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"The World Wide Web" and "WWW" redirect here. For other uses, see Web and WWW (disambiguation). WEB is a Computer programming system created by Donald E Knuth as the first implementation of what he called " Literate programming " the
"Web surfing" redirects here. For the Web browser, see WorldWideWeb. WorldWideWeb was the world's first Web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor.
WWW's historic logo designed by Robert Cailliau
WWW's historic logo designed by Robert Cailliau

The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Robert Cailliau (born 26 January 1947) is a Belgian Computer scientist who together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a Web browser. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. In computing a hyperlink is a Reference or Navigation element in a Document to another Section of the same document or to another The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland and released in 1992. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the markup languages in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. A markup language is an Artificial language using a set of annotations to text that give instructions regarding the structure of text or how it is to be displayed The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the

Contents

How the Web works

Viewing a Web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a Web browser, or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a Web browser. Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a In computing a hyperlink is a Reference or Navigation element in a Document to another Section of the same document or to another The Web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.

First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an IP address using the global, distributed Internet database known as the domain name system, or DNS. An Internet Protocol ( IP) address is a numerical identification ( Logical address) that is assigned to devices participating in a Computer network The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet. This IP address is necessary to contact and send data packets to the Web server. In Information technology, a packet is a formatted unit of Data carried by a Packet mode Computer network. The term web server can mean one of two things A Computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from web clients which are

The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request to the Web server at that particular address. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is a Communications protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet. In the case of a typical Web page, the HTML text of the page is requested first and parsed immediately by the Web browser, which will then make additional requests for images and any other files that form a part of the page. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure In Computer science and Linguistics, parsing, or more formally syntactic analysis, is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens to Statistics measuring a website's popularity are usually based on the number of 'page views' or associated server 'hits', or file requests, which take place. A page view (PV or page impression is a request to load a single page of an Internet site. A hit is a request to a Web server for a file ( Web page, image JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet, etc

Having received the required files from the Web server, the browser then renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, CSS, and other Web languages. A layout engine, or rendering engine, is software that takes marked up content (such as HTML, XML, image files etc Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen Web page that the user sees.

Most Web pages will themselves contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other Web resources. In computing a hyperlink is a Reference or Navigation element in a Document to another Section of the same document or to another Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the WorldWideWeb (a term written in CamelCase, subsequently discarded) in 1990. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited CamelCase (also spelled " camel case " and sometimes known as medial capitals) is the practice of writing compound words or phrases in which the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [1]

History

Main article: History of the World Wide Web
This NeXTcube used by Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.
This NeXTcube used by Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server. The World Wide Web (" WWW " or simply the " Web " is a global Information medium which users can read and write via Computers Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited

The underlying ideas of the Web can be traced as far back as 1980, when, at CERN in Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee built ENQUIRE (referring to Enquire Within Upon Everything, a book he recalled from his youth). The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited ENQUIRE was an early project (in the second half of 1980 of Tim Berners-Lee, who went on to create the World Wide Web in 1989 Enquire Within Upon Everything was a How-to book for domestic life, first published in 1856 by Houlston and Sons of Paternoster While it was rather different from the system in use today, it contained many of the same core ideas (and even some of the ideas of Berners-Lee's next project after the World Wide Web, the Semantic Web). The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the

In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal,[2] which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on November 12, 1990. Robert Cailliau (born 26 January 1947) is a Belgian Computer scientist who together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [3] The role model was provided by EBT's (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The Dynatext system was considered, however technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime), too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged. DynaText is an SGML publishing tool a companion product DynaWebwas for publishing XML/HTML pages HyTime, the Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language is a Markup language that is an "application" of SGML.

A NeXTcube was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first Web server and also to write the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. The NeXT Computer and NeXTcube were high-end workstation computers developed manufactured and sold by NeXT from 1988 until 1993 The term web server can mean one of two things A Computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from web clients which are A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a WorldWideWeb was the world's first Web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:[4] the first Web browser (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages[5] which described the project itself. WorldWideWeb was the world's first Web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor.

