" to marry him. Heathcliff storms out and leaves Wuthering Heights, not hearing Catherine's continuing declarations that Heathcliff is as much a part of her as the rocks are to the earth beneath. Catherine marries Edgar, and is initially very happy. Some time later, Heathcliff returns, intent on destroying those who prevent him from being with Catherine. He has, mysteriously, become very wealthy. Through loans he has made to the drunken and dissipated Hindley that Hindley cannot repay, he takes ownership of Wuthering Heights upon Hindley's death. Intent on ruining Edgar, Heathcliff elopes with Edgar's sister Isabella, which places him in a position to inherit Thrushcross Grange upon Edgar's death.

Catherine becomes very ill after Heathcliff's return and dies a few hours after giving birth to a daughter also named Catherine, or Cathy. Heathcliff becomes only more bitter and vengeful. Isabella flees her abusive marriage a month later, and subsequently gives birth to a boy, Linton. At around the same time, Hindley dies. Heathcliff takes ownership of Wuthering Heights, and vows to raise Hindley's son Hareton with as much neglect as he had suffered at Hindley's hands years earlier.

Twelve years later, the dying Isabella asks Edgar to raise her and Heathcliff's son, Linton. However, Heathcliff finds out about this and takes the sickly, spoiled child to Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff has nothing but contempt for his son, but delights in the idea of him ruling the property of his enemies. To that end, a few years later, Heathcliff attempts to persuade young Cathy to marry Linton. Cathy refuses, so Heathcliff kidnaps her and forces the two to marry. Soon after, Edgar Linton dies, followed shortly by Linton Heathcliff. This leaves Cathy a widow and a virtual prisoner at Wuthering Heights, as Heathcliff has gained complete control of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. It is at this point in the narrative that Lockwood arrives, taking possession of Thrushcross Grange, and hearing Nelly Dean's story. Shocked, Lockwood leaves for London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

During his absence from the area, however, events reach a climax that Nelly describes when he returns a year later. Cathy gradually softens toward her rough, uneducated cousin Hareton, just as her mother was tender towards Heathcliff. When Heathcliff realizes that Cathy and Hareton are in love, he abandons his life-long vendetta. A feud (ˈfjuːd (referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties&mdashoften through Guilt He dies broken and tormented, but glad to be rejoining Catherine, whose ghost had haunted him since she died. Cathy and Hareton marry. Heathcliff is buried next to Catherine (the elder), and the story concludes with Lockwood visiting the grave, unsure of what to feel.

Characters

Heathcliff is the central male character of the novel. Heathcliff' is the central male character of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. An orphaned foundling raised by the Earnshaw family, he forms an early bond with his foster sister Catherine Earnshaw, and they both fall passionately in love with each other as they grow. Meanwhile he nurses a bitter rivalry with his cruel foster brother Hindley, who resents the attention their father shows Heathcliff. A brooding, vindictive man, his anger and bitterness at Catherine's later marriage to their neighbour Edgar Linton sees him engage in a ruthless vendetta to destroy not only his enemies but their heirs, a crusade that only intensifies upon Catherine's death.

Catherine Earnshaw is Heathcliff's adopted sister. Catherine Earnshaw or Catherine Linton is the principal female character in Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights. A free-spirited and somewhat spoiled young woman, she returns Heathcliff's love utterly, but considers him too far beneath her for marriage into poverty from both not having any money; instead choosing another childhood friend, Edgar Linton, through which marriage she hopes to advance Heathcliff. Later, after Heathcliff's return, she acknowledges to both men that Heathcliff is her true love. However her physical and mental health is destroyed by the stress of regretting her marriage to Edgar and the feud between them, and she descends into prophetic madness before dying during childbirth.

Edgar Linton is a childhood friend of Catherine Earnshaw's, who later marries her. A mild and gentle man, if slightly cold, cowardly and distant, he loves Catherine deeply but is unable to reconcile his love for her with her feelings for her childhood friend. This leads to a bitter antagonism with Heathcliff, and it is partly this which leads to Catherine's mental breakdown and death. Linton is incapable of competing with Heathcliff's guile and ruthless determination across the decades, and his health fails him while still a relatively young man.

Isabella Linton is the younger sister of Edgar who becomes infatuated with Heathcliff. She fundamentally mistakes his true nature and elopes with him despite his apparent dislike of her. Her love for him turns to hatred almost immediately, as she is ill treated both physically and emotionally and held captive against her will. Eventually she escapes, leaves for London and gives birth to their son Linton Heathcliff, whom she attempts to raise away from Heathcliff's corrupting influence.

