A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using rotating blades or sails. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) The term also refers to the structure it is commonly built on. In much of Europe, windmills served originally to grind grain, though later applications included pumping water and, more recently, generation of electricity. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical Energy to Electricity. Recent electricity generating versions are referred to as wind turbines.

Dutch windmill in Wageningen

History

Hero's wind-powered organ (reconstruction)

A windmill operating an organ is described as early as the 1st century AD by Hero of Alexandria, marking probably the first instance of a wind powering machine in history. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Wageningen is a Municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria ( Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς) (c The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria ( Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς) (c ^[1][2] Vertical axle windmills were first used in eastern Persia (Sistan) by the 9th century AD as described by Muslim geographers. See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent Modern Sistan ( is a border region in southeastern Iran (see Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southwestern Afghanistan (see Nimruz Province A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[3] Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used today were invented in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s. ^[4]

Vertical axle windmills

The first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades and appeared in Persia in the 9th century. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ^[3] The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (634-644 AD) is questioned on the grounds of being a 10th century amendment. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great ^[5] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind corn or draw up water, and quite different from the European versions. A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill with rectangle blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in 13th century China (during the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in the north), introduced by the travels of Yelü Chucai to Turkestan in 1219. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. ^[6]

Horizontal axle windmills

A fixed windmill typical of the Cyclades Islands

Fixed windmills, oriented to the prevailing wind were, for example, extensively used in the Cyclades islands of Greece. The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET. The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET. The economies of power and transport allowed the use of these 'offshore' mills for grinding grain transported from the mainland and flour returned. A 1/10th share of the flour was paid to the miller in return for his service. This type would mount triangular sails when in operation.

In North Western Europe, the horizontal-shaft or vertical windmill (so called due to the dimension of the movement of its blades) dates from the last quarter of the 12th century in the triangle of northern France, eastern England and Flanders. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Joseph Needham states that the earliest known reference came in 1191 by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, who supposedly competed with the mills of the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS, FBA ( December 9, 1900 – March 24 1995) was a British East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England and formerly the County town of West Suffolk. ^[7] These earliest mills were used to grind cereals. The evidence at present is that the earliest type was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or "buck") is balanced. post mill is the earliest type of European Windmill. The defining feature is that the whole body of the mill that houses the machinery is mounted on a single vertical post around By mounting the body this way, the mill is able to rotate to face the (variable) wind direction; an essential requirement for windmills to operate economically in North-Western Europe, where wind directions are various. By the end of the thirteenth century the masonry tower mill, on which only the timber cap rotated rather than the whole body of the mill, had been introduced. Heckington Windmill 01JPG|thumb|right|180px| Heckington Windmill ]]Schiedam molen De Noord In the Netherlands these stone towerlike mills are called "round or eight-sided stone stage mills, ground-sailers (windmills with long blades/sails reaching almost down to the ground), mound mills, etc. " (Dutch: ronde/achtkante stenen stelling molens, grond-zeilers, beltmolens, etc. ). Dutch tower mills ("torenmolens") are always cylindrical (such as atop castle or city wall towers). Due to the fact that only the cap of the tower mill needed to be turned the main structure could be made much taller, allowing the blades to be made longer, which enabled them to provide useful work even in low winds. Windmills were often built atop castle towers or city walls, and were a unique part of a number of fortifications in New France, such as at Fort Senneville. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Fort Senneville is one of the outlying forts of Montreal, Quebec, built by the Canadiens of New France near the Sainte-Anne rapids

Diagram of the smock mill at Meopham, Kent which uses a fantail and Cubitt's patent sails

The familiar lattice style of windmill sails (also called "common" sails) allowed the miller to attach sailcloths to the sails (while applying a brake). The smock mill is a type of Windmill that consists of a sloping horizontally weatherboarded tower usually with six or eight sides on top of which is a roof or cap which Killick's Mill is a Grade II* listed Smock mill in Meopham, Kent, England that was built in 1801 and which has been restored KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format } Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861 was an eminent English Civil engineer and Millwright. Windmills are powered by their sails. These sails are found in different designs from the primitive Common Sails to the advanced Patent sails. Trimming the sails allowed the windmill to turn at near the optimal speed in a large range of wind velocities.

