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Windows 2000
(Part of the Microsoft Windows family)
Screenshot

Screenshot of Windows 2000 Professional
Developer
Microsoft
Web site: www.microsoft.com/windows2000
Release information
Release date: February 17, 2000 info
Current version:  5. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 0 SP4 Rollup 1 v2 (5. 0. 3700. 6690), September 13, 2005 info
Source model: Shared source[1]
License: Microsoft EULA
Kernel type: Hybrid kernel
Support status
Extended Support Period until June/July 2010,[2][3] security updates will be provided free of cost and paid support is still available. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shared Source is Microsoft 's framework for sharing Computer program Source code with third parties A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software In Computer science, the kernel is the central component of most computer Operating systems (OS Hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of Microkernel and Monolithic kernel architectures used in Computer

Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K) is a preemptive, interruptible, graphical and business-oriented operating system designed to work with either uniprocessor or symmetric multi-processor computers. Pre-emption or preemption in Computing is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination A uniprocessor system is a Computer system with a single Central processing unit. In Computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a Multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems and was released on February 17, 2000. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Windows NT is a family of Operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993 Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. [4] It has been succeeded by Windows XP in October 2001 and Windows Server 2003 in April 2003. Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and Windows Server 2003 (also referred to as Win2K3 is a server Operating system produced by Microsoft. [5] It is a hybrid kernel operating system. Hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of Microkernel and Monolithic kernel architectures used in Computer [6]

Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. [7] Additionally, Microsoft sold Windows 2000 Advanced Server Limited Edition and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition, which were released in 2001 and run on 64-bit Intel Itanium microprocessors. '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated [8] While each edition of Windows 2000 was targeted to a different market, they share a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console and standard system administration applications. The Microsoft Management Console (MMC is a component of Windows 2000 and later Windows NT-based Operating systems that provides system administrators and advanced A system administrator, systems administrator, or sysadmin, is a person employed to maintain and operate a Computer system and/or network. Support for people with disabilities has been improved over Windows NT 4.0 with a number of new assistive technologies,[9] and Microsoft increased support for different languages[10] and locale information. Windows NT 40 is a preemptive, graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with either Uniprocessor or symmetric Assistive technology (AT is a generic term that includes assistive adaptive and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and includes the process used in selecting In Computing, locale is a set of Parameters that defines the user's language country and any special variant preferences that the user wants to see in their User [11] All versions of the operating system support the Windows NT filesystem, NTFS 3. NTFS (New Technology File System Is the standard File system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 0,[12] the Encrypting File System, as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. The Encrypting File System (EFS is a file system driver that provides Filesystem-level encryption in Microsoft Windows ( 2000 and later operating The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software [13] The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features,[14] including the ability to provide Active Directory services (a hierarchical framework of resources), Distributed File System (a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes. Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Distributed File System, or DFS, is a set of client and server services that allow a large enterprise to organize many distributed SMB file shares into a Windows 2000 can be installed through either a manual or unattended installation. [15] Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server, by the System Preparation Tool. Installation (or setup) of a program (including drivers is the act and the effect of putting the program in a computer system so that it can be System Center Configuration Manager, formerly Systems Management Server (SMS is a Systems management software product by Microsoft for managing large Sysprep is the name of Microsoft 's System Preparation Utility for Microsoft Windows operating system deployment [16]

Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever,[17] but it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such as Code Red and Nimda. The Code Red worm was a Computer worm observed on the Internet on July 13, 2001. Nimda is a Computer worm, isolated in September 2001. It is also a file infector [18] More than eight years after its release, it continues to receive patches for security vulnerabilities nearly every month.

Contents

History

See also: History of Microsoft Windows

Windows 2000 is a continuation of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems, replacing Windows NT 4.0. In 1983 Microsoft announced the development of Windows, a Graphical user interface (GUI for its own Operating system ( MS-DOS) that had shipped Windows NT is a family of Operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993 Windows NT 40 is a preemptive, graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with either Uniprocessor or symmetric Originally called Windows NT 5. 0, then Windows NT 2000, Microsoft changed the name to Windows 2000 on October 27, 1998. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) [19] It is also the first Windows version that has been released without a code name, though Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 was codenamed "Asteroid"[20] and Windows 2000 64-bit was codenamed "Janus"[21] (not to be confused with Windows 3.1, which had the same codename). Microsoft codenames are the Codenames given by Microsoft to products it has in development before these products are given the names by which they appear on store A service pack (in short SP) is a collection of updates fixes and/or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package The first beta for Windows 2000 was released in September 1997[22] and several further betas followed until Beta 3 which was released on April 29, 1999. Events in September It is the start of the academic year in many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) [22] During the development, there was a DEC Alpha build of Windows 2000 but it was abandoned with the second beta. Alpha, originally known as Alpha AXP, was a 64-bit Reduced instruction set computer (RISC Instruction set architecture (ISA developed [22] (Windows NT 4.0 is the last version to support multiple architectures, until Windows XP introduced support for x86-64). Windows NT 40 is a preemptive, graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with either Uniprocessor or symmetric Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. From here, Microsoft issued three release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released the operating system to partners on December 12, 1999. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) [23] The public could buy the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Three days before this event, which Microsoft advertised as "a standard in reliability", a leaked memo from Microsoft reported on by Mary Jo Foley revealed that Windows 2000 had "over 63,000 potential known defects". [24] After Foley's article was published, Microsoft blacklisted her for a considerable time:[25] InformationWeek summarized the release "our tests show the successor to NT 4. InformationWeek is a multimedia brand with a weekly print magazine online site face-to-face and virtual events and research 0 is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either. "[26] Wired News later described the results of the February launch as "lackluster". Wired News is an online technology news Website, formerly known as HotWired, that split off from Wired magazine when the [27] Novell criticized Microsoft's Active Directory, the new directory service architecture as less scalable or reliable than its own Novell Directory Services (NDS) alternative. Novell Inc ( is a global Software Corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Novell eDirectory (formerly called Novell Directory Services, NDS) is an X [28]

Windows 2000 was first planned to replace both Windows 98 and Windows NT 4. Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 0. However, that changed later. Instead, an updated version of Windows 98 called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in 1999. [22] Close to the release of Windows 2000 Service Pack 1, Microsoft released Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, targeted at large-scale computing systems with support for 32 processors, on September 29, 2000. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

On or shortly before February 12, 2004, "portions of the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 0 source code were illegally made available on the Internet". In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable [29] The source of the leak remains unannounced. Microsoft issued the following statement:

Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it.

Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the file-sharing networks. See Shared resource for the conventional meaning of file sharing File sharing refers to the providing and receiving of digital files over a On February 16, 2004, an exploit "allegedly discovered by an individual studying the leaked source code"[29] for certain versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer was reported. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " An exploit (from the same word in the French language, meaning "achievement" or "accomplishment" is a piece of Software, a chunk of data or Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical

Architecture

The Windows 2000 operating system architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode) , with many different modules within both.
The Windows 2000 operating system architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode) , with many different modules within both.
See also: Architecture of Windows NT

Windows 2000 is a highly modular system that consists of two main layers: a user mode and a kernel mode. Windows NT 31, Windows NT 35, Windows NT 351, Windows NT 40, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows "kernel space" redirects here For mathematical definition see Null space. [30] The user mode refers to the mode in which user programs are run. Such programs only have access to certain system resources, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. All user mode applications access system resources through the Executive which runs in kernel mode. Windows NT 31, Windows NT 35, Windows NT 351, Windows NT 40, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows [31]

User mode

User mode in Windows 2000 is made of subsystems capable of passing I/O requests to the appropriate kernel mode drivers by using the I/O manager. In Computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an Information processing system (such as a Computer) and the outside Two subsystems make up the user mode layer of Windows 2000: the environment subsystem and the integral subsystem. [32]

The environment subsystem is designed to run applications written for many different types of operating systems. These applications, however, run at a lower priority than kernel mode processes. There are three main environment subsystems:[33]

  1. A Win32 subsystem runs 32-bit Windows applications and also supports Virtual DOS Machines (VDMs) , which allow MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows 3.1x (Win16) applications to run on Windows. The Windows API, informally WinAPI, is Microsoft's core set of Application programming interfaces (APIs available in the Microsoft Windows Operating Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Virtual DOS machine (VDM is Microsoft 's technology that allows running legacy MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows programs on Intel 80386 or higher computers MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. Windows 31x was a major release of Microsoft Windows. Several editions were released between 1992 and 1994 succeeding Windows 3 The Windows API, informally WinAPI, is Microsoft's core set of Application programming interfaces (APIs available in the Microsoft Windows Operating
  2. An OS/2 environment subsystem supports 16-bit character-based OS/2 applications and emulates OS/2 1. OS/2 is a computer Operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively 3 and 1. x, but not 32-bit or graphical OS/2 applications as used on OS/2 2. x or later.
  3. A POSIX environment subsystem supports applications that are strictly written to either the POSIX. POSIX (ˈpɒzɪks or "Portable Operating System Interface" is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define 1 standard or the related ISO/IEC standards. The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental international Standards organization that prepares and publishes

The integral subsystem looks after operating system specific functions on behalf of the environment subsystem. It consists of a security subsystem (which grants/denies access and handles logons) , workstation service (which helps the computer gain network access) and a server service (which lets the computer provide network services). [34]

Kernel mode

Kernel mode in Windows 2000 has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The kernel mode stops user mode services and applications from accessing critical areas of the operating system.

Each object in Windows 2000 exists in its own namespace, as illustrated by this screenshot from SysInternal's WinObj
Each object in Windows 2000 exists in its own namespace, as illustrated by this screenshot from SysInternal's WinObj

The Executive interfaces with all the user mode subsystems. A namespace is an abstract container or environment created to hold a logical grouping of unique identifiers (i It deals with I/O, object management, security and process management. It contains various components, including:

The Windows 2000 Hardware Abstraction Layer, or HAL, lies between the physical hardware of the computer and the rest of the operating system. A hardware abstraction layer ( HAL) is an Abstraction layer, implemented in software between the physical hardware of a Computer and It is designed to hide differences in hardware and therefore provide a consistent platform for applications. It includes hardware specific code that controls I/O interfaces, interrupt controllers and multiple processors. A Programmable Interrupt Controller ( PIC) is a device which allows priority levels to be assigned to its interrupt outputs

The hybrid kernel sits between the HAL and the Executive and provides multiprocessor synchronization, thread and interrupt scheduling and dispatching, trap handling and exception dispatching. Hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of Microkernel and Monolithic kernel architectures used in Computer A thread in Computer science is short for a thread of execution. In Computing, an interrupt is an asynchronous signal from hardware indicating the need for attention or a synchronous event in software indicating the need for a change Scheduling is a key concept in Computer multitasking and Multiprocessing Operating system design and in Real-time operating system design The hybrid kernel often interfaces with the process manager[42] and is responsible for initializing device drivers at bootup that are necessary to get the operating system up and running.

Common features

Windows 2000 introduced many of the new features of Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE into the NT line,[43] such as the Windows Desktop Update,[43] Internet Explorer 5,[43] Outlook Express, NetMeeting, FAT32 support,[44] Windows Driver Model,[45] Internet Connection Sharing,[43] Windows Media Player, WebDAV support[46] etc. Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 Microsoft 's Windows Desktop Update was an optional feature included with Internet Explorer 4, which introduced several updated shell features to the Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 (abbreviated IE5) is a graphical Web browser released in March 1999 by Microsoft, primarily for Microsoft Windows Outlook Express is an e-mail / News client that was included with Internet Explorer versions Internet Explorer 4 Microsoft NetMeeting is a VoIP and multi-point Videoconferencing client included in many versions of Microsoft Windows (from Windows 95 OSR2 Templateinfobox filesystem whilst covering all 3 file systems please make any style changes to both at the same time In Computing, the Windows Driver Model ( WDM) &mdash also known at one point as the Win32 Driver Model &mdash is a framework for Device drivers Internet Connection Sharing (ICS is the name given by Microsoft to a feature of its Windows operating system (as of Windows 98 Second Edition and later for sharing a single Windows Media Player ( WMP) is a digital media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning, or WebDAV, is a set of extensions to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP that allows users to collaboratively edit Certain new features are common across all editions of Windows 2000, among them NTFS 3. 0,[12] the Microsoft Management Console (MMC),[47] UDF support, the Encrypting File System (EFS),[48] Logical Disk Manager,[49] Image Color Management 2. The Microsoft Management Console (MMC is a component of Windows 2000 and later Windows NT-based Operating systems that provides system administrators and advanced The Universal Disk Format ( UDF) is a format specification of a File system for storing files on optical media The Encrypting File System (EFS is a file system driver that provides Filesystem-level encryption in Microsoft Windows ( 2000 and later operating The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software 0, [50] support for PostScript 3-based printers, [50] OpenType (. PostScript ( PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative Programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982 OpenType is a scalable format for Computer fonts initially developed by Microsoft, later joined by Adobe Systems. OTF) and Type 1 PostScript (. PostScript fonts are Outline font specifications developed by Adobe for professional digital typesetting, which uses PostScript file format to PFB) font support, [50] the Data protection API (DPAPI),[51] an LDAP/Active Directory-enabled Address Book,[52] usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. DPAPI (Data Protection Application Programming Interface is a simple cryptographic Application programming interface available as a built-in component in Windows The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP (ˈɛl dæp is an Application protocol for querying and modifying Directory services running over Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Windows Address Book is a component of Microsoft Windows that lets users keep a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs Windows 2000 also comes with several system utilities. Microsoft also introduced a new feature to protect critical system files, called Windows File Protection. Windows File Protection (WFP is a technology included in all Microsoft Windows Operating systems beginning with Windows 2000 to prevent programs from replacing This protects critical Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as the Package Installer, Windows Installer and other update components from modifying them. The Windows Installer (previously known as Microsoft Installer, codename Darwin) is an engine for the installation maintenance and removal of software [53]

