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This article is about the modern sport Wushu. For information on other types of Chinese martial arts, see Chinese martial arts. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. For the meaning of the word, see wushu (term). This article is specifically about the word "Wushu" For the modern exhibition sport see Wushu (sport.
A typical wushu competition, here represented by the 10th All-China Games.
A typical wushu competition, here represented by the 10th All-China Games.
Wushu
Traditional Chinese: 武術
Simplified Chinese: 武术
Literal meaning: martial arts

Wushu, also known as modern wushu or contemporary wushu, is both an exhibition and a full-contact sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. It was created in the People's Republic of China after 1949, in an attempt to nationalize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. [1] Most of the modern competition forms (套路 taolu) were formed from their parent arts (see list below) by government-appointed committee. [1] In contemporary times, wushu has become a truly international sport through the International Wushu Federation (IWUF), which holds the World Wushu Championships every two years; the first World Championships were held in 1991 in Beijing and won by Clark Zhang. International or internationally most often describes interaction between Nations or encompassing two or more nations constituting a group or association having The International Wushu Federation (IWUF ( is an organization established on 3 October 1990 to promote competitive wushu. The World Wushu Championships (WWC ( are held every two years and are organised by the International Wushu Federation (IWUF

Modern wushu is composed of two disciplines: taolu (套路; forms) and sanda (散打; sparring) [2]. Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport. Sparring is a form of Training common to many Martial arts. Although the precise form varies it is essentially relatively 'free-form' fighting with enough rules Taolu forms are similar to gymnastics and involve martial art patterns and maneuvers for which competitors are judged and given points according to specific rules. Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. The forms comprise basic movements (stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps and throws) based on aggregate categories traditional Chinese martial art style and can be changed for competitions to highlight one's strengths. Competitive forms have time limits that can range from 1 minute, 20 seconds for the some external styles to over five minutes for internal styles. Modern wushu competitors are increasingly training in aerial techniques such as 540 and 720 degree jumps and kicks to add more difficulty and style to their forms. [3]

Sanda (sometimes called sanshou or Lei Tai) is a modern fighting method and sport influenced by both traditional Chinese boxing, Chinese wrestling methods called Shuai Chiao and other Chinese grappling techniques such as Qin Na. Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport. Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport. The Lèi tái ( Traditional: 擂臺 Simplified: 擂台 – “Beat (a drum Platform” is a raised fighting platform without railings where often fatal Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. Shuai jiao ( is the modern Chinese term for Wrestling. In a Western context the term refers specifically to Chinese and Mongolian styles Chin Na or Qinna (擒拿 Pinyin: qín ná Wade-Giles: ch'in2 na2 is a Chinese term describing techniques used in It has all the combat aspects of wushu. Sanda appears much like kickboxing or Muay Thai, but includes many more grappling techniques. Muay Thai ( IPA: /muɑɪtʰɑɪ/ muāitʰāi มวยไทย lit Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions.

Contents

History

In 1958, the government established the All-China Wushu Association as an umbrella organization to regulate martial arts training. The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports took the lead in creating standardized forms for most of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu system that included standard forms, teaching curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the high school and university level. In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to teaching and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Research Institute of Wushu was established as the central authority for the research and administration of Wushu activities in the People's Republic of China. [4] Changing government policies and attitudes towards sports in general lead to the closing of the State Sports Commission (the central sports authority) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more market-driven approach. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information [5] As a result of these changing sociological factors within China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted by the Chinese government. [6]

Events

A Jian dual event (choreographed)
A Jian dual event (choreographed)

Most events were first set up in 1958. The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Taiji (太極 is a state of being from Tao and Wuji. It is a state of absolute and of infinite potentiality Dao ( "knife"is a category of single-edge Chinese Swords primarily used for slashing and chopping ( Sabres, often called a broadsword The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. Taijijian ( is a straight two-edged sword used in the training of the Chinese martial art Taijiquan. Nandao is a kind of Sword that is nowadays used mostly in contemporary Chinese wushu exercises and forms The Chinese word Gun ( refers to a long Chinese staff Weapon used in Chinese martial arts. Qiang ( is the Chinese term for Spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield The Nangun ( is a variation of the application of the " northern Chinese staff " which is nowadays featured in contemporary wushu exercises and forms Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

These events are performed using compulsory or individual routines in competition. Compulsory routines are those routines that have been already created for the athlete, resulting in each athlete performing basically the same set. Individual routines are routines that an athlete creates with the aid of his/her coach, while following certain rules for difficulty, number of acrobatics, etc. Acrobatics (from Greek Akros, high and bat, walking is one of the Performing arts, and is also practiced as a Sport.

