Windows-1252 - Citizendia

Windows-1252 is a character encoding of the Latin alphabet, used by default in the legacy components of Microsoft Windows in English and some other Western languages. A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. It is one version within the group of Windows code pages. Windows code pages are sets of characters or Code pages (known as Character encodings in other operating systems used in Microsoft Windows systems In LaTeX packages, it is referred to as ansinew. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ The encoding is a superset of ISO 8859-1, but differs from the IANA's ISO-8859-1 by using displayable characters rather than control characters in the 0x80 to 0x9F range. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. It is known to Windows by the code page number 1252, and by the IANA-approved name "windows-1252". Code page is the traditional IBM term used to map a specific set of characters to numerical Code point values. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types This code page also contains all the printable characters that are in ISO 8859-15 (though some are mapped to different code points). ISO 8859-15 is part 15 of ISO 8859, a standard Character encoding defined by International Organization for Standardization. In Character encoding terminology a code point is any of the numerical values that make up the Codespace.

The use of Unicode (often in UTF-8 form) is slowly replacing use of 8-bit "code pages" such as Windows-1252. UTF-8 (8- Bit UCS / Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode.

Many web browsers treat the MIME charset ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252 (the extra control codes in ISO-8859-1 are forbidden in HTML anyway), and so codes from it are often seen in web pages that declare their encoding as ISO-8859-1. This is also true of e-mail programs. However, there can be difficulties from the use of such characters, particularly when the recipient is using a non-Windows system such as Linux or Mac OS, which may have assigned no meaning or a different proprietary set of characters to this range.

The term "ANSI code page" is also used to refer to code pages used in Windows, like Windows-1252. Even though Windows-1252 is considered an ANSI code page in Microsoft Windows parlance, the code page has never been standardized by ANSI. The name has been taken from an early ANSI draft, that later, was modified and became ISO-8859-1. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. Thus, Windows-1252 is a non-standard code page and is called an ANSI code page for historical reasons. Microsoft has stated that "The term ANSI as used to signify Windows code pages is a historical reference, but is nowadays a misnomer that continues to persist in the Windows community"[1].