Microsoft recognized that a serious error or a stop error could cause problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred. The Blue Screen of Death (also known as a stop error, BSoD, bluescreen, or Blue Screen of Doom) is an Error screen displayed [54] Also included is an option to dump any of the first 64 KB of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for debugging purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000 event log. A core dump is the recorded state of the working memory of a Computer program at a specific time generally when the program has terminated abnormally ( crashed A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix Kilo -, meaning 1000 is a unit of Information or Computer storage equal to either 1024 Event Viewer is a component of Microsoft 's Windows NT line of operating systems that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or [54] In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications. [55] Windows 2000 also introduced core system administration and management features as the Windows Installer,[56] Windows Management Instrumentation[57] and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)[58] into the operating system. The Windows Installer (previously known as Microsoft Installer, codename Darwin) is an engine for the installation maintenance and removal of software Windows Management Instrumentation ( WMI) is a set of extensions to the Windows Driver Model that provides an Operating system interface through which

Improvements to Windows Explorer

The integrated media player in Windows Explorer playing a MIDI sequence.
The integrated media player in Windows Explorer playing a MIDI sequence. This article is about the Windows file system browser For the similarly named internet browser see Internet Explorer Windows Explorer is a MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers

Windows Explorer has been enhanced in several ways in Windows 2000. This article is about the Windows file system browser For the similarly named internet browser see Internet Explorer Windows Explorer is a It is the first Windows NT release to include Active Desktop, first introduced as a part of Internet Explorer 4. Windows NT is a family of Operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993 Active Desktop is a feature of Microsoft Internet Explorer 40 's optional Windows Desktop Update that allows the user to add HTML content Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical 0 (specifically Windows Desktop Update), and only pre-installed in Windows 98 by that time. Microsoft 's Windows Desktop Update was an optional feature included with Internet Explorer 4, which introduced several updated shell features to the Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 [59] It allowed users to customize the way folders look and behave by using HTML templates, having the file extension HTT. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a Computer file applied to indicate the encoding convention ( File format) of its contents This feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts, Java applets, or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector. A computer virus is a Computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user ActiveX is a Component object model (COM developed by Microsoft for Windows. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C[60] and VBS. Redlof. a. [61]

The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows 2000. For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane. [62] Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in Windows Vista, Windows 2000 had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files. Windows Vista (ˈvɪstə is a line of Operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and business desktops However, such a previewer can be enabled in Windows Me and Windows XP through the use of third-party shell extensions, as the updated Windows Explorer allows for custom thumbnail previewers and tooltip handlers. Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows Me (IPA pronunciation, iː is a hybrid 16-bit / 32-bit graphical Operating system released on 14 September Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and The tooltip is a common Graphical user interface element It is used in conjunction with a cursor, usually a mouse pointer The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments;[63] this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage document. NTFS (New Technology File System Is the standard File system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Structured storage (variously also known as COM structured storage or OLE structured storage) is a technology developed by Microsoft All Microsoft Office documents since Office 95[64] make use of structured storage, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default tooltip. Microsoft Office is a set of interrelated desktop applications servers and services collectively referred to as an Office suite, for the Microsoft Windows and Structured storage (variously also known as COM structured storage or OLE structured storage) is a technology developed by Microsoft The tooltip is a common Graphical user interface element It is used in conjunction with a cursor, usually a mouse pointer File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. A computer shortcut (shortcut is a small file containing a target URI or the name of a target program file that the shortcut represents

The right pane of Windows 2000 Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer. It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files[59] Other Explorer UI elements that can be customized include columns in "Details" view, icon overlays, and search providers: the new DHTML-based search pane is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions. In HTML and XHTML, span and div tags are used to describe content that cannot be properly described by other This degree of customizability is new to Windows 2000; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it. [65] The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database. Windows indexing service is a service in the Windows NT (Separately in free Windows NT Option Pack Windows 2000 and later Windows NT -family of operating [66]

NTFS 3. 0

Windows 2000 supports disk quotas, which can be set via the "Quota" tab found in the hard disk properties dialog box.
Windows 2000 supports disk quotas, which can be set via the "Quota" tab found in the hard disk properties dialog box. A disk quota is a limit set by a System administrator that restricts certain aspects of File system usage on modern Operating systems Types of In Graphical user interfaces a dialog (or dialogue) box is a special window, used in user interfaces to display Information to the
Main article: NTFS

Microsoft released the version 3. NTFS (New Technology File System Is the standard File system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 0 of NTFS[12] (sometimes incorrectly called NTFS 5 in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this introduced disk quotas, file-system-level encryption, sparse files and reparse points. A disk quota is a limit set by a System administrator that restricts certain aspects of File system usage on modern Operating systems Types of The Encrypting File System (EFS is a file system driver that provides Filesystem-level encryption in Microsoft Windows ( 2000 and later operating In Computer science, a sparse file is a type of Computer file that attempts to use File system space more efficiently when blocks allocated to the file An NTFS reparse point is a type of NTFS File system object It is available with the NTFS v3 Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros. [67] Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. An NTFS reparse point is a type of NTFS File system object It is available with the NTFS v3 Object Manager (internally called Ob) is a subsystem implemented as part of Windows Executive which manages Windows resources. [68] Reparse points are used to implement volume mount points, junctions, Hierarchical Storage Management, Native Structured Storage and Single Instance Storage. Volume Mount Points are specialized NTFS filesystem objects which are used to mount and provide an entry point to other partitions An NTFS junction point (JP is a feature of the NTFS File system version 3 Hierarchical Storage Management ( HSM) is a data storage technique which automatically moves data between high-cost and low-cost storage media Structured storage (variously also known as COM structured storage or OLE structured storage) is a technology developed by Microsoft Single-instance storage is a system's ability to keep one copy of content that multiple users or computers share [68] Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another.