In addition to events for individual routines, some wushu competitions also feature dual and group events. The dual event, also called duilian (对练), is an event in which there is some form of sparring with weapons, or without weapons or even using bare hands against weapons. The dual event is usually spectacular and actions are choreographed before hand. The group event, also known as jiti (集体), requires a group of people to perform together and smooth synchronization of actions are crucial. Usually, the group event also allows instrumental music to accompany the choreography during the performance. The carpet used for the group event is also larger than the one used for individual routines.

Previously, international wushu competitions most often used compulsory routines, while high-level competitions in China most often used individual routines. However, after the 2003 Wushu World Games in Macau it was decided to opt for individual routines in international competition with nandu (难度; difficulty movements) added for additional point bonuses. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics.

There is some controversy concerning the inclusion of nandu in wushu because many of the movements created for the specific events are not originally movements used in those styles. In addition the number of injuries which have resulted from the inclusion of these nandu have caused many people to question their inclusion.

Those who support the new difficulty requirements follow the assertion that they help to progress the sport and improve the overall physical quality of the athletes.

Main Events

Changquan refers to long-range extended wushu styles like Chaquan (查拳), Huaquan (華拳), Hongquan (洪拳; "flood fist"), and Shaolinquan (少林拳), but this wushu form is a modernized style derived from movements of these and other traditional styles. Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Chāquán ( Chinese: 查拳 Hanyu Pinyin: Zhāquán is a style of Chinese Martial arts that features graceful movements and some acrobatic aerial Huaquan ( is a style of Kung Fu which is believed to have originated in Jining in Shandong Province. Shaolin Kung Fu refers to a collection of Chinese martial arts that claim affiliation with the Shaolin Monastery. Changquan is the most widely-seen of the wushu forms, and includes whirling, running, leaping, and acrobatics. Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Changquan is difficult to perform, requiring great flexibility and athleticism, and is often practised from a young age.

Nanquan refers to wushu styles originating in south China (i. Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National e. , south of the Yangtze River, including Hongjiaquan (洪家拳), Cailifoquan (蔡李佛拳), and Yongchunquan (詠春拳). The Hung Ga curriculum of Wong Fei-Hung The Hung Ga curriculum that Wong Fei-Hung learned from his father comprised Single Origins Chan Heung (陳享 was born in Guangdong Province, China in 1805 or 1806 Wing Chun ( occasionally romanized as Ving Tsun or " Wing Tsun " (literally " spring chant " or "forever Many are known for vigorous, athletic movements with very stable, low stances and intricate hand movements. This wushu form is a modern style derived from movements of these and other traditional southern styles. Nanquan typically requires less flexibility and has fewer acrobatics than Changquan, but it also requires greater leg stability and power generation through leg and hip coordination. Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. This event was created in 1960. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Taijiquan is a wushu style famous for slow, relaxed movements, and often seen as an exercise method for the elderly. Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons This wushu form is a modern recompilation based on the Yang (楊) style of Taijiquan, but also including movements of the Chen (陳), Wu (吳), Wu (武), and Sun (孫) styles. Yang family style (楊氏 Tai chi chuan in its many variations is the most popular and widely practised style in the world today and the second in terms of seniority among the Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons The Chen family style (陳家、陳氏 or 陳式 太極拳 is the oldest and parent form of the five main Tai chi chuan styles The Wu family style (吳氏 or 吳家 T'ai chi ch'uan (taijiquan of Wu Ch'uan-yü (Wu Quanyuo and Wu Chien-ch'üan (Wu Jianquan is the second The Sun style (孫氏 Tai chi chuan was developed by Sun Lu-t'ang (孫祿堂 1861-1932 who was considered expert in two other internal

Dao refers to any curved, one-sided sword/blade, but this wushu form is a Changquan method of using a medium-sized willow-leaf-shaped dao (柳葉刀). Dao ( "knife"is a category of single-edge Chinese Swords primarily used for slashing and chopping ( Sabres, often called a broadsword Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Dao ( "knife"is a category of single-edge Chinese Swords primarily used for slashing and chopping ( Sabres, often called a broadsword

Jian refers to any double-edged straight sword/blade, but this wushu form is a Changquan method of using the jian. The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China.

Gun refers to a long staff (wooden, not made of bamboo as it will split) as tall as the wrist of a person standing with his/her arms stretched upwards, but this wushu form is a Changquan method of using the gun. The Chinese word Gun ( refers to a long Chinese staff Weapon used in Chinese martial arts. Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu.