Hindley Earnshaw is Catherine's brother and Heathcliff's other rival. Having loathed Heathcliff since childhood, Hindley delights in turning him into a downtrodden servant upon inheriting Wuthering Heights. However, his wife's death in childbirth destroys him; he becomes a self-destructive alcoholic and gambler and it is this that allows Heathcliff, upon returning to Wuthering Heights, to turn the tables and to manoeuvre the family property away from him.

Ellen (Nelly) Dean is, at various points, the housekeeper of both Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, and is one of the two narrators of the novel. She recognizes early on that Heathcliff is Catherine's true love and tries to dissuade her from the disastrous marriage to Edgar. Having been a disapproving witness and unwilling participant to many of the events between Heathcliff and both the Earnshaw and Linton families for much of her life, she narrates the story to Lockwood during his illness.

Linton Heathcliff is the son of Isabella and Heathcliff. He bears no resemblance to Heathcliff and takes after his mother. He is a sickly child who grows up ignorant of his father until his mother's death, when he is thirteen years old. He is forced to live at Wuthering Heights and grows into a bullied, trembling shadow of his father. Heathcliff arranges for him to marry his cousin Catherine Linton so that he may inherit both the estates of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He dies shortly after entering into the forced marriage.

Catherine Linton is the daughter of Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar Linton. She inherits both her mother's free-spiritedness and dark eyes and her father's gentle nature, facial features and fair hair. Heathcliff takes advantage of her fundamentally pure nature and manipulates her into marrying his own son, Linton. Once she has become another captive of Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff resorts to the same torture he applies to everyone against whom he bears a grudge. As a result, she regards him with contempt and disgust and becomes silent and morose. She later falls in love with her cousin, Hareton Earnshaw.

Hareton Earnshaw is the son of Hindley Earnshaw, who is adopted by Heathcliff upon Hindley's death. Even before this, he has waged a campaign of torment against the young man while living together at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff spitefully turns Hareton into a downtrodden, illiterate servant, much as Hindley once did to him, but does not further mistreat him as Hindley had done. Despite this, Hareton remains strangely loyal to him, even adopting a superficially similar personality. Quick tempered and easily embarrassed, he falls in love with Catherine at an early point, and despite her contempt for him is thus inspired to improve himself. He bears a strong likeness to his aunt and is the only person who mourns Heathcliff upon his death.

Joseph is a servant of the Earnshaws and later Heathcliff. A bullying, lazy and snide man, he hates Heathcliff but is somehow bound to be his servant. Intensely religious, he is sanctimonious, self-righteous and largely held in contempt by those around him. He speaks in the traditional West Yorkshire dialect. This dialect was still used in the Haworth area up until the late 1970s, but there are now only portions of it still in common use. ^[5]

Lockwood is the narrator of the novel. A recently-arrived tenant at Thrushcross Grange at the beginning of the novel, he is intrigued by the curious goings-on at Wuthering Heights, and persuades Nelly Dean to tell him the story of what happened during a bout of sickness. Lockwood is apparently a wealthy, relatively young man who comes to regret not approaching the younger Catherine Linton himself. Despite displaying many self-centred attributes, he is also a sensitive and romantic soul who is deeply affected by the saga of Heathcliff and Catherine.

Frances Earnshaw is the wife that Hindley married while away at college. The fact that he did not tell his father suggests that Frances is not of high social standing. From her introduction she proves to be a kind woman to Nelly and Cathy but dislikes Heathcliff. She dies after childbirth, a death brought about by consumption, or tuberculosis, a fate shared by most of the Brontë sisters. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common

Mr. Kenneth, the local doctor and drinking partner of Hindley. Kenneth often sees to the ill or dead characters: Cathy in her madnesses, Frances during childbirth and TB, Heathcliff and his early illness, Edgar's final hours, and Hindley's death. Nelly tells Heathcliff that he should send for Kenneth to tend to his ill son, but does not tell him that Heathcliff's death is suicide by starvation. He also reports to Nelly that he saw Isabella leaving with Heathcliff.

Timeline

1757	Hindley born (Summer); Nelly born
1762	Edgar Linton born
1764	Heathcliff born
1765	Catherine Earnshaw born (Summer); Isabella Linton born (late 1765)
1771	Heathcliff is brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw (late summer)
1773	Mrs Earnshaw dies (Spring)
1774	Hindley is sent off to college
1777	Hindley marries Frances; Mr Earnshaw dies (October); Hindley comes back (October); Heathcliff and Catherine visit Thrushcross Grange, Catherine remains behind (November), then returns to Wuthering Heights (Christmas Eve).
1778	Hareton is born (June); Frances dies
1780	Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights; Mr and Mrs Linton both die
1783	Catherine marries Edgar (March); Heathcliff comes back (September)
1784	Heathcliff marries Isabella (February); Catherine dies and Cathy is born (20 March); Hindley dies; Linton is born (September)
1797	Isabella dies; Cathy visits Wuthering Heights and meets Hareton; Linton is brought to Thrushcross Grange and is then taken to Wuthering Heights
1800	Cathy meets Heathcliff and sees Linton again (20 March)
1801	Cathy and Linton are married (August); Edgar dies (August); Linton dies (September); Mr Lockwood goes to Thrushcross Grange and visits Wuthering Heights, beginning his narrative
1802	Mr Lockwood goes back to London (January); Heathcliff dies (April); Mr Lockwood comes back to Thrushcross Grange (September)
1803	Cathy plans to marry Hareton (1 January)