Codepage layout

The following table shows Windows-1252, with differences from ISO-8859-1 outlined. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent right below and its decimal code at the bottom. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Windows-1252 (CP1252)
	—0	—1	—2	—3	—4	—5	—6	—7	—8	—9	—A	—B	—C	—D	—E	—F
0−	NUL 0000 0	SOH 0001 1	STX 0002 2	ETX 0003 3	EOT 0004 4	ENQ 0005 5	ACK 0006 6	BEL 0007 7	BS 0008 8	HT 0009 9	LF 000A 10	VT 000B 11	FF 000C 12	CR 000D 13	SO 000E 14	SI 000F 15
1−	DLE 0010 16	DC1 0011 17	DC2 0012 18	DC3 0013 19	DC4 0014 20	NAK 0015 21	SYN 0016 22	ETB 0017 23	CAN 0018 24	EM 0019 25	SUB 001A 26	ESC 001B 27	FS 001C 28	GS 001D 29	RS 001E 30	US 001F 31
2−	SP 0020 32	! 0021 33	" 0022 34	# 0023 35	$ 0024 36	% 0025 37	& 0026 38	' 0027 39	( 0028 40	) 0029 41	* 002A 42	+ 002B 43	, 002C 44	- 002D 45	. 002E 46	/ 002F 47
3−	0 0030 48	1 0031 49	2 0032 50	3 0033 51	4 0034 52	5 0035 53	6 0036 54	7 0037 55	8 0038 56	9 0039 57	: 003A 58	; 003B 59	< 003C 60	= 003D 61	> 003E 62	? 003F 63
4−	@ 0040 64	A 0041 65	B 0042 66	C 0043 67	D 0044 68	E 0045 69	F 0046 70	G 0047 71	H 0048 72	I 0049 73	J 004A 74	K 004B 75	L 004C 76	M 004D 77	N 004E 78	O 004F 79
5−	P 0050 80	Q 0051 81	R 0052 82	S 0053 83	T 0054 84	U 0055 85	V 0056 86	W 0057 87	X 0058 88	Y 0059 89	Z 005A 90	[ 005B 91	\ 005C 92	] 005D 93	^ 005E 94	_ 005F 95
6−	` 0060 96	a 0061 97	b 0062 98	c 0063 99	d 0064 100	e 0065 101	f 0066 102	g 0067 103	h 0068 104	i 0069 105	j 006A 106	k 006B 107	l 006C 108	m 006D 109	n 006E 110	o 006F 111
7−	p 0070 112	q 0071 113	r 0072 114	s 0073 115	t 0074 116	u 0075 117	v 0076 118	w 0077 119	x 0078 120	y 0079 121	z 007A 122	{ 007B 123	\| 007C 124	} 007D 125	~ 007E 126	DEL 007F 127
8−	€ 20AC 128	129	‚ 201A 130	ƒ 0192 131	„ 201E 132	… 2026 133	† 2020 134	‡ 2021 135	ˆ 02C6 136	‰ 2030 137	Š 0160 138	‹ 2039 139	Œ 0152 140	141	Ž 017D 142	143
9−	144	‘ 2018 145	’ 2019 146	“ 201C 147	” 201D 148	• 2022 149	– 2013 150	— 2014 151	˜ 02DC 152	™ 2122 153	š 0161 154	› 203A 155	œ 0153 156	157	ž 017E 158	Ÿ 0178 159
A−	NBSP 00A0 160	¡ 00A1 161	¢ 00A2 162	£ 00A3 163	¤ 00A4 164	¥ 00A5 165	¦ 00A6 166	§ 00A7 167	¨ 00A8 168	© 00A9 169	ª 00AA 170	« 00AB 171	¬ 00AC 172	SHY 00AD 173	® 00AE 174	¯ 00AF 175
B−	° 00B0 176	± 00B1 177	² 00B2 178	³ 00B3 179	´ 00B4 180	µ 00B5 181	¶ 00B6 182	· 00B7 183	¸ 00B8 184	¹ 00B9 185	º 00BA 186	» 00BB 187	¼ 00BC 188	½ 00BD 189	¾ 00BE 190	¿ 00BF 191
C−	À 00C0 192	Á 00C1 193	Â 00C2 194	Ã 00C3 195	Ä 00C4 196	Å 00C5 197	Æ 00C6 198	Ç 00C7 199	È 00C8 200	É 00C9 201	Ê 00CA 202	Ë 00CB 203	Ì 00CC 204	Í 00CD 205	Î 00CE 206	Ï 00CF 207
D−	Ð 00D0 208	Ñ 00D1 209	Ò 00D2 210	Ó 00D3 211	Ô 00D4 212	Õ 00D5 213	Ö 00D6 214	× 00D7 215	Ø 00D8 216	Ù 00D9 217	Ú 00DA 218	Û 00DB 219	Ü 00DC 220	Ý 00DD 221	Þ 00DE 222	ß 00DF 223
E−	à 00E0 224	á 00E1 225	â 00E2 226	ã 00E3 227	ä 00E4 228	å 00E5 229	æ 00E6 230	ç 00E7 231	è 00E8 232	é 00E9 233	ê 00EA 234	ë 00EB 235	ì 00EC 236	í 00ED 237	î 00EE 238	ï 00EF 239
F−	ð 00F0 240	ñ 00F1 241	ò 00F2 242	ó 00F3 243	ô 00F4 244	õ 00F5 245	ö 00F6 246	÷ 00F7 247	ø 00F8 248	ù 00F9 249	ú 00FA 250	û 00FB 251	ü 00FC 252	ý 00FD 253	þ 00FE 254	ÿ 00FF 255