On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. hypertext newsgroup. A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations [6] This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.

First server outside of Europe was created at SLAC in December 1991 [7]. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ( SLAC) is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under

The crucial underlying concept of hypertext originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University--- among others Ted Nelson and Andries van Dam--- Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS). Theodor Holm Nelson (born 1937 is an American Sociologist, Philosopher, and pioneer of Information technology. Andries "Andy" van Dam (born 8 December 1938, Groningen) is a Dutch -born American professor of Computer science and former Theodor Holm Nelson (born 1937 is an American Sociologist, Philosopher, and pioneer of Information technology. Project Xanadu was the first Hypertext project Founded in 1960 by Ted Nelson, the project contrasts its vision with that of paper "Today's popular software Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor. NLS, or the "oN-Line System" was a revolutionary Computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based "memex," which was described in the 1945 essay "As We May Think". Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː Microforms are any form either films or paper containing microreproductions of documents for transmission storage reading and printing The memex (a Portmanteau of "memory extender" is the name given by Vannevar Bush to the theoretical proto- Hypertext computer system he proposed As We May Think is an essay by Vannevar Bush, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945

Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the Uniform Resource Identifier.

The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing Web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Link rot (or linkrot) is the process by which links on a Website gradually become irrelevant or broken as time goes on because websites that they link Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. HyperCard was an Application program created by Bill Atkinson for Apple Computer Inc

On April 30, 1993, CERN announced[8] that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Coming two months after the announcement that the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. For other uses see Gopher. Gopher is a distributed Document search and retrieval Network protocol designed An early popular Web browser was ViolaWWW, which was based upon HyperCard. ViolaWWW, first developed in the early 1990s was the first popular Web browser (though to a limited audience which until Mosaic, was the most frequently used web HyperCard was an Application program created by Bill Atkinson for Apple Computer Inc

Scholars generally agree, however, that the turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction[9] of the Mosaic Web browser[10] in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Mosaic is the browser which popularized the World Wide Web. It was also a browser for earlier concepts such as Ftp, Usenet, and Gopher Mosaic is the browser which popularized the World Wide Web. It was also a browser for earlier concepts such as Ftp, Usenet, and Gopher The National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA) is one of five original centers in the National Science Foundation 's Supercomputer Centers Program and a This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of Marc Andreessen (born July 9, 1971, in Cedar Falls Iowa and raised in New Lisbon Wisconsin, United States) is known as a entrepreneur Funding for Mosaic came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by Senator Al Gore. The High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (HPCA, enacted 1991-12-09) is an Act of Congress created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore is the former Vice President of the United States (1993–2001 the 2000 Democratic Party Presidential nominee, and the co-winner of the 2007 Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former [11] Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in Web pages, and its popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). For other uses see Gopher. Gopher is a distributed Document search and retrieval Network protocol designed Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a Client-server text searching System that uses the ANSI Standard Z39 Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the Internet -- and the European Commission. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union.

History in literature

The concept of a home-based global information system goes back at least as far as Isaac Asimov's short story "Anniversary" (Amazing Stories, March 1959), in which the characters look up information on a home computer called a "Multivac outlet" — which was connected by a "planetwide network of circuits" to a mile-long "super-computer" somewhere in the bowels of the Earth. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A home computer was a class of Personal computer entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s Multivac is the name of a fictional Supercomputer in many stories by Isaac Asimov from 1955 to 1979 One character is thinking of installing a Multivac, Jr. model for his kids.

The story was set in the far distant future when commercial space travel was commonplace, and yet the machine "prints the answer on a slip of tape" that comes out a slot — there is no video display — and the owner of the home computer says that he doesn't spend the kind of money to get a Multivac outlet that talks.

Standards

Main article: Web standards

Many formal standards and other technical specifications define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer information exchange. Web standards is a general term for the formal standards and other technical Specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. Many of the documents are the work of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and other organizations.