Local background

Though tourists are often told that Top Withens, a ruined farmhouse, near the Haworth Parsonage (Bronte Parsonage Museum), is the model for Wuthering Heights, it seems more likely that the now demolished High Sunderland Hall, near Halifax was the partial model for the building. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Top Withens ( (also known as Top Withins is a ruined farmhouse near Haworth, West Yorkshire, England which is said to have been the inspiration for the High Sunderland Hall was a Manor house, built circa 1600 just outside Halifax West Yorkshire and demolished in 1951 after falling into dereliction Halifax is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England, with a population of 82056 in the This Gothic edifice, near Law Hill, where Emily worked briefly as a schoolmistress in 1838, had grotesque embellishments of griffins and misshapen nude men similar to those described by Lockwood of Wuthering Heights in chapter one of the novel:

"Before passing the threshold, I paused to admire a quantity of grotesque carving lavished over the front, and especially about the principal door, above which, among a wilderness of crumbling griffins and shameless little boys, I detected the date "1500"".

The originals of Thrushcross Grange have been traditionally connected to Ponden Hall near Haworth (although it is far too small) and, more likely, Shibden Hall, near Halifax. Ponden Hall is a Manor house near Stanbury in West Yorkshire, England. Shibden Hall is a historic house in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England dating back to around 1420 when it was recorded as being inhabited by one William ^[6][7] A feud centred around Walterclough Hall is also said to have been one inspiration for the story along with the story of Emily's grandfather, Hugh Brunty. Walterclough Hall, sometimes known as Water Clough Hall or Upper Walterclough, lies in the Walterclough Valley southeast of Halifax and northeast of the

Literary allusions

Traditionally, this novel has been seen as a unique piece of work conceived in solitude by a genius confined to the lonesome heath, detached from the literary movements of the time. However, Emily Brontë received literary training at the Pensionnat Héger in Brussels by imitating and analysing the styles of classic writers. She also learned German, and was able to read the German Romantics in the original. For the general context see Romanticism. In the Philosophy, Art, and Culture of German -speaking countries German Romanticism The work of Lord Byron was also admired by all three Brontë sisters. The brother-sister relationship between Heathcliff and Cathy is reminiscent of the brother-sister couples in Byron's epics. The character of Heathcliff is reminiscent of the Byronic hero. The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb

Gothic and supernatural elements

The novel contains many Gothic and supernatural elements, although the true nature of the latter is always ambiguous. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. The mystery of Heathcliff's parentage is never solved. He is described by Hindley as an 'imp of Satan' in chapter four, and by the end of the novel Nelly Dean is entertaining notions that Heathcliff may be some hideous ghoul or vampire. An imp is a mythological being similar to a Fairy or Demon, frequently described in Folklore and Superstition. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally A ghoul is a Monster from ancient Arabian folklore that dwells in burial grounds and other uninhabited places Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living The awesome but unseen presence of Satan is also alluded to at several points in the novel, and it is noted in chapter three that 'no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor' at the local chapel, which has fallen into dereliction. A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a

Ghosts also play a role in the novel. Lockwood has a horrible vision of Catherine (the elder) as a child, appearing at the window of her old chamber at Wuthering Heights and begging to be allowed in. Heathcliff believes this story of Catherine's ghostly return, and late in the novel behaves as though he has seen her ghost himself. When Heathcliff dies, he is found in the bedroom with the window open, raising the possibility that Catherine's ghost entered Wuthering Heights just as Lockwood saw in his dream. At the end of the novel, Nelly Dean reports that various superstitious locals have claimed to see Catherine and Heathcliff's ghosts roaming the moors. Lockwood, however, discounts the idea of "unquiet slumbers for those sleepers in that quiet earth. "

Allusions/references in literature

• In Albert Camus' essay "The Rebel", Heathcliff is compared to a leader of the rebel forces. Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Both are driven by a sort of madness: one by misguided love, the other by oppression. Camus juxtaposes the concept of Heathcliff's reaction to Cathy with the reaction of a disenchanted rebel to the ideal he once held.