According to the information on Microsoft's and the Unicode Consortium's websites, positions 81, 8D, 8F, 90, and 9D are unused. The null character (also null terminator) is a character with the value zero present in the ASCII and Unicode character sets and available Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these The End Of Text character (ETX is an ASCII Control character used to inform the receiving computer that the end of the data stream has been reached In Telecommunication, an end-of-transmission character (EOT is a transmission Control character used to indicate the conclusion of a transmission that Control character article i need to think about merging these For Teleprinters Acknowledge character (ACK is a transmission control character transmitted by the receiving station as an affirmative response to the sending station Bell character is an ASCII Control character, code 7 (^G When it is sent to a printer or a terminal, nothing is printed but an Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the Typewriter carriage one position backwards and in modern computer displays moves the cursor one position backwards Tab key (abbreviation of tabulator key) on a keyboard is used to advance the cursor to the next Tab stop. In Computing, a newline (also known as a line break or end-of-line / EOL character is a special character or sequence of characters Tab key (abbreviation of tabulator key) on a keyboard is used to advance the cursor to the next Tab stop. A page break is a marker in an electronic Document, which tells the document interpreter that the contents which follows is part of a new page Originally carriage return was the term for the control character in Baudot code on a teletypewriter for end of line Return to beginning of line and Shift Out (SO and Shift In (SI are ASCII Control characters 14 and 15 respectively (0xE and 0xF Shift Out (SO and Shift In (SI are ASCII Control characters 14 and 15 respectively (0xE and 0xF Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these In Telecommunications a negative-acknowledge character (NAK is a transmission Control character sent by a station as a negative Response Control character article i need to think about merging these In the C0 control code set used in ASCII, ETB is a short name for the "End Transmission Block" control character (code 23 or 0x17 Control character article i need to think about merging these Substitute character (␚ A control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be invalid or in error or that cannot be represented on a given device In Computing and Telecommunication, an escape character is a single character which in a sequence of characters signifies that what is to follow takes an alternative Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these Control character article i need to think about merging these In writing a space () is a blank area that is devoid of content which separates words letters numbers and punctuation Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech Number sign is a name for the symbol #; it is the preferred Unicode name for the Code point associated with that Glyph. The percent sign ( %) is the symbol used to indicate a Percentage (that the preceding number is divided by one hundred An ampersand ( &) also commonly called an " 'and' sign," is a Logogram representing the conjunction "and" Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text An asterisk ( *) (Latin asteriscum "little star" from Greek ἀστερίσκος) is a Typographical symbol or Glyph The plus and minus signs ( + and &minus) are Mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations A comma ( , is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs The plus and minus signs ( + and &minus) are Mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other Character sets Its Unicode code point is U+005E and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E The underscore _ (also called understrike, underbar, low line, or low dash is a character that originally appeared on the Typewriter. In Unix-like computer Operating systems a pipeline is the original software pipeline: a set of processes chained by their Standard The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus The delete key, known less ambiguously as forward delete, Del, or ⌦, performs a function when struck on a Computer The euro sign (€ is the Currency sign used for the Euro, the official currency of the European Union (EU Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech The letter Ƒ ( minuscule: ƒ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on the italic form of F; or on its regular form with a Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech Ellipsis (plural ellipses; from Greek 'omission' in Printing and Writing refers to a mark or series of marks that usually indicate an intentional A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph. A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph. Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable A per mil or per mille (also spelled permil, per mill or promille) ( Latin, literally meaning 'for (every thousand' is a tenth Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech This article is about the typographic ligature for other uses see Oe Œ Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech In Typography, a bullet is a typographical symbol or Glyph used to introduce Items in a list, like below also known as the point of a bullet A dash is a Punctuation mark It is longer than a Hyphen and is used differently A dash is a Punctuation mark It is longer than a Hyphen and is used differently The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech This article is about the typographic ligature for other uses see Oe Œ Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark In computer-based Text processing and Digital typesetting, a non-breaking space or no-break space ( NBSP) is In many national currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic monetary unit See also Pound (currency.The pound sign (" £ " or " ₤ " is the symbol for the Pound sterling —the currency of the The currency sign ( ¤) is a character used to denote a currency when the symbol for a particular currency is unavailable Note "broken bar" and the glyph "¦" redirect here The section sign (§ Unicode U+00A7 HTML entity &sect is a typographical character used mainly to refer to a particular section In Linguistics, diaeresis, or dieresis, is the pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels in two separate Syllables rather than as a Diphthong copyright symbol, designated by © (a circled "C" is the Symbol used to provide notice of Copyright in works other than sound recordings (which º redirects here It is not to be confused with