Usually, when Web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational:

Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:

Java and JavaScript

A significant advance in Web technology was Sun Microsystems' Java platform. Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services Java refers to a number of Computer software products and specifications from Sun Microsystems that together provide a system for developing Application software It enables Web pages to embed small programs (called applets) directly into the view. An applet is a software component that runs in the context of another program for example a Web browser. These applets run on the end-user's computer, providing a richer user interface than simple Web pages. Java client-side applets never gained the popularity that Sun had hoped for a variety of reasons, including lack of integration with other content (applets were confined to small boxes within the rendered page) and the fact that many computers at the time were supplied to end users without a suitably installed Java Virtual Machine, and so required a download by the user before applets would appear. A Java Virtual Machine ( JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a Virtual machine Adobe Flash now performs many of the functions that were originally envisioned for Java applets, including the playing of video content, animation, and some rich UI features. Adobe Flash (previously called Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash) is a set of Multimedia software created by Macromedia and currently Java itself has become more widely used as a platform and language for server-side and other programming. Server-side refers to operations that are performed by the server in a Client-server relationship in Computer networking.

JavaScript, on the other hand, is a scripting language that was initially developed for use within Web pages. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development "Scripting" redirects here For other uses see Script. The standardized version is ECMAScript. ECMAScript is a Scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. While its name is similar to Java, JavaScript was developed by Netscape and it has almost nothing to do with Java, although, like Java, its syntax is derived from the C programming language. Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured In conjunction with a Web page's Document Object Model, JavaScript has become a much more powerful technology than its creators originally envisioned. The Document Object Model ( DOM) is a platform- and language -independent standard Object model for representing HTML or XML and related The manipulation of a page's Document Object Model after the page is delivered to the client has been called Dynamic HTML (DHTML), to emphasize a shift away from static HTML displays. Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated Web sites by using a combination of a static Markup

In simple cases, all the optional information and actions available on a JavaScript-enhanced Web page will have been downloaded when the page was first delivered. Ajax ("Asynchronous JavaScript And XML") is a group of inter-related web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications that provide a method whereby parts within a Web page may be updated, using new information obtained over the network at a later time in response to user actions. This allows the page to be more responsive, interactive and interesting, without the user having to wait for whole-page reloads. Ajax is seen as an important aspect of what is being called Web 2.0. Web 20 is a term describing changing trends in the use of World Wide Web technology and Web design that aims to enhance Creativity, secure Examples of Ajax techniques currently in use can be seen in Gmail, Google Maps, and other dynamic Web applications. Gmail, officially Google Mail in Germany and the United Kingdom is a free POP3 and IMAP Google Maps (for a time named Google Local) is a free Web mapping service application and technology provided by Google that powers many map-based services

Publishing Web pages

Web page production is available to individuals outside the mass media. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" In order to publish a Web page, one does not have to go through a publisher or other media institution, and potential readers could be found in all corners of the globe. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view

Many different kinds of information are available on the Web, and for those who wish to know other societies, cultures, and peoples, it has become easier.

The increased opportunity to publish materials is observable in the countless personal and social networking pages, as well as sites by families, small shops, etc. , facilitated by the emergence of free Web hosting services.

Statistics

According to a 2001 study, there were massively more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the "invisible Web", or deep Web. The deep Web (also called Deepnet, the invisible Web, or the hidden Web) refers to World Wide Web content that is not part of the Surface [12] A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages[13] determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56. 4%; next were pages in German (7. 7%), French (5. 6%), and Japanese (4. 9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11. 5 billion Web pages in the publicly indexable Web as of the end of January 2005. The surface Web (also known as the visible Web or indexable Web) is that portion of the World Wide Web that is indexed by conventional Search [14] As of June 2008, the indexed web contains at least 63 billion pages. [15]