• Maryse Condé's novel Windward Heights adapted Wuthering Heights to be set in Guadaloupe and Cuba. Maryse Condé (born 1930 is a Guadeloupean French language Author of Historical fiction, best known for her novel Segu (1984-1985 Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la

• In the novel Eclipse by Stephenie Meyer, several direct quotes from Wuthering Heights are used to compare the main character Bella Swan's relationship with Edward Cullen and Jacob Black with Cathy's situation with Heathcliff and Edgar. Eclipse is the third book in the ''Twilight'' series by Stephenie Meyer. Stephenie Morgan Meyer (born December 24 1973 is an American Author. Isabella "Bella" Marie Swan is a fictional character and the Protagonist of the ''Twilight'' Edward Cullen (né Edward Anthony Masen) is a Fictional character from Stephenie Meyer 's ''Twilight'' series. Jacob Black is a fictional character in the books Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn

• Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes both have poems titled Wuthering Heights. Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer. Edward James Hughes OM ( 17 August 1930 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English Poet and children's

• Ann Carson wrote a poem titled "The Glass Essay" in which are woven multiple references to Wuthering Heights and the life of Emily Brontë.

• James Stoddard's novel The False House contains numerous references to Wuthering Heights. James Stoddard is an American Fantasy Author. He lives in West Texas, USA where he is also a Music Recording and Engineering Instructor

• Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next novels often mention Heathcliff as the most tragic romantic hero. Jasper Fforde (born in London on 11 January, 1961) is an English Novelist. Thursday Next is the main Protagonist in a series of Comic fantasy, Alternate history Novels by the British author Jasper Fforde In Fforde's book The Well of Lost Plots, it is revealed that all the characters of Wuthering Heights are required to attend group anger management sessions. The Well of Lost Plots is the third book by Jasper Fforde and the

• In the preface of his novel Le bleu du ciel, the French writer Georges Bataille states that, in his view, Wuthering Heights belongs to those rare works in literature written from an inner necessity. Blue of Noon (Le Bleu du Ciel is a transgressive Novella of erotic fiction written in 1935 and its French author Georges Bataille was a desperate anti-fascist Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer.

• Alice Hoffman's "Here On Earth" is a modern version of Wuthering Heights. Alice Hoffman (born March 16, 1952) is an American Novelist and young-adult and children's writer, best known for her Here on Earth is the 1997 novel by Alice Hoffman, and was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection

• The novel Glennkill by German writer Leonie Swann, published in 2005, is in some way centred around Emily Brontë's novel, and is perhaps the main reason why said novel is set in Ireland. Leonie Swann (b 1975 Dachau near Munich, Germany) is the Nom de plume of a German crime writer The book, as is revealed in the last pages, is being read to the sheep by the shepherd's daughter, and in a strange and dreamy way helps the main character of the novel, a sheep-detective called Miss Maple, to guess the identity of the murderer.

• In Diane Setterfield's novel, The Thirteenth Tale (novel), Wuthering Heights is also frequently mentioned. Diane Setterfield (born August 22, 1964) is a British Author whose debut novel The Thirteenth Tale, became a New The relationship between Charlie and Isabelle Angelfield parallels that of Heathcliff and Catherine in many ways.

• Michel Houellebecq's debut novel Extension du domaine de la lutte briefly mentions Wuthering Heights - "We're a long way from Wuthering Heights. Michel Houellebecq (miʃɛl wɛlˈbɛk (born Michel Thomas) born 26 February 1958 (birth certificate or 1956 on the French island of Réunion Extension du domaine de la lutte, in English 'broadening of the struggle', is the debut novel of French writer Michel Houellebecq " -, arguing that as human relations are progressively fading away, then such tales of stormy passion are no longer possible. ^[8]

• Cara Lockwood's Wuthering High, is centered around a boarding school that is haunted by dead classic writers, Emily Brontë being one of them. Cara Lockwood is an American novelist and the bestselling author of nine novels from Mesquite, Texas. Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Her novel is mentioned several times, and even her characters make some special appearances.

• Nomura Miduki's second book in the Bungakushoujo series, "Bungakushoujo" to Uekawaku Ghost (published in 2006) refers to and draws from Wuthering Heights heavily.