Encrypting File System

Main article: Encrypting File System

The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong file system-level encryption to Windows. The Encrypting File System (EFS is a file system driver that provides Filesystem-level encryption in Microsoft Windows ( 2000 and later operating In Computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing Computer files and the data they contain to make It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user. [48] EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Runtime Library (FSRTL). The Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (also known variously as CryptoAPI, Microsoft Cryptography API, or simply CAPI) is an Application In Computer science, runtime or run time describes the operation of a Computer program, the duration of its execution from beginning to termination [69] To date, its encryption has not been compromised.

EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher were used. Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of Algorithms for Cryptography that use trivially related often identical Cryptographic keys for both decryption Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a form of Cryptography in which the key used to encrypt a message differs from the key In Cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an Algorithm for performing Encryption and Decryption &mdash a series of well-defined steps [69] The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a form of Cryptography in which the key used to encrypt a message differs from the key To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. [70]

For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built in to EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using Group Policy. Group Policy is a feature of Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that provides centralized management and configuration of computers and remote users in an

Basic and dynamic disk storage

Main article: Logical Disk Manager

Windows 2000 introduced the Logical Disk Manager for dynamic storage. The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software [13] All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of dynamic disk volumes (along with basic disks) : simple volumes, spanned volumes and striped volumes:

Accessibility

Microsoft increased the usability of Windows 2000 over Windows NT 4.0 for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities. Windows NT 40 is a preemptive, graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with either Uniprocessor or symmetric They included several utilities designed to make the system more accessible,[9] although many of these features were already available with previous versions of Windows:

Languages and locales

Main article: Multilingual User Interface

Windows 2000 introduced the Multilingual User Interface (MUI). Multilingual User Interface ( MUI) is the name of a Microsoft technology for Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office and other applications that Multilingual User Interface ( MUI) is the name of a Microsoft technology for Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office and other applications that [73] Besides English, Windows 2000 incorporates support for Arabic, Armenian, Baltic, Central European, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkic, Vietnamese and Western European languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' [10] It also has support for many different locales. In Computing, locale is a set of Parameters that defines the user's language country and any special variant preferences that the user wants to see in their User [11]

Games

Windows 2000 included version 7. 0 of the DirectX API, commonly used by game developers on Windows 98. Microsoft DirectX is a collection of Application programming interfaces (APIs for handling tasks related to Multimedia, especially Game programming and A video game developer is a software developer (a business or an individual that creates Video games A developer may specialize in a certain video Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 [74] The last version of DirectX that Windows 2000 supports is DirectX 9. 0c (Shader Model 3. 0), that shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Currently, Microsoft publishes quarterly updates to DirectX 9. 0c; these updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as D3DX, XAudio 2, XInput and Managed DirectX components. In Computing, D3DX (Direct3D Extension is a high level API library which is written to supplement Microsoft 's Direct3D graphics API DirectSound is a software component of the DirectX library supplied by Microsoft, that resides on a computer with the Windows Operating system Managed DirectX (short MDX is an API to DirectX programming under. The majority of games written for recent versions of DirectX can therefore run on Windows 2000, in contrast to Windows NT 4. 0, which only provides support for DirectX 3. 0.

System utilities

Windows 2000 introduced the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. The Microsoft Management Console (MMC is a component of Windows 2000 and later Windows NT-based Operating systems that provides system administrators and advanced [47] Each of these is called a console, and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000 computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins. [47] These can be either standalone (with one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode. [47] Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console. [75]

The Windows 2000 Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. It is pictured here starting a disk defragmentation.
The Windows 2000 Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. It is pictured here starting a disk defragmentation.

The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel). [76] This contains the Event Viewer[77] — a means of seeing events and the Windows equivalent of a log file, a system information utility, a backup utility, Task Scheduler and management consoles to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage COM+ applications, configure Group Policy[78] , manage all the local users and user groups, and a device manager. Event Viewer is a component of Microsoft 's Windows NT line of operating systems that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or Data logging is the practice of recording sequential Data, often chronologically. NTBackup is the built-in Backup command of Microsoft Windows, introduced in Windows NT around 1997 and part of all subsequent versions up to Task Scheduler is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to schedule the launch of programs or scripts at pre-defined times or after specified Group Policy is a feature of Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that provides centralized management and configuration of computers and remote users in an The Device Manager is a Control Panel Applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems [79] It contains Disk Management and Removable Storage[80] snap-ins, a disk defragmenter as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts. The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software Windows Disk Defragmenter is a Computer program included in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed (and sometimes increase the amount of usable space It also contains a service configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. On Microsoft Windows Operating systems a Windows service is a long-running executable that performs specific functions and which is designed not to require user intervention

Windows 2000 comes with two utilities to edit the Windows registry, REGEDIT. The Windows registry is a directory which stores settings and options for the Operating system for Microsoft Windows 32-bit versions 64-bit versions and EXE and REGEDT32. EXE. [81] REGEDIT has been directly ported from Windows 98, and therefore does not support editing registry permissions. Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 [81] REGEDT32 has the older multiple document interface (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32 program could. REGEDIT has a left-side tree view of the Windows registry, lists all loaded hives and represents the three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. A tree view or an outline view is a Graphical user interface element ( widget) that presents a hierarchical view of information The Windows registry is a directory which stores settings and options for the Operating system for Microsoft Windows 32-bit versions 64-bit versions and The Windows registry is a directory which stores settings and options for the Operating system for Microsoft Windows 32-bit versions 64-bit versions and REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. REGEDIT supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions to be performed from the top menu bar. A menu bar is a region where computer menus are housed Its purpose is to house window- or application-specific menus which provide access to such functions as opening files Windows XP is the first system to integrate these two programs into a single utility, adopting the REGEDIT behavior with the additional NT features. Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and [81]

The System File Checker (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. System File Checker is a utility in Microsoft Windows that allows users to scan for and restore corruptions in Windows system files It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism. Windows File Protection (WFP is a technology included in all Microsoft Windows Operating systems beginning with Windows 2000 to prevent programs from replacing It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder. [82]

Recovery Console

The Recovery Console is usually used to recover unbootable systems.
The Recovery Console is usually used to recover unbootable systems.
Main article: Recovery Console

The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000. The Recovery Console is a feature of the Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 operating systems The Recovery Console is a feature of the Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 operating systems [83] It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless.

