The windshield or windscreen of an aircraft, automobile, bus, motorcycle, or tram is the front window. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening Modern windshields are generally made of laminated safety glass, a type of treated glass, which consists of two (typically) curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer laminated between them for safety, and are glued into the window frame. Laminated glass is a type of Safety glass that holds together when shattered. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products A laminate is a material constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links
Motorcycle windshields are often made of high-impact acrylic plastic. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. As the name implies, their main function is to shield the driver from the wind, though they do not do so as totally as those of a car.
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Usage
In daily use, windshields mainly protect the vehicle's occupants from wind, temperature extremes, and flying debris such as dust, insects, and rocks, as well as providing an aerodynamically formed window towards the front. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Debris (ˈdeɪbriː/ /dɛˈbriː is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed Dust is a general name for minute Solid particles with Diameters less than 500 micrometers. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere UV Coating may be applied to screen out harmful ultraviolet light. The term "UV coating" has various meanings Ultra-violet coating of paper Ultra-violet cured coatings can be applied over ink printed on paper and dried by exposure Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays
Safety
Early windshields were made of ordinary window glass, but that could lead to serious injuries in the event of a crash. They were replaced with windshields made of toughened glass and were fitted in the frame using a rubber or neoprene seal. Toughened or tempered glass is Glass that has been processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. A mechanical seal is a device which helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (e The hardened glass shattered into many mostly harmless fragments when the windshield broke. These windshields, however, could shatter from a simple stone chip. Especially in police cars this was seen as a problem and it led to the development of the laminated glass windows most cars use. Laminated glass is a type of Safety glass that holds together when shattered. Ford Motor Company adopted laminated glass as standard windshield equipment for all its cars in 1928. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following [1]
The modern, glued-in glass contribute to the vehicle's rigidity, but the main force in innovating the windshield has historically been the need to prevent injury from sharp glass fragments. Modern windshields, now almost universally required in all nations, do not fragment, but tend to stay in one piece even if broken, except if pierced locally by a strong force. Properly installed automobile windshields are also essential to safety; along with the roof of the car, they provide protection in the case of a roll-over accident in the vehicle.
Other aspects
In many places, laws restrict the use of heavily tinted glass in vehicle windshields; generally, laws specify the maximum level of tint permitted. Window film, also called window tint or Lustalux, is transparent Plastic film or Metallic Laminate which is applied Some vehicles have noticeably more tint in the uppermost part of the windshield of motor vehicles that blocks glare from the sun. Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects
In aircraft windshields, a current is applied through a conducting layer of tin(IV) oxide to generate heat to prevent icing. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air A similar system for automobile windshields, introduced on Ford vehicles as "Quickclear" in Europe ("InstaClear" in North America) in the 1980s, uses very thin heating wires or conductive-film layer embedded between the two laminations. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Quickclear is a European Trademark used by the Ford Motor Company for its electrically heated Windshield technology
Using thermal glass has one downside: it prevents some navigation systems from functioning correctly, as the embedded metal blocks the satellite signal. An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in Automobiles. This can be resolved by using an external antenna for the navigation system.
Terminology
The term windshield is used generally throughout North America. The term windscreen is the usual term in the UK and Australia/New Zealand for all vehicles. In Japanese English, it is called "front glass". are Japanese Pseudo-Anglicisms English constructions not in use in Anglophone countries nor by English native speakers but which appear in Japanese. In the USA, windscreen refers to the mesh or foam screen placed over a microphone to minimize wind noise, while a windshield refers to the front window of a car. In the UK, the meaning of these terms is reversed.
Today’s windshields are a safety device just like seat belts and air bags. The installation of the auto glass is done with an automotive grade urethane designed specifically for automobiles. The adhesive creates a molecular bond between the glass and the vehicle. If the adhesive bond fails at any point on the glass it can reduce the effectiveness of the air bag and substantially compromise the structural integrity of the roof. (Raymond Clough)
Auto windshields less than 20 cm (8 inches) in height are sometimes known as aeroscreens since they only deflect the wind. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The twin aeroscreen setup (often called Brooklands) was popular among older sports and modern cars in vintage style. There is also a type of Windscreen known as "Brooklands" or "Brookland screen"
A wiperless windshield is a windshield that uses a mechanism other than wipers to remove snow and rain from the windshield. A windscreen wiper ( windshield wiper in North America) is a device used to wipe Rain and dirt from a Windscreen. The concept car Acura TL features a wiperless windshield using a series of jet nozzles in the cowl to blow pressurized air onto the windshield. The Acura TL is a Mid-size Luxury car from Honda 's Acura Brand. A nozzle is a mechanical device or Orifice designed to control the characteristics of a Fluid flow as it exits (or enters an enclosed chamber or Pipe. A cowling is a covering of a vehicle's Engine, most often found on automobiles and aircraft Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface
Stone chip and crack damage
Many types of stone damage can be successfully repaired. Bullseyes, cracks, starbreaks or a combination of all three, can be repaired without removing the glass, eliminating the risk of leaking or bonding problems sometimes associated with replacement.
Repair
Windshield repair is a process that combines modern technology and skill to fill a damaged area on a windshield with special clear adhesive resin. The resin is then cured with an ultraviolet light. When done properly, the damaged area’s strength is restored, as is most of the clarity.
When repairing a windshield, it is important to start with a clean work area. Any dust, dirt, or contaminants in or on the glass can result in scarring or trapped particles that will permanently be visible in the final repair. Any moisture can cause future cracks when the glass cools or heats. Many chips in automotive safety glass will never grow but insurance companies in the United States often waive the deductible to ensure they do not have to pay for the replacement of the auto glass.
References
- ^ "Motor Car Safety Devices", New York Times, Feb. 26, 1928, p. 141.
See also
External links
- Windshields.com An online provider of windshield repair information and companies. A windscreen wiper ( windshield wiper in North America) is a device used to wipe Rain and dirt from a Windscreen. Motorcycle Windshields or windscreens' are clear Glass or Plastic structures mounted in front of the Motorcycle with the primary
- Car Windshields A website devoted to windshields, including markings.
- Long crack repair A video of the crack repair process.
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