• The Japanese novelist Minae Mizumura's third and most recent work, A Real Novel, 2002, is a retelling of Wuthering Heights in post war Japan, featuring a half-Chinese, half-Japanese Heathcliff and an even more problematic Nelly. is a critically acclaimed novelist currently writing in the Japanese language See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Cornell Haynes Jr (born November 2 1974 Highly successful Nelly has sold over 20 million records in the United States It re-enacts the history of modern Japanese literature by absorbing and transforming the Western classic into the Japanese literary context. Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

• 1920: the earliest version of Wuthering Heights is filmed in England, directed by A. V. Bramble. It is unknown if any prints still exist. ^[9]
• 1939: Wuthering Heights, starring Merle Oberon as Catherine Linton, Laurence Olivier as Heathcliff, David Niven as Edgar Linton, Flora Robson as Ellen Dean, Donald Crisp as Dr. Wuthering Heights is a 1939 film directed by William Wyler and produced by Samuel Goldwyn. Merle Oberon ( 19 February 1911 &ndash 23 November 1979) born Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson, was an Academy Award Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron James David Graham Niven (1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983 was an English Academy Award -winning Actor probably best known for his role as the punctuality-obsessed Dame Flora McKenzie Robson DBE ( 28 March 1902 – 7 July 1984) was an Oscar -nominated English actress Donald George Crisp ( July 27, 1882 &ndash May 25, 1974) was an Academy Award winning English film Actor Kenneth, Geraldine Fitzgerald as Isabella Linton and Leo G. Carroll as Joseph Earnshaw. Geraldine Fitzgerald ( November 24, 1913 &ndash July 17, 2005) was an Academy Award -nominated Irish -American Leo Gratten Carroll ( October 25 1886 &ndash October 16 1972) was an English actor best known for his roles in several Hitchcock The film was adapted by Charles MacArthur, Ben Hecht and John Huston. Charles Gordon MacArthur ( November 5 1895, Scranton Pennsylvania – April 21 1956, New York City) was an American Ben Hecht (pronounced hekt) ( February 28, 1894 &ndash April 18, 1964) was an American screenwriter director producer playwright John Marcellus Huston ( August 5 1906 &ndash August 28 1987) was an American Film director and Actor. It was directed by William Wyler. William Wyler ( July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a four-time Academy Award -winning motion picture director The movie was nominated for the 1940 Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working It did not depict the entire novel, portraying only half.
• In 1948 BBC Television staged a live 90-minute version of the novel. "Live TV" redirects here For the British TV station formerly known by this name see L!VE TV. This was not recorded.
• A 1953 adaptation on BBC Television was scripted by Nigel Kneale, directed by Rudolph Cartier and starred Richard Todd as Heathcliff and Yvonne Mitchell as Catherine. Nigel Kneale (18 April 1922 &ndash 29 October 2006 was a Manx writer who worked mostly in the United Kingdom. Rudolph Cartier (born Rudolph Katscher; 17 April 1904 &ndash 7 June 1994 was an Austrian Television director who worked predominantly in British Richard Todd (born 11 June 1919 is a British Actor, Soldier and film star Yvonne Mitchell (born July 7 1925 in London - died March 24 1979 in London) was an English stage television and film actress probably best remembered This version does not survive in the BBC archives. According to Kneale, it was made simply because Todd had turned up at the BBC one day and said that he wanted to play Heathcliff for them; Kneale was forced to write the script in only a week as the adaptation was rushed into production. ^[10]
• A 1954 very loose Spanish-language adaptation filmed in Mexico by Luis Buñuel, titled Abismos de Pasión. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico Wuthering Heights ( 1954) is a film directed by Luis Buñuel.
• In 1962, BBC Television screened a new production of their 1953 version. This was again produced by Rudolph Cartier and has been preserved in the archives. Kneale's adaptation concentrates on the first half of the novel, removing the second generation of Earnshaws and Lintons entirely. Claire Bloom played Catherine and Keith Michell was Heathcliff. Claire Bloom (born Patricia Claire Blume; 15 February 1931) is an English Film and stage Actress. Keith Michell (born 1 December 1928) is an Australian Actor. Early life He was born in Adelaide and raised in ^[11]
• 1970: Wuthering Heights starring Timothy Dalton as Heathcliff and Anna Calder-Marshall as Catherine (the elder). Wuthering Heights is a 1970 film directed by Robert Fuest. It is based on the classic Emily Bronte novel of the same name Timothy Peter Dalton (born March 21, 1946) is an English It does not cover the whole story.
• 1970: Monty Python's Flying Circus Season 2 episode # 15 featured a sketch "The Semaphore Version of Wuthering Heights", which had the actors communicating via semaphore flags. Monty Python’s Flying Circus (also known as Flying Circus or during the final series just Monty Python) is a BBC Sketch comedy Flag semaphore is a system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags rods disks paddles or occasionally bare or gloved hands
• Egyptian television did a serialized version in the early 70's.
• 1978: Another BBC adaptation, directed by Peter Hammond and produced by Jonathan Powell, with screenplays by Hugh Leonard and David Snodin. Peter Hammond may be Peter J Hammond (born c 1930s British writer - television Peter J Jonathan Powell may refer to Jonathan Powell (musician, British musician Jonathan Powell (producer (born 1947 British television producer Hugh Leonard (born John Keyes Byrne in 1926 and known to his friends as "Jack" is an Irish Dramatist and Journalist. Ken Hutchison plays Heathcliff and Kay Adshead plays Cathy. Ken Hutchison is a Scottish actor who played a dangerous villain in a group of yokel bad guys in the controversial Sam Peckinpah film Straw Dogs. Kay Adshead ( b 1954 is a British Actress, Poet, and Playwright. This adaptation covers the whole story, and has been reissued on DVD. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is
• 1985: French film adaptation Hurlevent by Jacques Rivette. Jacques Rivette (born March 1, 1928) is a French Film director.
• 1987: Austrian drama adaptation Krankheit oder Moderne Frauen by Elfriede Jelinek. Illness or Modern Women (Krankheit oder Moderne Frauen is a play by the Austrian playwright Elfriede Jelinek. Elfriede Jelinek (ˀɛlˈfʀiːdɛ ˈjɛlinɛk (born 20 October, 1946) is an Austrian feminist Playwright and Novelist
• 1988: Japanese film.
• 1991: A Filipino film adaptation Hihintayin Kita Sa Langit, starring Richard Gómez and Dawn Zulueta. It was reprised in 2007 with an English title, The Promise, starring Richard Gutiérrez and Angel Locsín. The Promise ( Filipino: Ang Pangako is a Philippine movie It is a revival of the movie "Hihintayin Kita Sa Langit" which was based on the Richard Kristian Rama Gutierrez, more popularly known as Richard Gutierrez (born January 21, 1984 in Beverly Hills California) is a young
• 1992: Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights starring Juliette Binoche in two roles, Catherine Earnshaw and her daughter, and Ralph Fiennes as Heathcliff. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights was a 1992 feature Film adaptation of Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights. Juliette Binoche (in French ʒylijɛt biˈnɔʃ born 9 March 1964 is an Academy Award -winning French film actress. Ralph Nathaniel Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( "rafe fines" born 22 December 1962) is a British Actor.
• 1995: Adaptation for theatre by Gillian Hiscott published by J. Gillian Hiscott (born 1959 in Plymouth, Devon) is an author and playwright Garnett Miller Ltd. (now Cressrelles)
• 1998: Adaptation by Neil McKay for London Weekend Television directed by David Skynner and starring Sarah Smart as Catherine (the younger), Orla Brady as the elder Catherine and Robert Cavanah as Heathcliff. Sarah Smart (born on 3 March 1977 in Birmingham, West Midlands, England) is an English actress. Orla Brady (born 28 March 1961) is an Irish actress. Biography The second of four children born to Dublin Publican Robert Cavanah is a Scottish actor who was born 20 December 1965 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Also broadcast by PBS television as part of Masterpiece Theatre. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Masterpiece (formerly known as Masterpiece Theatre) is a drama Anthology television series produced by WGBH Boston.
• 2003: Wuthering Heights for MTV. Wuthering Heights was a modern-day adaptation of the classic novel that aired on MTV in 2003 and was later released on DVD MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. It starred Erika Christensen, Mike Vogel, and Christopher Masterson. Erika Jane Christensen (born August 19, 1982) is an American Actress whose Film appearances include Traffic Michael James Vogel (born 17 July, 1979) is an American Actor and former fashion model Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American Actor, perhaps best known for his role as eldest brother Francis