the Degree symbol ° Quotation marks, also called quotes, speech marks or inverted commas, are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech a quotation In Logic and Mathematics, negation or not is an operation on Logical values for example the logical value of a Proposition A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally The degree symbol (° Unicode: U+00B0 HTML: &deg is a typographical symbol or Glyph, that is used to represent degrees of arc (see ± The In Algebra, the square of a number is that number multiplied by itself In Arithmetic and Algebra, the cube of a number n is its third power &mdash the result of multiplying it by itself three times History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. micro- ( µ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting a factor of 10&minus6 (one Millionth. The pilcrow (¶ Unicode U+00B6 HTML entity &para also called the Paragraph sign or the alinea ( An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. º redirects here It is not to be confused with the Degree symbol ° Quotation marks, also called quotes, speech marks or inverted commas, are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech a quotation The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Á, á ( A - acute) is a letter of the Czech, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Slovak languages Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Ã / ã ( A - Tilde) is a letter used in some languages generally considered a variant of the letter A. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with The letter Å represents various sounds in the Swedish, Finnish (although no native Finnish words contain the letter å Danish, Norwegian Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. È can be The letter E with a Grave accent. 鄂 or È is an abbreviation for the Hubei province of the É, é ( E - acute) is a letter of Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, and Uyghur language Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Ë, ë ( E - umlaut or diaeresis) is a letter of Albanian and Kashubian language. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Í, í ( I - acute) is a letter of Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Czech, Slovak, and Tatar language Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language. Ï is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet. Eth ( Ð, ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese (in Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde. Ò, ò ( O - grave) is a letter of Kashubian language. This letter also appears in Catalan, Italian, Occitan, Ó, ó ( O - acute) is a letter in the Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Polish, Czech Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Estonian In Estonian, Õ is the 27th letter of the alphabet (between W and Ä) representing the Close-mid back unrounded vowel O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. The multiplication sign is the symbol × ( multiplication sign is the preferred Unicode name for the Codepoint represented by that Glyph The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Û is used in the ISO 91995 system of Cyrillic transliteration as the letter Ю. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia The letter ß ( Unicode U+00DF is a letter in the German alphabet. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Á, á ( A - acute) is a letter of the Czech, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Slovak languages Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Ã / ã ( A - Tilde) is a letter used in some languages generally considered a variant of the letter A. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with The letter Å represents various sounds in the Swedish, Finnish (although no native Finnish words contain the letter å Danish, Norwegian Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language È can be The letter E with a Grave accent. 鄂 or È is an abbreviation for the Hubei province of the É, é ( E - acute) is a letter of Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, and Uyghur language Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Ë, ë ( E - umlaut or diaeresis) is a letter of Albanian and Kashubian language. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Í, í ( I - acute) is a letter of Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Czech, Slovak, and Tatar language Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language. Ï is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet. Eth ( Ð, ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese (in Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde. Ò, ò ( O - grave) is a letter of Kashubian language. This letter also appears in Catalan, Italian, Occitan, Ó, ó ( O - acute) is a letter in the Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Polish, Czech Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Estonian In Estonian, Õ is the 27th letter of the alphabet (between W and Ä) representing the Close-mid back unrounded vowel O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. The word " obelus " is also an alternative name for the dagger († symbol The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Û is used in the ISO 91995 system of Cyrillic transliteration as the letter Ю. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark However the Windows API call for converting from code pages to Unicode maps these to the corresponding C1 control codes. Control character article i need to think about merging these The euro character at position 80 was not present in earlier versions of this code page, nor were the S and Z with caron (háček). Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular

In English Windows, the characters from Windows-1252 can be inserted by holding down the Alt key and entering a zero followed by the character's three-digit decimal code on the numpad. For a list of keyboard shortcuts see Table of keyboard shortcuts The Alt key on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate the function A numeric keypad, or numpad for short is the small palm-sized seventeen key section of a Computer keyboard, usually on the very far right (By omitting the zero one can also enter characters from the older code page 437 in this way. IBM PC or MS-DOS Code page 437, often abbreviated CP437 and also known as DOS-US, OEM-US or sometimes misleadingly referred )

External links

Windows code pages are sets of characters or Code pages (known as Character encodings in other operating systems used in Microsoft Windows systems Several binary representations of character sets for common Western European languages are compared in this article

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