Over 100. 1 million websites operated as of March 2008. [16] Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the . com generic top-level domain. History The initial set of top-level domains defined by RFC 920 in October 1984 was a set of "general purpose domains" [16] Among services paid for by advertising, Yahoo! could collect the most data about commercial Web users, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by MySpace with about half that potential and then by AOL-TimeWarner, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and eBay. MySpace is a popular social networking Website offering an interactive user-submitted network of friends personal profiles blogs groups photos music and Time Warner Inc ( is the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered in New York City. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online Facebook is a social networking Website launched on February 4 2004 Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer eBay Inc is an American Internet company that manages eBaycom an Online auction and shopping Website in which people and businesses buy and [17] About 26% of websites operated outside . com addresses. [16]

Speed issues

Frustration over congestion issues in the Internet infrastructure and the high latency that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the World Wide Wait. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Latency is a time delay between the moment something is initiated and the moment one of its effects begins or becomes detectable Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of peering and QoS technologies. Peering is voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each network Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found on W3C.

Standard guidelines for ideal Web response times are (Nielsen 1999, `Designing Web Usability', page 42):

These numbers are useful for planning server capacity.

Caching

If a user revisits a Web page after only a short interval, the page data may not need to be re-obtained from the source Web server. Almost all Web browsers cache recently-obtained data, usually on the local hard drive. In Computer science, a cache (kæʃ like "cash") is a collection of data duplicating original HTTP requests sent by a browser will usually only ask for data that has changed since the last download. If the locally-cached data is still current, it will be reused.

Caching helps reduce the amount of Web traffic on the Internet. The decision about expiration is made independently for each downloaded file, whether image, stylesheet, JavaScript, HTML, or whatever other content the site may provide. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development Thus even on sites with highly dynamic content, many of the basic resources only need to be refreshed occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. This helps reduce page download times and lowers demands on the Web server.

There are other components of the Internet that can cache Web content. Corporate and academic firewalls often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of all. A firewall is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system (See also Caching proxy server. In Computer networks a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application program which services the requests of its clients by forwarding ) Some search engines, such as Google or Yahoo!, also store cached content from websites. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online

Apart from the facilities built into Web servers that can determine when files have been updated and so need to be re-sent, designers of dynamically-generated Web pages can control the HTTP headers sent back to requesting users, so that transient or sensitive pages are not cached. Internet banking and news sites frequently use this facility. Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual Bank,

Data requested with an HTTP 'GET' is likely to be cached if other conditions are met; data obtained in response to a 'POST' is assumed to depend on the data that was POSTed and so is not cached. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is a Communications protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet.

Link rot and Web archival

Main article: Link rot

Over time, many Web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. Link rot (or linkrot) is the process by which links on a Website gradually become irrelevant or broken as time goes on because websites that they link This phenomenon is referred to in some circles as "link rot" and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called "dead links". Link rot (or linkrot) is the process by which links on a Website gradually become irrelevant or broken as time goes on because websites that they link A dead link (also called a broken link or dangling link) is a link on the World Wide Web that points to a Web page or server

The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive Web sites. The Internet Archive is one of the most well-known efforts; it has been active since 1996. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and

Academic conferences

The major academic event covering the Web is the World Wide Web Conference, promoted by IW3C2. The World Wide Web Conference is a yearly international Academic conference on the topic of the future direction of the World Wide Web. The International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (IW3C2 is a professional organization registered in Switzerland which promotes Web research and development by organizing

Security

The Web has become criminals' preferred pathway for spreading malware. Malware, a Portmanteau word from the words '''mal'''icious and soft'''ware''', is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without Through HTML and URIs the Web was vulnerable to attacks like cross-site scripting (XSS) that came with the introduction of JavaScript[18] and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2. Cross-site scripting ( XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications which allow Code injection 0 and Ajax web design that favors the use of scripts. Web page design is a process of conceptualization planning modeling and execution of Electronic media content delivery via Internet in the form [19] Web-based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns. [20]

Today by one estimate, 70% of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users. [21] As measured by Google, about one in ten Web pages may contain malicious code. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online [22] Cybercrime carried out on the Web can include identity theft, fraud, espionage and intelligence gathering. [23] Most Web-based attacks take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by Sophos, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia. Sophos is a developer and vendor of security software and hardware including anti-virus, Anti-spyware, Anti-spam and Network Access Control [24]