The fantail, a small windmill mounted at right angles to the main sails which automatically turns the heavy cap and main sails into the wind, was invented by Edmund Lee in 1745, in England. A Fantail is a little windmill mounted at Right angles to the sails at the rear of the Windmill, and which turns the cap automatically to bring it into the wind The smock mill is a later variation of the tower mill, constructed of timber and originally developed in the sixteenth century for land drainage. The smock mill is a type of Windmill that consists of a sloping horizontally weatherboarded tower usually with six or eight sides on top of which is a roof or cap which With some subsequent development mills became versatile in windy regions for all kind of industry, most notably grain grinding mills, sawmills (late 16th century), threshing, and, by applying scoop wheels, Archimedes' screws, and piston pumps, pumping water either for land drainage or for water supply. A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards Sawmill process A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago a log enters Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of Cereal Grain from the scaly inedible Chaff that surrounds it The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation In 1772, Scottish millwright, Andrew Meikle developed the spring sail made from a series of connected parallel shutters that could be opened or closed according to windspeed. Andrew Meikle (1719 &ndash 27 November 1811) was an early Mechanical engineer credited with in about 1786 inventing (though some say he only improved To do this the sails had to be stopped, but the sails also incorporated a spring which allowed the shutters to open a little more to prevent damage if the wind suddenly strengthens. In 1789, Stephen Hooper invented the roller reefing sail, which allowed automatic adjustment of the sail whilst in motion. In 1807, William Cubitt a Norfolk engineer, invented a new type of sail, known there on as patent sails, using a chain and a rod that passed through the centre of the windshaft. } Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861 was an eminent English Civil engineer and Millwright. These sails had the shutters of Meikle's spring sails and the automatic adjustment of Hooper's roller reefing sails. This became the basis of self-regulating sails. These avoided the constant supervision that had been required up till then.

With the industrial revolution, the importance of windmills as primary industrial energy source was replaced by steam and internal combustion engines. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Polder mills were replaced by steam, or diesel engines. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with The industrial revolution and increased use of Steam and later Diesel power however had a lesser effect on the Mills of the Norfolk Broads in the United Kingdom, these being so isolated (on extensive uninhabitable marshland), therefore some of these mills continued use as drainage pumps till as late as 1959. The Broads is a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes (known locally as broads in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located More recently historic windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits when the antique machinery is too fragile to put in motion, and in other cases as fully working mills.

See Flood control in the Netherlands for use of windmills in land reclamation in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has been struggling against Floods since the first people settled there

In Canada and the United States

An isometric drawing of the machinery of the Beebe Windmill. It was built in Bridgehampton, NY in 1820. Bridgehampton is a hamlet (and Census-designated place) in the South Fork of Suffolk County, New York, United States.

Windmills feature uniquely in the history of New France, particularly in Canada, where they were used as strong points in fortifications. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[8] Prior to the 1690 Battle of Québec, the strong point of the city's landward defenses was a windmill called Mont-Carmel, where a three-gun battery was in place. The Battle of Quebec was fought in October 1690 between the colonies of New France and Massachusetts, at the time subject to France and England respectively ^[8] At Fort Senneville, a large stone windmill was built on a hill by late 1686, doubling as a watch tower. Fort Senneville is one of the outlying forts of Montreal, Quebec, built by the Canadiens of New France near the Sainte-Anne rapids ^[9] This windmill was like no other in New France, with thick walls, square loopholes for muskets, with machicolation at the top for pouring lethally hot liquids and rocks onto attackers. A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder A machicolation is a Floor opening between the supporting Corbels of a Battlement, through which stones and lethally hot liquids and substances ^[9] This helped make it the "most substantial castle-like fort" near Montreal. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec ^[10]

In the United States, the development of the water-pumping windmill was the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas of North America, which were otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the They contributed to the expansion of rail transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from wells to supply the needs of the steam locomotives of those early times. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive" Two prominent brands were the Eclipse Windmill developed in 1867 (which was later bought by Fairbanks-Morse) and the Aermotor, which first appeared in 1888 and is still in production. Fairbanks-Morse, is a historic American (and Canadian industrial Weighing scale manufacturer The effectiveness of the Aermotor's automatic governor, which prevents it from flying apart in a windstorm, led to its popularity over other models. Currently, the Aermotor windmill company is the only remaining water windmill manufacturer in the United States. They continue to be used in areas of the world where a connection to electric power lines is not a realistic option. ^[11]