It has a simple command line interface, used to check and repair the hard drive(s) , repair boot information (including NTLDR) , replace corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot. NTLDR ( Abbreviation of NT Loader) is the boot loader for all releases of Microsoft 's Windows NT

The console can be accessed in either of the two ways:

  1. Booting from the Windows 2000 CD, and choosing to start the Recovery Console from the CD itself instead of continuing with setup. The Recovery Console is accessible as long as the installation CD is available.
  2. Preinstalling the Recovery Console on the hard disk as a startup option in Boot.ini, via WinNT32. NTLDR ( Abbreviation of NT Loader) is the boot loader for all releases of Microsoft 's Windows NT exe, with the /cmdcons switch. [84] In this case, it can only be started as long as NTLDR can boot from the system partition. NTLDR ( Abbreviation of NT Loader) is the boot loader for all releases of Microsoft 's Windows NT In Microsoft Windows, the system partition and boot partition refer to The system partition is a disk partition that contains

Server family features

The Windows 2000 server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server.

All editions of Windows 2000 Server have the following services and features built in:

Screenshot of Windows 2000 Server
Screenshot of Windows 2000 Server

The Server editions include more features and components, including the Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS) , Active Directory support and fault-tolerant storage.

Distributed File System

Main article: Distributed File System (Microsoft)

The Distributed File System (DFS) allows shares in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. Distributed File System, or DFS, is a set of client and server services that allow a large enterprise to organize many distributed SMB file shares into a In Computer networking, Server Message Block ( SMB) operates as an application-level network protocol mainly used to provide Shared access When users try to access a network share off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share. In Computing, a shared resource or network share is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer typically via In Computing, a file server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of providing a location for the shared storage of Computer files (such A DFS root can only exist on a Windows 2000 version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server.

There can be two ways of implementing a DFS namespace on Windows 2000: either through a standalone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain — this provides fault tolerance to DFS. On Windows Server Systems a domain controller (DC is a server that responds to security authentication requests (logging in checking permissions etc This article contains specific implementations of fault tolerant systems DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft File Replication Service (FRS). File Replication Service is a Microsoft Windows Server service for distributing Folders stored in the SYSVOL shared folder on Domain controllers [86]

Active Directory

Main article: Active Directory

A new way of organizing Windows network domains, or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows 2000 to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model. Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory A Windows Server domain is a logical group of computers running versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system that share a central directory database Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. It is one of the main reasons many corporations migrated to Windows 2000. User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous domain name space to form trees. In Computer networking, a domain name is a name given to a collection of network devices that belong to a domain which is an administrative space managed according Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together to form forests.

Active Directory services could only be installed on a Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. However, Windows 2000 Professional is the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function until all clients were upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional, at which point the Active Directory domain could be switched to native mode and maximum functionality achieved. The term native mode is used in Computing in two related senses

Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports SRV resource records, or that an organization's existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this. An SRV record or Service record is a category of data in the Internet Domain Name System specifying information on available services There must be one or more domain controllers to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory directory services. On Windows Server Systems a domain controller (DC is a server that responds to security authentication requests (logging in checking permissions etc In software engineering a directory is similar to a dictionary it enables the look up of a name and information associated with that name

Volume fault tolerance

Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of Windows 2000 also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes:

Deployment

Windows 2000 can be deployed to a site via various methods. Software deployment is all of the activities that make a Software system available for use It can be installed onto servers via traditional media (such as CD) or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or unattended. During a manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options. Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file, or a predefined script in the form of an INI file that has all the options filled in. Installation (or setup) of a program (including drivers is the act and the effect of putting the program in a computer system so that it can be The INI file format is a de facto standard for Configuration files INI files are simple Text files with a basic structure. An answer file can be created manually or using the graphical Setup manager. The Winnt. exe or Winnt32. exe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation. Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS) , via the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), via the Winnt32. System Center Configuration Manager, formerly Systems Management Server (SMS is a Systems management software product by Microsoft for managing large Sysprep is the name of Microsoft 's System Preparation Utility for Microsoft Windows operating system deployment exe program using the /syspart switch or via Remote Installation Services (RIS). Remote Installation Services is a Microsoft -supplied server that allows PXE BIOS -enabled computers to remotely execute boot environment variables The ability to slipstream a service pack into the original operating system setup files is also introduced in Windows 2000. In computer Jargon, to slipstream updates patches or Service packs means to integrate them into the installation files of their original A service pack (in short SP) is a collection of updates fixes and/or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package [87]

The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer — though the hardware need not be similar — and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer to the target computers. The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware configured later. The Winnt. exe program must also be passed a /unattend switch that points to a valid answer file and a /s file that points to one or more valid installation sources.

Sysprep allows the duplication of a disk image on an existing Windows 2000 Server installation to multiple servers. A disk image is a single File containing the complete contents and structure representing a data storage medium or device such as a Hard drive, CD, or This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the reference and target computers must have the same HALs, ACPI support, and mass storage devices — though Windows 2000 automatically detects Plug and Play devices. A hardware abstraction layer ( HAL) is an Abstraction layer, implemented in software between the physical hardware of a Computer and The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ( ACPI) specification an open industry standard first released in December 1996 (developed by HP, Intel Plug-and-play is a computer feature that allows the addition of a new device normally a Peripheral, without requiring reconfiguration or manual installation of Device The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows 2000 to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. (If a system had different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images would need to be maintained. )

Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows 2000. These must be running Windows NT 3. 51, Windows NT 4. 0, Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2. x along with the SMS client agent that can receive software installation operations. Using SMS allows installations over a wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems.

Remote Installation Services (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows 2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer over a network from a central server. Remote Installation Services is a Microsoft -supplied server that allows PXE BIOS -enabled computers to remotely execute boot environment variables Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine. This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on a network. [88] RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a network interface card that has a Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot ROM installed or that the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote boot disk generator. A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card is a piece of Computer hardware designed to allow computers The Preboot eXecution Environment ( PXE, aka Pre-Execution Environment or 'pixie' is an environment to boot Computers using a network interface A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium from which a Computer can load and run ( boot) an Operating system or utility program The remote computer must also meet the Net PC specification. A remote computer is a Computer to which a user does not have physical access but which he or she can access/manipulate via some kind of network. Network computer (abbreviated NC) is a trademark of Oracle Corporation. The server that RIS runs on must be Windows 2000 Server and it must be able to access a network DNS Service, a DHCP service and the Active Directory services. The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet. [89]

Editions

Microsoft released various editions of Windows 2000 for different markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each was packaged separately.