Proposed solutions vary to extremes. Large security vendors like McAfee already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,[25] and some, like Finjan have recommended active real-time inspection of code and all content regardless of its source. McAfee Inc ( is an Antivirus software and Computer security company headquartered in Santa Clara California. Finjan is a privately owned web security company headquartered in San Jose California. [23] Some have argued that for enterprise to see security as a business opportunity rather than a cost center,[26] "ubiquitous, always-on digital rights management" enforced in the infrastructure by a handful of organizations must replace the hundreds of companies that today secure data and networks. [27] Jonathan Zittrain has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet. Jonathan L Zittrain (born 1969 is an American professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School and a faculty co-director of Harvard's Berkman Center [28]

Web Accessibility

Main article: Web accessibility

Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for web sites. Web accessibility refers to the practice of making Websites usable by people of all abilities and Disabilities. Web accessibility refers to the practice of making Websites usable by people of all abilities and Disabilities.

WWW prefix in Web addresses

The letters "www" are commonly found at the beginning of Web addresses because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it So for example, the host name for a Web server is often "www"; for an FTP server, "ftp"; and for a USENET news server, "news" or "nntp" (after the news protocol NNTP). The term web server can mean one of two things A Computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from web clients which are Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system A news server is a set of Computer software used to handle Usenet articles The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading These host names appear as DNS subdomain names, as in "www. The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet. In the Domain Name System (DNS hierarchy a subdomain is a domain that is part of a larger domain example. com".

This use of such prefixes is not required by any technical standard; indeed, the first Web server was at "nxoc01. cern. ch",[29] and even today many Web sites exist without a "www" prefix. The "www" prefix has no meaning in the way the main Web site is shown. The "www" prefix is simply one choice for a Web site's host name.

Some Web browsers will automatically try adding "www. " to the beginning, and possibly ". com" to the end, of typed URLs if no host is found without them. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Opera will also prefix "http://www. Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical Safari is a Web browser developed by Apple Inc and included in Mac OS X. Opera is a Web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company " and append ". com" to the address bar contents if the Control and Enter keys are pressed simultaneously. For example, entering "example" in the address bar and then pressing either just Enter or Control+Enter will usually resolve to "http://www. example. com", depending on the exact browser version and its settings.

Pronunciation of "www"

Main article: Pronunciation of "www"

In English, "www" (pronounced "double you double you double you") is the longest possible three-letter acronym to pronounce, requiring nine syllables. WWW (or www) is an initialism for World Wide Web, most often styled in lowercase because it often appears as the leftmost component of Domain names English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A three-letter acronym, three-letter abbreviation, or TLA is an Acronym, Abbreviation, Alphabetism or Initialism consisting A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Often shorter pronunciations such as "triple double you", "dub dub dub", or "wuh wuh wuh" are used when speaking.