New versions

In 2006 it was reported that a new film adaptation was in development, with Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp attached to star, however, no further developments appear to have been forthcoming. Angelina Jolie (born Angelina Jolie Voight on June 4 1975 is an American film actor John M. Night Shyamalan was once offered the project to direct, but he turned it down to work on The Village, which he later revealed to be inspired partly by the novel. Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan (ˈʃaməˈlan ( Malayalam: മനോജ് നെല്ലിയട്ടു ശ്യാമളന്‍ Tamil: மனோஜ் நெல்லியட்டு The Village is a 2004 film written and directed by M Night Shyamalan that explores the dynamics of an insular turn-of-the-20th-century Village and ^[12]

ITV has commissioned a new adaptation, to be written by Blackpool writer Peter Bowker. Blackpool is a British television musical drama serial produced in-house by the BBC. The three-hour Brontë is expected to be broadcast in early 2008. ^[13] It will star Charlotte Riley and Tom Hardy. Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy (born September 15, 1977) is an English stage film and television Actor, not to be confused with the

In early 2008, a highly publicized fight for the role of Catherine made headlines across the UK with both Keira Knightley and Lindsay Lohan vying for the role. Keira Christina Knightley (ˌkɪərəˈnaɪtlɪ born March 26, 1985) is a Golden Globe – BAFTA - and Academy Award –nominated Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2 1986 is an American Actress, model and Pop music Singer. John Maybury is slated to direct the latest adaptation. John Maybury (born 25 March, 1958, London) is an award-winning British filmmaker ^[14]. In April 2008, Natalie Portman was cast as in the role^[15] although she had to leave the project soon after. Natalie Portman (נטלי פורטמן born Natalie Hershlag June 9 1981 is an Israeli American Actress.