Windows 2000 Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for businesses and power users. A power user is a User of a Personal computer who can use advanced features of programs which are outside the expertise of "normal" users yet is not capable It is the client version of Windows 2000. It offers greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop operating systems. It supports up to two processors, and can address up to 4 GB of RAM. A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer The system requirements are a Pentium processor of 133 MHz or greater, at least 32 MB of RAM, 700 MB of hard drive space, and a CD-ROM drive (recommended: Pentium II, 128 MB of RAM, 2 GB of hard drive space, and CD-ROM drive). CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable The Pentium II brand refers to Intel 's sixth-generation Microarchitecture (" Intel P6 " and x86 -compatible Microprocessors [90]

Windows 2000 Server SKUs share the same user interface with Windows 2000 Professional, but contain additional components for the computer to perform server roles and run infrastructure and application software. A Stock Keeping Unit, or SKU (pronounced either as an Acronym (ˈskjuː or as an Initialism (/ˌɛsˌkeɪˈjuː/ “S–K–U” is a The user interface (or Human Computer Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people&mdash the users '&mdash interact with the System Application software is a subclass of Computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform A significant new component introduced in the server SKUs is Active Directory, which is an enterprise-wide directory service based on LDAP. Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP (ˈɛl dæp is an Application protocol for querying and modifying Directory services running over Additionally, Microsoft integrated Kerberos network authentication, replacing the often-criticised NTLM authentication system used in previous versions. Kerberos is a Computer network Authentication protocol, which allows individuals communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one NTLM (NT LAN Manager (not to be confused with LAN Manager) is a Microsoft Authentication protocol used with the SMB protocol This also provided a purely transitive-trust relationship between Windows 2000 domains in a forest (a collection of one or more Windows 2000 domains that share a common schema, configuration, and global catalog, being linked with two-way transitive trusts). Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory A Windows Server domain is a logical group of computers running versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system that share a central directory database Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Active Directory ( AD) is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services including LDAP -like Directory Furthermore, Windows 2000 introduced a Domain Name Server which allows dynamic registration of IP addresses. Microsoft DNS is the name given to the implementation of Domain name system services provided in Microsoft Windows Operating systems Overview The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol Windows 2000 Server requires 128 MB of RAM and 1 GB hard disk space, however requirements may be higher depending on installed components. [90]

Windows 2000 Advanced Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server operating system designed for medium-to-large businesses. It offers clustering infrastructure for high availability and scalability of applications and services, including main memory support of up to 8 gigabytes (GB) on Physical Address Extension (PAE) systems and the ability to do 8-way SMP. High availability is a System design protocol and associated implementation that ensures a certain absolute degree of operational continuity during a given measurement period In Telecommunications and Software engineering, scalability is a desirable property of a system a network or a process which indicates its ability to either In Computing, Physical Address Extension ( PAE) refers to a feature of X86 and X86-64 processors that allows more than 4 Gigabytes ( In Computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a Multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single It supports TCP/IP load balancing and enhanced two-node server clusters based on the Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) in Windows NT Server 4. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly TCP/IP) is the set of Communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks Network Load Balancing Services ( NLBS) is a proprietary Microsoft implementation of clustering and load balancing that is intended to provide Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS is software designed to allow servers to work together as Computer cluster, to provide failover and increased availability of applications or 0 Enterprise Edition. [91] Limited number of copies of an IA-64 version, called Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Limited Edition were made available via OEMs. Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product or sells the product of the second company System requirements are similar to those of Windows 2000 Server [90], however they may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure.

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server designed for large businesses that move large quantities of confidential or sensitive data frequently via a central server. A server is a Computer dedicated to providing one or more services over a computer network typically through a request-response routine [92] Like Advanced Server, it supports clustering, failover and load balancing. High-availability clusters (also known as HA Clusters or Failover Clusters) are Computer clusters that are implemented primarily for the purpose of providing Limited number of copies of an IA-64 version, called Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, Limited Edition were made available via OEMs. Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product or sells the product of the second company Its minimum system requirements are normal, but it was designed to be capable of handing advanced, fault-tolerant and scalable hardware—for instance computers with up to 32 CPUs and 64 GBs RAM, with rigorous system testing and qualification, hardware partitioning, coordinated maintenance and change control. To be used efficiently all Computer software needs certain hardware components or other software resources to be present on a Computer system. In Telecommunications and Software engineering, scalability is a desirable property of a system a network or a process which indicates its ability to either A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer Change control is a general term describing the procedures used to ensure that changes (normally but not necessarily to IT systems are introduced in a controlled and coordinated

Total cost of ownership

See also: Studies related to Microsoft

In October 2002, Microsoft commissioned IDC to determine the total cost of ownership (TCO) for enterprise applications on Windows 2000 versus the TCO of the same applications on Linux. There have been a number of studies related to Microsoft. They are always a source of great controversies since the studies are often funded by people or companies having a stake International Data Corporation ( IDC) is a Market research and analysis firm specializing in Information technology, Telecommunications and consumer Total cost of ownership (TCO is a financial estimate designed to help consumers and enterprise managers assess direct and indirect costs A J2EE application or a Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition application is any deployable unit of J2EE functionality Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks IDC's report is based on telephone interviews of IT executives and managers of 104 North American companies in which they determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security and networking services.

IDC determined that the four areas where Windows 2000 had a better TCO than Linux — over a period of five years for an average organization of 100 employees — were file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure. They determined, however, that Linux had a better TCO than Windows 2000 for web serving. The report also found that the greatest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and downtime. While the report applied a 40% productivity factor during IT infrastructure downtime, recognizing that employees are not entirely unproductive, it did not consider the impact of downtime on the profitability of the business. The report stated that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows 2000 servers. It found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than Windows 2000 servers and also that none of the businesses interviewed used 4-way SMP Linux computers. In Computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a Multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single The report also did not take into account specific application servers — servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a specific vendor. In n-tier architecture an application server is a Server that hosts an API to expose Business Logic and Business Processes for use by other The report did emphasize that TCO was only one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall picture shown could change. [93]

Current status

Windows 2000 has now been superseded by newer Microsoft operating systems: Windows 2000 Server products by Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Professional by Windows XP Professional. Windows Server 2003 (also referred to as Win2K3 is a server Operating system produced by Microsoft. Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and

The Windows 2000 family of operating systems moved from mainstream support to the extended support phase on June 30, 2005. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Microsoft says that this marks the progression of Windows 2000 through the Windows lifecycle policy. Under mainstream support, Microsoft freely provides design changes if any, service packs and non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require contacting the support personnel by e-mail or phone. Under the extended support phase, Microsoft continues to provide critical security updates every month for all components of Windows 2000 (including Internet Explorer 5. 01 SP4) and paid per-incident support for technical issues. Because of Windows 2000's age, Microsoft is not offering current components such as Internet Explorer 7 for it. They claim that IE 7 relies on security features designed only for Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Vista, and thus porting to the Windows 2000 platform would be non-trivial. Windows Vista (ˈvɪstə is a line of Operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and business desktops [94] Microsoft is strongly advising all users still running Windows 2000 Professional and Server to consider upgrading their operating systems to current operating systems for increased security. While users of Windows 2000 are eligible to receive the upgrade license for Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008, neither of these operating systems can directly perform an upgrade installation from Windows 2000; a clean installation must be performed on computers running Windows 2000.