In Mandarin Chinese, the World Wide Web is commonly translated to wàn wéi wǎng (万维网), which satisfies "www" and literally means "ten-thousand dimensional net". [30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
  2. ^ Information Management: A Proposal
  3. ^ Proposal for the World Wide Web
  4. ^ Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client
  5. ^ First Web pages
  6. ^ Short summary of the World Wide Web project
  7. ^ The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents
  8. ^ Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software
  9. ^ Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina
  10. ^ NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo
  11. ^ Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech
  12. ^ The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value
  13. ^ Distribution of languages on the Internet
  14. ^ Indexable Web Size
  15. ^ The size of the World Wide Web
  16. ^ a b c Domain Counts & Internet Statistics. Amaya is a free and open source WYSIWYG web Authoring tool with browsing abilities created by a structured editor project at The deep Web (also called Deepnet, the invisible Web, or the hidden Web) refers to World Wide Web content that is not part of the Surface This is a list of all Website lists. List of biological websites List of blogs List of environmental websites Streaming multimedia is Multimedia that is constantly received by and normally presented to an end-user while it is being delivered by a streaming provider (the Web 10 is a Retronym which refers to the state of the World Wide Web, and any website design style used before the advent of the Web 2 Web 20 is a term describing changing trends in the use of World Wide Web technology and Web design that aims to enhance Creativity, secure Web 30 is one of the terms used to describe the evolutionary stage of the Web that follows Web 2 Web accessibility refers to the practice of making Websites usable by people of all abilities and Disabilities. A web directory or link directory is a directory on the World Wide Web. "Online operating system" redirects here Refer here for the Web desktop. Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI is a joint effort of MIT and University of Southampton to bridge and formalize the social and technical aspects of collaborative A Web service (also Web Service) is defined by the W3C as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction Webology is a compound noun coming from two words "Web" and the suffix "-logy" as a word ending A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Website architecture is an approach to the design and planning of websites which like Architecture itself involves technical aesthetic and functional criteria Name Intelligence. Retrieved on 2008-03-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
  17. ^ Story, Louise and comScore. "They Know More Than You Think" (JPEG), March 10, 2008. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common   in Story, Louise. "To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, March 10, 2008. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  
  18. ^ Fogie, Seth, Jeremiah Grossman, Robert Hansen, and Anton Rager (2007). Cross Site Scripting Attacks: XSS Exploits and Defense (PDF), Syngress, Elsevier Science & Technology, 68–69, 127. ISBN 1597491543. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year  
  19. ^ O'Reilly, Tim (September 30, 2005). Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. What Is Web 2.0 4–5. O'Reilly Media. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. and AJAX web applications can introduce security vulnerabilities like "client-side security controls, increased attack surfaces, and new possibilities for Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)", in Ritchie, Paul (March 2007). "The security risks of AJAX/web 2.0 applications" (PDF). Infosecurity. Elsevier.   which cites Hayre, Jaswinder S. and Kelath, Jayasankar. "Ajax Security Basics", SecurityFocus, June 22, 2006. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year  
  20. ^ XSS vulnerabilties outnumbered buffer overflows, in Christey, Steve and Martin, Robert A. (May 22, 2007). Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE (version 1.1). MITRE Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins During the second half of 2007, XSS outnumbered "traditional" vulnerabilities, in Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July-December 2007 (Executive Summary) (PDF) 1–2. Symantec Corp. (April 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
  21. ^ Berinato, Scott. "Software Vulnerability Disclosure: The Chilling Effect", CSO, CXO Media, January 1, 2007, p. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.  7. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins  
  22. ^ "Google searches web's dark side", BBC News, May 11, 2007. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.  
  23. ^ a b Ben-Itzhak, Yuval. "Infosecurity 2008 - New defence strategy in battle against e-crime", ComputerWeekly, Reed Business Information, April 18, 2008. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.  
  24. ^ Security Threat Report (PDF). Sophos (Q1 2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  25. ^ Prince, Brian. "McAfee Governance, Risk and Compliance Business Unit", eWEEK, Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings, April 9, 2008. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  
  26. ^ Preston, Rob. "Down To Business: It's Past Time To Elevate The Infosec Conversation", InformationWeek, United Business Media, April 12, 2008. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  
  27. ^ Claburn, Thomas. "RSA's Coviello Predicts Security Consolidation", InformationWeek, United Business Media, February 6, 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  
  28. ^ Duffy Marsan, Carolyn. "How the iPhone is killing the 'Net", Network World, IDG, April 9, 2008. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.  
  29. ^ Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim Berners-Lee
  30. ^ See CEDICT or the MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary. The CEDICT project was started by Paul Denisowski in 1997 with the aim to provide a complete Chinese to American English dictionary with pronunciation

References

External links

Dictionary

World Wide Web

-proper noun

  1. An information space on the Internet in which the items of interest, referred to as resources, are identified by global identifiers called uniform resource identifiers. Abbreviations: WWW, 3W.
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