Joinery is that part of woodworking that involves joining together pieces of wood, to create furniture, structures, toys, and other items. Woodworking is the process of building making or carving something using Wood. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, etc. - derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys, although some concepts overlap. House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. A puzzle is a Problem or Enigma that challenges Ingenuity. In a basic puzzle one is intended to piece together objects in a logical way in order to
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Traditional Joinery
Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs While every culture in which pieces of wood are joined together to make furniture or structures has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well documented and celebrated in the Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions. Ancient Chinese wooden architecture is the least studied of any of the world's great architectural traditions from the western point of view and its study is relatively new The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular include hundreds of types of joints, many of which do not use glue or nails. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together In Engineering, Woodworking and Construction, a nail is a pin -shaped sharp object of hard Metal, typically Steel, The Chinese have been using this method for the last seven thousand years. [1]
Properties of wood
Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different along different dimensions. Anisotropy (pronounced with stress on the third syllable ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi is the property of being directionally dependent as opposed to Isotropy, which means homogeneity
Strength
Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially). Wood grain describes the alignment texture and appearance of the Wood fibres
Dimensional Stability
Wood expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. Water content or moisture content is the quantity of Water contained in a material such as Soil (called soil moisture) rock,
Joinery Effects
The frame and panel constructions of doors and cabinets is not purely decorative. Frame and panel construction (also called "rail and stile" is a Woodworking technique often used in the making of Doors wainscoting, and The panel would be fragile without the support of the rails, whose grain runs perpendicular to that of the panel. But, if the rails were directly fastened to the panel, the difference in the rate of expansion across and along the grain would rip the two apart. When properly constructed, the panel is free to expand, while still supported by the frame.
Materials used for joining
- Joints can be designed to hold without the use of glue or fasteners.
- Glue is highly effective for joining wood when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together A properly glued joint may be as strong as a single piece of wood. However, glue is ineffective on end-grain surfaces. Wood grain describes the alignment texture and appearance of the Wood fibres Compared to a mortise and tenon, a dowel joint is a poor joint because it does not address these properties. Simple and strong the mortise and tenon joint has been used for millennia by Woodworkers around the world to join pieces of Wood, usually when the pieces A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together Much of the surface of the hole of a dowel joint is end-grain, to which glue adheres poorly. In a mortise and tenon, most of the surface of the joint is longitudinal-grain. Animal glue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be disassembled using steam to soften the glue. An animal glue is an Adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of Animal Connective tissue. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work.
- Various mechanical fasteners are used, the simplest being nails and screws. A fastener is a Hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together In Engineering, Woodworking and Construction, a nail is a pin -shaped sharp object of hard Metal, typically Steel, A screw is a shaft with a helical groove or thread formed on its surface and provision at one end to turn the screw Glue and fasteners can be added together.
Types of joints
Some types of joints used include:
- Biscuit join
- Bridle
- Butt
- Butterfly
- Dowel
- Coping
- Cope and stick
- Dado (US) or Housing Joint (UK)
- Dougong
- Dovetail
- Finger (US) or box combing (UK)
- Lap (halving joint)
- Cross-lap
- Halved joint
- Dovetail-lap
- End-lap (corner halving joint)
- Middle-lap (Tee halving joint)
- Miter (mitre)
- Mortise and tenon
- Pocket-Hole Joinery
- Rabbet (rebate)
- Scarf (scarph)
- Splice joint
- Tongue and groove
- Frame and Panel (rail and stile)
Images of different types of joints
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Steinhardt, Nancy W. A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together A bridle joint is a Woodworking joint, similar to a Mortise and tenon, in that a tenon is cut on the end of one member and a mortise is cut into the other to accept A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together A Butterfly joint is a type of joint used either to hold two or more wooden boards together or to keep two halves of a board that have already started to split from splitting A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together Coping or scribing is the Woodworking technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame component to fit the contours of an abutting member Cope and stick construction is a Frame and panel technique often used in the making of Doors Wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets A dado (US and Canada housing (UK or trench (Europe is a slot or trench cut into the surface of a piece of machinable material usually Wood Dougong ( is a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, one of the most important elements in traditional Chinese, Japanese, and A dovetail joint or simply dovetail is a joint technique most commonly used in woodworking joinery. The finger joint / box joint is made by cutting a set of complementary rectangular cuts in two pieces of wood which are then glued In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them A halved joint is a Woodworking joint in which the two members are joined by removing material from each at the point of intersection so that they overlap In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them A mitre or miter joint is a joint made by Beveling each of two parts to be joined usually at a 45° angle to form a corner usually a 90° angle Simple and strong the mortise and tenon joint has been used for millennia by Woodworkers around the world to join pieces of Wood, usually when the pieces Pocket-Hole Joinme, or Pocket-Screw Joinme, or Kreg Joinery involves drilling a hole at an angle into one workpiece and then joining it to a second workpiece A rabbet (also known as rebate) is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of machineable material usually Wood. A scarf joint (also known as a scarph joint) is a method of joining two members end to end in Woodworking or Metalworking. A splice joint is a method of joining two members end to end in Woodworking. Tongue and groove or T&G is a method of fitting similar objects together edge to edge used mainly with Wood: Flooring, Parquetry, panelling Frame and panel construction (also called "rail and stile" is a Woodworking technique often used in the making of Doors wainscoting, and A bridle joint is a Woodworking joint, similar to a Mortise and tenon, in that a tenon is cut on the end of one member and a mortise is cut into the other to accept A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together Coping or scribing is the Woodworking technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame component to fit the contours of an abutting member A dado (US and Canada housing (UK or trench (Europe is a slot or trench cut into the surface of a piece of machinable material usually Wood A dovetail joint or simply dovetail is a joint technique most commonly used in woodworking joinery. The finger joint / box joint is made by cutting a set of complementary rectangular cuts in two pieces of wood which are then glued In woodworking or metal fitting a lap joint describes a technique for joining two pieces of material by overlapping them A mitre or miter joint is a joint made by Beveling each of two parts to be joined usually at a 45° angle to form a corner usually a 90° angle Simple and strong the mortise and tenon joint has been used for millennia by Woodworkers around the world to join pieces of Wood, usually when the pieces A rabbet (also known as rebate) is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of machineable material usually Wood. A scarf joint (also known as a scarph joint) is a method of joining two members end to end in Woodworking or Metalworking. A splice joint is a method of joining two members end to end in Woodworking. Woodworking is the process of building making or carving something using Wood. Cabinet making is the practice of utilizing various Woodworking skills to create cabinets shelving and Furniture. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Ancient Chinese wooden architecture is the least studied of any of the world's great architectural traditions from the western point of view and its study is relatively new (2002). Chinese Architecture, English Ed. , Yale University Press, p. 7. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.
References
- Bernard Jones (Ed. ) (1980). The Complete Woodworker. ISBN 0-89815-022-1
- Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood. ISBN 1-56158-041-4
- Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-6999-7
- Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-004-X
External links
- DIYinfo.org's Carpentry Wiki - Practical information on creating various wood-working joints
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