Musical allusions and adaptations

Opera

• Bernard Herrmann wrote an Opera based on the novel in 1951. Bernard Herrmann ( June 29, 1911 &ndash December 24, 1975) was an American composer noted for his work in Motion pictures. The libretto was by his former wife, radio play writer Lucille Fletcher. A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and Lucille Fletcher ( March 28, 1912 — August 31, 2000) was an American Screenwriter of Film, Radio The opera was first performed in a concert version in London in 1966, with the composer conducting the Pro Arte Orchestra. It featured the soprano Morag Beaton in the role of Cathy, and baritone Donald Bell as Heathcliff. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. The opera was later recorded on a Unicorn-Kanchana records. However, a fully staged version of the opera was not done until 1982 when Portland Opera premiered the production. Portland Opera is a professional Opera company located in Portland, Oregon, United States. ^[16]
• Carlisle Floyd also wrote an opera based on the novel in 1958. Carlisle Floyd (born June 11, 1926, in Latta South Carolina) is an American Opera Composer. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto
• Bernard J. Taylor wrote a musical Wuthering Heights, recorded in 1992 as a concept album starring Lesley Garrett, Dave Willetts, Bonnie Langford and Clive Carter, and first performed in 1994. Bernard J Taylor is the writer and composer of six stage musicals that have been produced around the world and translated into German Romanian Polish Hungarian Spanish and Italian Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. In Popular music, a concept album is an Album which is "unified by a theme which can be instrumental compositional narrative or lyrical" Lesley Garrett CBE (born 10 April 1955) is an English Soprano and media personality Dave Willetts (born June 24 1952 in Birmingham) is an English singer and actor known for having leading roles in West End Bonita Melody Lysette "Bonnie" Langford ( July 22, 1964) is an English actress and entertainer It has been translated into German, Romanian and Polish. ^[17]
• The all-female Japanese opera company, Takarazuka Revue, has their own interpretation of the story, the musical drama is first performed in the 1970s and the most recently production is in 1998, starring Yōka Wao. The Takarazuka Revue (宝塚歌劇団 Takarazuka Kagekidan) is a Japanese all- Female musical theater in the city of Takarazuka Japan is a Japanese performing artist and a former member of the Takarazuka Revue, where she specialized in playing male characters ( Otokoyaku)
• Sir Cliff Richard starred in the self commissioned "Heathcliff in the 1990's. Sir Cliff Richard, OBE, (born Harry Roger Webb on 14 October 1940 is an English Singer, Actor and Businessman. Not well received by many older fans of the singer it portrayed the very brutal side of the character. The album of the libretto was recorded by Cliff Richard and Olivia Newton-John. Sir Cliff Richard, OBE, (born Harry Roger Webb on 14 October 1940 is an English Singer, Actor and Businessman. Olivia Newton-John, AO, OBE (born September 26 1948) is a Grammy Award -winning and Golden Globe -nominated English-born