All Windows 2000 support including security updates and security-related hotfixes will be ended on July 13, 2010. A hotfix is a single cumulative package that includes one or more files that are used to address a problem in a software product (i Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to For the film see 2010 The Year We Make Contact. For the book see 2010 Odyssey Two. [2][3]

Windows 2000 has received four full service packs and one rollup update package following SP4, which is the last service pack. A service pack (in short SP) is a collection of updates fixes and/or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package These were: SP1 on August 15, 2000, SP2 on May 16, 2001, SP3 on August 29, 2002 and SP4 on June 26, 2003. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Microsoft phased out all development of its Java Virtual Machine (JVM) from Windows 2000 in SP3. A Java Virtual Machine ( JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a Virtual machine Internet Explorer 5. 01 has also been upgraded to the corresponding service pack level.

Many Windows 2000 users were hoping for a fifth service pack, but Microsoft cancelled this project early in its development, and instead released Update Rollup 1 for SP4, a collection of all the security-related hotfixes and some other significant issues. A hotfix is a single cumulative package that includes one or more files that are used to address a problem in a software product (i The Update Rollup, however, does not include all non-security related hotfixes and is not subjected to the same extensive regression testing as a full service pack. Microsoft states that this update will meet customers' needs better than a whole new service pack, and will still help Windows 2000 customers secure their PCs, reduce support costs, and support existing computer hardware. Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard [95]

Although Windows 2000 is the last NT-based version of Microsoft Windows which does not include Windows Product Activation, Microsoft has introduced Windows Genuine Advantage for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the Download Center for Windows 2000. Windows Product Activation is an anti-piracy measure created by Microsoft Corporation that enforces the Windows EULA (End User License Agreement and/or other Windows Genuine Advantage ( WGA) is an anti- piracy system created by Microsoft that enforces Microsoft Windows online validation of the authenticity

Security criticisms

A number of potential security issues have been noted in Windows 2000. A common complaint is that "by default, Windows 2000 installations contain numerous potential security problems. Many unneeded services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security policy". [96] In addition to insecure defaults, according to the SANS Institute, the most common flaws discovered are remotely exploitable buffer overflow vulnerabilities. The SANS Institute ( S ysAdmin A udit N etworking and S ecurity is a trade name owned by the for-profit Escal Institute of Advanced Technologies In Computer security and programming, a buffer overflow, or buffer overrun, is an anomalous condition where a process attempts to [97] Other criticized flaws include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques. [98]

Computer worms first became publicized when Windows 2000 was the dominant server operating system. A computer worm is a self-replicating Computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computer terminals on the network and it may do so without Code Red and Code Red II were famous (and much discussed) worms that exploited vulnerabilities of the Windows Indexing Service of Windows 2000's Internet Information Services (IIS). The Code Red worm was a Computer worm observed on the Internet on July 13, 2001. Code Red II is a Computer worm similar to the Code Red worm. Released two weeks after Code Red on August 4 2001, although similar in behavior Windows indexing service is a service in the Windows NT (Separately in free Windows NT Option Pack Windows 2000 and later Windows NT -family of operating Internet Information Services ( IIS)&mdashformerly called Internet Information Server &mdashis a Microsoft -produced set of Internet-based services In August 2003, two major worms called Sobig and Blaster began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers, resulting in the largest downtime and clean-up cost to that date. The Sobig Worm was a Computer worm that infected millions of Internet -connected Microsoft Windows computers in August 2003. The Blaster Worm (also known as Lovsan or Lovesan) was a Computer worm that spread on computers running the Microsoft Operating systems The 2005 Zotob worm was blamed for security compromises on Windows 2000 machines at the U. "The Zotob worm and several variations of it known as Rbot S. Department of Homeland Security, the New York Times Company, ABC and CNN. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner [99]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ Enterprise Source Licensing Program. --> UserSecuniBot permission to update Microsoft Servers (previously called Windows Server System) is a brand that encompasses a line of Microsoft server products The Multia, later re-branded the Universal Desktop Box, was a line of computer workstations introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation Microsoft. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
  2. ^ a b Windows 2000 Transitions to Extended Support.
  3. ^ a b Microsoft Product Lifecycle for Windows 2000 family.
  4. ^ Gates Ushers in Next Generation of PC Computing With Launch of Windows 2000
  5. ^ Windows Me was released after Windows 2000 and before Windows XP, but Windows Me was not intended, nor did it serve as the successor to Windows 2000. Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows Me (IPA pronunciation, iː is a hybrid 16-bit / 32-bit graphical Operating system released on 14 September
  6. ^ MS Windows NT Kernel-mode User and GDI White Paper. Microsoft Corporation (2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
  7. ^ Microsoft Unveils SQL Server 2000, Windows 2000 Integration
  8. ^ Microsoft (July 12, 2000). "Microsoft and Intel Announce Preview Release of 64-Bit Windows for Intel Itanium Processor". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-10-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas
  9. ^ a b Windows 2000 Professional Accessibility Resources
  10. ^ a b Microsoft Support KB 292264: List of Languages Supported in Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.
  11. ^ a b Windows 2000 List of Locale IDs and Language Groups.
  12. ^ a b c New Capabilities and Features of the NTFS 3.0 File System.
  13. ^ a b Disk Management: Microsoft Technet
  14. ^ Windows 2000 Server Family
  15. ^ Windows 2000 Unattended Setup Guide
  16. ^ Automating Windows 2000 Installations with Sysprep
  17. ^ Microsoft (January 17, 2000). Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "Microsoft and CyberSafe Extend Windows 2000 Security Across the Enterprise". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2006-09-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
  18. ^ Code Red/Nimda Worm Activity as seen at Archvillain.com
  19. ^ Trott, Bob (October 27, 1998). Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) It's official: NT 5.0 becomes Windows 2000. infoWorld. Retrieved on 2006-04-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
  20. ^ Windows 2000 service pack nearing release
  21. ^ Windows 2000 to Launch at Comdex, 64-Bit Janus in the Wings
  22. ^ a b c d The Road to Gold: The development of Windows 2000 Reviewed
  23. ^ Windows 2000 history. ActiveWin. Retrieved on 2006-04-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
  24. ^ Bugfest! Win2000 has 63,000 'defects' February 14, 2000
  25. ^ Mary Jo Foley: The Exit Interview September 20, 2006
  26. ^ InformationWeek, December 28, 1999, "Special Report"
  27. ^ Wired News, November 2000, "The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing But The Truth"
  28. ^ NDS eDirectory vs. Microsoft Active Directory?. Novell (November 17, 1999). Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2006-04-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.