Qiang refers to a flexible spear with red hair attached to the spearhead, but this wushu form is a Changquan method of using the qiang. Qiang ( is the Chinese term for Spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Qiang ( is the Chinese term for Spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield

Taijijian is an event using the jian based on traditional Taijiquan jian methods. Taijijian ( is a straight two-edged sword used in the training of the Chinese martial art Taijiquan. The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons

Nandao is a weapon that appears to be based on the butterfly swords of Yongchunquan, but has been lengthened and changed so that only one is used (as opposed to a pair). Nandao is a kind of Sword that is nowadays used mostly in contemporary Chinese wushu exercises and forms The butterfly sword ( is a short dāo, or single-edged blade originally from the South of China, though it has seen use in the North Wing Chun ( occasionally romanized as Ving Tsun or " Wing Tsun " (literally " spring chant " or "forever This event is a Nanquan method, and was created in 1992. Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut,

Nangun is a Nanquan method of using the gun (Chinese word meaning staff, not to be confused with handgun). The Nangun ( is a variation of the application of the " northern Chinese staff " which is nowadays featured in contemporary wushu exercises and forms Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. This event was created in 1992. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)

Other routines

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The majority of routines used in the sport are new, modernized recompilations of traditional routines. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The hundreds of different styles and schools of Chinese martial arts (中國武術 are collectively called Kung Fu (功夫 Wushu (武術 Kuoshu This article is specifically about the term "kung fu" This article is specifically about the word "Wushu" For the modern exhibition sport see Wushu (sport. San Soo is a form of Chinese martial arts also known as Kung Fu San Soo and San Soo Kung Fu The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province The Wudang Mountains ( also known as Wu Tang Shan or simply Wudang, are a small Mountain range in the Hubei province of China, just Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma Dong Haichuan (董海川 was born on the 13th of October 1797 (or 1813) in Zhu village Ju Jia Wu Township Wen An County, Hebei Province Huo Yuanjia ( Fok Yuen Gap (c1868-1910 was a Chinese martial artist and co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai Wu Ch'uan-yu or Wu Quanyuo (吳全佑 (1834–1902 was an influential teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan in late Imperial China. Yang Lu-ch'an or Yang Luchan, 楊露禪 also known as Yang Fu-k'ui (楊福魁 (1799-1872 born in Kuang-p'ing ( Guangping) was an influential teacher of the Hong Kong action cinema is the reason why Hong Kong film industry 's is so well known Wuxia or Wǔxiá ( Mandarin ùɕiɑ̌ Hanyu Pinyin: Wǔxiá, Cantonese Pinyin: mou5 hap6 Taiwanese/Hokkien bu hiap However, routines taken directly from traditional styles, including the styles that are not part of standard events, may be performed in competition, especially in China. These routines generally do not garner as many points as their modern counterparts, and are performed in events separate from the compulsory routine events. Among these, the more commonly seen routines include:

Similarly, there is also a traditional weapons category, which often includes the following:

Competitions

List of major international and regional competitions featuring wushu:

Notable practitioners

For Sanda competitors, see the article on Sanshou. Bāguàzhǎng is one of the major " internal " (aka Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. Bājíquán ( 八極拳 Hakkyokuken) is a Chinese martial art that features explosive short range power and is famous for its elbow strikes. Chāquán ( Chinese: 查拳 Hanyu Pinyin: Zhāquán is a style of Chinese Martial arts that features graceful movements and some acrobatic aerial Chuōjiǎo (戳腳 literally "poking foot" is a Chinese martial art that comprises many jumps kicks and fast fist sequences Ditangquan, (地趟拳 literally "ground Tumbling Boxing " is a type of martial art that originated in the Shandong Province Fānziquán ( Chinese: 翻子拳 literally "tumbling fist" is a Chinese martial art that emphasizes offense and defense with the hands Monkey Kung Fu (猴拳 is a Chinese martial art where the movements imitate Monkeys or Apes in fighting Huaquan ( is a style of Kung Fu which is believed to have originated in Jining in Shandong Province. Sān Huáng Pào Chuí ( is a Chinese martial art attributed to the Three August Ones: Fuxi, Shennong, and Gonggong. Piguaquan ( Traditional Chinese: 劈掛拳 literally "chop-hanging fist" also known as Piguazhang (劈掛掌 "chop-hanging palm" There are several Chinese martial arts known as Snake Boxing or Snake Style ( which imitate the movements of snakes Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Tán Tuǐ is a very famous Northern wushu routine and has several versions due to its incorporation into various styles For the Southern Chinese self-defence technique of the Hakka people see Southern Praying Mantis (martial art. Tongbeiquan (literally "Spreading Power from the Back Boxing" as "tong" means "through" "bei" means "back" and "quan" Wing Chun ( occasionally romanized as Ving Tsun or " Wing Tsun " (literally " spring chant " or "forever Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. For the military operation see Operation Eagle Claw. For the film see Eagle's Claw. Zui Quan ( Traditional and Simplified Chinese: 醉拳 pinyin Zuì Quán literally Drunken Fist, also known as Drunken Boxing or This article is about the Asian melee weapon For the bicycle repair tool see the Wikibook article "Chain whip" The chain whip is The sanjiegun, or three-section staff (三節棍, sān jié gùn shawm jeet gwam is a Chinese flail weapon that consists of three wooden or metal staffs connected The rope dart or rope javelin ( also known as Jouhyou in Japanese is one of the flexible weapons in Chinese martial arts. The dadao (大刀 (big knife one of the varieties of dao or Chinese saber is also known as the Chinese great sword The Chinese weapon known as the pu dao ( 撲[[wiktionary 刀|刀]] literally assault sabre) was originally an edged infantry weapon which is still used Emeici (峨嵋刺 variously translated as "Emei Daggers" "Emei piercers" are a traditional Chinese Wushu martial arts weapon Shuangdao ( is the wielding of two broadswords simultaneously The Hook Sword ( also known as tiger-head is an exotic Chinese weapon traditionally associated with Northern styles of Chinese martial arts, but now often practiced by The World Wushu Championships (WWC ( are held every two years and are organised by the International Wushu Federation (IWUF The World Junior Wushu Championships (WJWC is an international wushu competition organised by the International Wushu Federation (IWUF for competitors (both male The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a Multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. National Games of the People's Republic of China, also known as the All China Games, is the most premier sports event of China of national level which are held The East Asian Games is a Multi-sport event organised by East Asian Games Association (EAGA and held every four years since 1993 among athletes from Wushu at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games took place in the Emilio Aguinaldo College Gymnasium, in Ermita, Manila, Philippines Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport.

Wushu as an Olympic event

The IWUF placed a bid to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to have wushu included in future Olympic Games, but so far did not meet with success. However, the IOC has allowed China to organize an international wushu event during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, but this event is not one of the 28 official Olympic sports, nor is it a demonstration event. Instead, it will be called the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Wushu Tournament. [8]

This article contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Fu, Zhongwen (1996, 2006). Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-152-5 (trade paper).  
  2. ^ www.iwuf.org front page.
  3. ^ Wu, Raymond (2007). Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4303-1820-0.  
  4. ^ Wu Bin, Li xingdong and Yu Gongbao(1992), "Essentials of Chinese Wushu", Foreign Language Press, Beijin, ISBN 7-119-01477-3
  5. ^ Riordan, Jim (1999). Sport and Physical Education in China. Spon Press (UK). ISBN 0-419-24750-5.   p. 15
  6. ^ Minutes of the 8th IWUF Congress, International Wushu Federaton, December 9,2005 http://www.iwuf.org/Meetings/8thCongress/minutes.htm (accessed 01/2007)
  7. ^ Jacky Wu's Bio Jacky WU Jing
  8. ^ Rogge says wushu no "Olympic sport" in 2008

Training Books

See also

External links

Contemporary Wushu
v • d • e
Main Taolu Events
Sparring
Changquan • Dao • Qiang • Jian • Gun Sanda
Nanquan • Nandao • Nangun
Related
Taijiquan • Taijijian International Wushu Federation
World Wushu Championships
Chángquán ( is a general term for external (as opposed to internal) Northern Wushu. Dao ( "knife"is a category of single-edge Chinese Swords primarily used for slashing and chopping ( Sabres, often called a broadsword Qiang ( is the Chinese term for Spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. The Chinese word Gun ( refers to a long Chinese staff Weapon used in Chinese martial arts. Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport. Nanquan ( refers to those Chinese martial arts that originated south of the Yangtze River of China including Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, Nandao is a kind of Sword that is nowadays used mostly in contemporary Chinese wushu exercises and forms The Nangun ( is a variation of the application of the " northern Chinese staff " which is nowadays featured in contemporary wushu exercises and forms Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Taijijian ( is a straight two-edged sword used in the training of the Chinese martial art Taijiquan. The International Wushu Federation (IWUF ( is an organization established on 3 October 1990 to promote competitive wushu. The World Wushu Championships (WWC ( are held every two years and are organised by the International Wushu Federation (IWUF
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