Other

• "Wuthering Heights" is a song by Kate Bush, which appears on her 1978 debut album, The Kick Inside, and was also released as her debut single. " Wuthering Heights " is a song by Kate Bush released as her debut single Kate Bush (born Catherine Bush on 30 July 1958 is an English singer songwriter musician and Record producer. The Kick Inside is the debut album by Kate Bush. It was first released on February 17, 1978 and contains her only UK number one hit to date It has been repeatedly covered by other artists, including Pat Benatar, on her 1980 album Crimes of Passion, the Brazilian power metal band Angra, on their 1993 album Angels Cry, and Hayley Westenra, on her 2003 album Pure. Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on 10 January 1953) is an influential four-time Grammy Award -winning American Crimes of Passion is the second album by Pat Benatar, released in 1980. Angra is a heavy metal band from São Paulo, Brazil known for its use of symphonic interludes highly technical guitar playing and regional elements Angels Cry is the debut album of Brazilian Heavy metal group Angra. Hayley Dee Westenra (born 10 April 1987 in Christchurch, New Zealand is a New Zealand Soprano of Irish heritage Pure is the first internationally published album by Hayley Westenra. Josh Pyke has also done a cover for No Man's Woman. Josh Pyke is an ARIA-award winning Australian singer-songwriting Musician. No Man's Woman is a compilation Tribute to Female Musicians created by Australian male musicians performing various The Puppini Sisters have released a swing version of the Kate Bush song, as have the Ukulele Orchestra Of Great Britain. The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain is a musical ensemble featuring Ukuleles in different registers and an Acoustic bass guitar (although the orchestra
• The title and cover art of the second 1976 album Wind & Wuthering by the British progressive rock group Genesis were inspired by the novel. Wind & Wuthering is a studio Album by British Progressive rock band Genesis, originally released in the UK on 27 December 1976 and Genesis are an English rock band formed in 1967 With approximately 150 million albums sold worldwide Genesis are among the top 30 highest-selling recording artists It also includes two instrumental pieces titled "Unquiet Slumbers For The Sleepers. . . " and ". . . In That Quiet Earth", respectively, which are the last words in the novel.
• Wuthering Heights is a Danish heavy metal band. Wuthering Heights is a Danish heavy metal band with a somewhat eclectic musical style which falls in somewhere between progressive, folk
• Song writer Michael Penn makes reference to Heathcliff in his song "No Myth". Michael Penn (born August 1, 1958, in Greenwich Village, New York City) is an American Singer and Songwriter
• Song Cycle version of the novel using Emily Brontë poems as libretto.
• Wuthering Heights is produced as a play in the Japanese manga "Garasu no Kamen" by Suzue Miuchi, in which the young Cathy is played by fictional actress Maya Kitajima. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly is a long-running Shōjo Manga by Suzue Miuchi, serialised in Hana to Yume from January 1976 and collected in 42 Tankōbon is a Japanese Mangaka and author of long running Shōjo manga Glass Mask.
• In 2003, Japanese singer-songwriter Chihiro Onitsuka penned and released a b-side track on her maxi-single "Beautiful Fighter", which was entitled "Arashigaoka" (嵐ヶ丘), the Japanese translation of the title Wuthering Heights. is a female Japanese popular music Singer-songwriter and Pianist.
• In 2005, Japanese violinist Ikuko Kawai composed an instrumental piece of the same name. born in Takamatsu, is a Japanese violinist and Composer. She has performed internationally including performances with Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra Its slightly more elaborate variation includes the subtitle, "Dear Heathcliff. "
• Korean pop artist Eugene has a song entitled "Wuthering Heights" released in 2004.
• Songwriter Jim Steinman has stated that the ballad It's All Coming Back To Me Now is influenced by Wuthering Heights, he compared the song to "Heathcliffe digging up Cathy's corpse and dancing with it in the cold moonlight. James Richard "Jim" Steinman (born November 1 1947 in New York City New York is an American record producer Composer, and lyricist responsible for several hit songs " It's All Coming Back to Me Now " is a Power ballad, written by Jim Steinman. "^[18]
• A theatre marquee in the 2004 film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow advertises the 1939 film adaptation of Wuthering Heights starring Laurence Olivier. Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow is a 2004 American Pulp adventure, Science fiction film written and directed by Kerry Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron
• A goth rock band Diva Destruction also made a reference on Heathcliff and Catherine on a song called Heathcliff on their album Exposing the Sickness (2002). Diva Destruction is an American Darkwave group It was formed by singer/songwriter Debra Fogarty in 1998
• The fancy Victorian house a player can buy in "The Game of Life," a board game, is from "Blithering Heights Realty. "
• In the indie rock band The Hush Sound's song "A Dark Congregation", the final words of the novel are referenced in the line, "we are surrounded by all of the quiet sleepers inside the quiet earth". The Hush Sound is an indie Quartet originating in Lisle, Illinois.
• Artist Jer Ber Jones covered Kate Bush's "Wuthering Heights".
• Paris Opera Ballet's Danseur Etoile Kader Belarbi created a ballet based on "Wuthering Heights". Its name in French is actually "Les Hauts de Hurlevent" but Belarbi decided to call it quite simply "Hurlevent", given that it aims to draw a line between the novel and the nature of French Romantic ballet showing mostly scenes of the story and not, in fact, telling it.
• In 2008, a song Wuthering Heights with the theme of Heathcliff's dream was made by Swedish musician Mikael Gökinan with Ludde Wennström (bass and backing vocals) and a rising star Helena Josefsson (vokals).

References

External links

• Wuthering Heights, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Wuthering Heights, online text with PDF version.
• Reader's Guide to Wuthering Heights
• Wuthering Heights voted UK's favourite love story, Guardian
• Map of Locations associated with Wuthering Heights and Emily Brontë
• Wuthering Heights free downloads in PDF, PDB and LIT formats

Bronte Society Website

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