    “

    NDS eDirectory is a cross-platform directory solution that works on NT 4. 0, Windows 2000 when available, Solaris and NetWare 5. Active Directory will only support the Windows 2000 environment. In addition, eDirectory users can be assured they are using the most trusted, reliable and mature directory service to manage and control their e-business relationships — not a 1. 0 release. ”
  29. ^ a b Statement from Microsoft Regarding Illegal Posting of Windows 2000 Source Code. Microsoft (February 20, 2004). Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  30. ^ Windows 2000 Architecture
  31. ^ (Finnel 2000, Chapter 1: Introduction to Microsoft Windows 2000, pp. 7–18)
  32. ^ InformIT: Windows 2000 Architecture
  33. ^ Appendix D - Running Nonnative Applications in Windows 2000 Professional. Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Resource Kit. Microsoft. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer
  34. ^ Windows 2000 Introduction
  35. ^ Object Manager (Windows): MSDN
  36. ^ Windows Kernel-Mode I/O Manager: MSDN
  37. ^ Microsoft. "Active Directory Data Storage".
  38. ^ Interprocess Communication: Microsoft TechNet
  39. ^ The Virtual-Memory Manager in Windows NT
  40. ^ Microsoft Windows 2000 Plug and Play
  41. ^ Windows 2000 Display Architecture
  42. ^ Inside Microsoft Windows 2000 (Third Edition). Microsoft Press.
  43. ^ a b c d Introducing Windows 2000 Professional
  44. ^ Description of the FAT32 File System,
  45. ^ Windows Driver Model (WDM)
  46. ^ Overview of Web Folders in Internet Explorer 5
  47. ^ a b c d Microsoft Management Console - Overview
  48. ^ a b Implementing the Encrypting File System in Windows 2000
  49. ^ Disk Management
  50. ^ a b c Windows 2000 To Include New On-Screen And Printed Scalable Color Solution
  51. ^ How to troubleshoot the Data Protection API (DPAPI)
  52. ^ How to Configure the Address Book to Query Users Contained in Active Directory
  53. ^ Microsoft KB article 222193: Description of the Windows File Protection Feature.
  54. ^ a b How to configure system failure and recovery options in Windows
  55. ^ Analyzing processor activity: Windows 2000 Professional Resource Kit
  56. ^ Using Windows Installer in Windows 2000 beta 3
  57. ^ Programming with Windows Management Instrumentation
  58. ^ Event Tracing for Windows (ETW): MSDN
  59. ^ a b Esposito, Dino (June 2000), More Windows 2000 UI Goodies: Extending Explorer Views by Customizing Hypertext Template Files, MSDN Magazine, <http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0600/w2kui2/>. Retrieved on 26 August 2007 
  60. ^ Sophos, VBS/Roor-C threat analysis. Sophos is a developer and vendor of security software and hardware including anti-virus, Anti-spyware, Anti-spam and Network Access Control Accessed 2007-08-26.
  61. ^ "Virus.VBS.Redlof.a". Virus Encyclopedia. (January 15, 2004). Viruslist. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.  
  62. ^ Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods: Microsoft TechNet
  63. ^ Windows 2000 Registry: Latest Features and APIs Provide the Power to Customize and Extend Your Apps, MSDN Magazine, November 2000, <http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/1100/Registry/>. Retrieved on 26 August 2007 
  64. ^ Kindel, Charlie (August 27, 1993), OLE Property Sets Exposed, MSDN Magazine, <http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/en-us/dnarolegen/html/msdn_propset.asp?frame=true>. Retrieved on 26 August 2007 
  65. ^ "Figure 1 Windows Shell Extensions", MSDN Magazine, June 2000, <http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0300/w2kui/w2kuifigs.asp>. Retrieved on 26 August 2007 
  66. ^ What is Indexing Service?: MSDN
  67. ^ Sparse Files Use Quota Equal to Total Allocated Length
  68. ^ a b Improved NTFS File System
  69. ^ a b How Encrypting File System Works
  70. ^ "Encrypting File System". Microsoft.
  71. ^ On-screenk keyboard
  72. ^ a b A review of Microsoft Magnifier and Narrator
  73. ^ Writing Win32 Multilingual User Interface Applications
  74. ^ Ask the Windows 2000 Dev Team.
  75. ^ Microsoft Press (2000). MCSE 70-210, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, pages 58-63.
  76. ^ Managing Microsoft Windows 2000 Workstations and Servers
  77. ^ Event Logging and Viewing
  78. ^ Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding the Group Policy Feature Set
  79. ^ Description of Device Manager in Windows 2000 and Windows XP
  80. ^ Windows 2000: Removable Storage and Backup
  81. ^ a b c Differences between Regedit.exe and Regedt32.exe
  82. ^ Microsoft KB article 222471: Description of the Windows 2000 System File Checker (Sfc.exe).
  83. ^ Description of the Windows 2000 Recovery Console
  84. ^ How to install the Windows Recovery Console
  85. ^ How to use Remote Storage in Windows 2000 Server
  86. ^ Microsoft KB article 812487: Overview of DFS in Windows 2000.
  87. ^ Make deployment easier in Windows 2000
  88. ^ Mark Minasi. Installing Windows 2000 on Workstations with Remote Installation Services.
  89. ^ Microsoft Press (2000). MCSE 70-210, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, pages 543-551.
  90. ^ a b c System requirements for Microsoft Windows 2000 operating systems. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
  91. ^ Microsoft. Windows 2000 Resource Kit, Chap. 1, "Introducing Windows 2000 Deployment Planning".
  92. ^ The Datacenter Program and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Product
  93. ^ "Windows 2000 Versus Linux in Enterprise Computing", IDC.
  94. ^ Windows 2000 users to miss out on IE 7. news. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  95. ^ Windows 2000 Update Rollup 1 for Service Pack 4. Microsoft. Retrieved on 2006-09-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
  96. ^ governmentsecurity.org.
  97. ^ SANS Institute.
  98. ^ Wired News, May, 16, 2000, "Critics Blast MS Security"
  99. ^ Wired News, April 12, 2006, "Border Security System Left Open"
References

External links

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