The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow These mills, made by a variety of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades so that they would turn slowly with considerable torque in low winds and be self regulating in high winds. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about A tower-top gearbox and crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear

Windmills and related equipment are still manufactured and installed today on farms and ranches, usually in remote parts of the western United States where electric power is not readily available. The arrival of electricity in rural areas, brought by the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) in the 1930s through 1950s, contributed to the decline in the use of windmills in the US. The Rural Electrification Administration ( REA) was an agency of the United States federal government created on May 11, 1935 through Today, the increases in energy prices and the expense of replacing electric pumps has led to an increase in the repair, restoration and installation of new windmills.

Modern windmills

A modern Vestas windmill in Sweden

Main article: Wind turbine

The most modern generations of windmills are more properly called wind turbines, or wind generators, and are primarily used to generate electricity. Vestas is a Danish company that designs manufactures sells erects and services Wind turbines Founded in 1945 by Peder Hansen from the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy. Modern windmills are designed to convert the energy of the wind into electricity. The largest wind turbines can generate up to 6MW of power (for comparison a modern fossil fuel power plant generates between 500 and 1,300MW). A fossil fuel power plant burns Fossil fuels such as Coal, Natural gas or Petroleum (oil to produce Electricity.

With increasing environmental concern, and approaching limits to fossil fuel consumption, wind power has regained interest as a renewable energy source. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form such as electricity using Wind turbines At the end of 2007 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal It is increasingly becoming more useful and sufficient in providing energy for many areas of the world.

One area in which it is becoming rather popular is around the midwest of the United States where, due to great amounts of wind, turbines have become very useful.

Windpumps

Brograve Mill, UK. Brograve Mill is a Windpump located on Brograve level in the parish of Sea Palling within the Norfolk Broads National Park United Kingdom it can be An example of the derelict state of many Broadland Windpumps

A windpump is a type of windmill used for pumping water from a well or draining land. History The district was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of St

Windpumps are used extensively in Southern Africa and Australia and on farms and ranches in the central plains of the United States. Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. In South Africa and Namibia thousands of windpumps are still operating. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast These are mostly used to provide water for human use as well as drinking water for large sheep stocks.

Kenya has also benefited from the Africa development of windpump technologies. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south At the end of the 70s, the UK NGO Intermediate Technology Development Group provided engineering support to the Kenyan company Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd for the development of the Kijito windpumps. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Practical Action is a development charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America Nowadays Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd is still manufacturing the Kijito windpumps and more than 300 Kijito windpumps are operating in the whole of East Africa. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent.

The Netherlands is well known for its windmills. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Most of these iconic structures situated along the edge of polders are actually windpumps, designed to drain the land. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with These are particularly important as much of the country lies below sea level. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface

Many windpumps were built in The Broads, of East Anglia in the United Kingdom for the draining of land. The Broads is a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes (known locally as broads in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located They have since been mostly replaced by electric power, many of these windpumps still remain, mainly in a derelict state (pictured), however some have been restored.

On US farms, particularly in the Midwest, windpumps of the type pictured were used to pump water from farm wells for cattle. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Today this is done primarily by electric pumps, and only a few windpumps survive as unused relics of an environmentally sustainable technology. The Greenhouse effect refers to the change in the Thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an Atmosphere containing gas that absorbs

Tjasker

A Tjasker

A tjasker is a type of drainage windmill found in the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands It is a simple design used for raising water where only a low head is required.

Description

A tjasker comprises four Common sails mounted on a windshaft. Windmills are powered by their sails. These sails are found in different designs from the primitive Common Sails to the advanced Patent sails. The windshaft sits on a tripod which allows it to pivot, and carries an Archimedes screw at its lower end. The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation The screw raises water into a collecting ring, where it is drawn off into a ditch at a higher level, thus draining the land. The tjasker can only raise water to a relatively low height. ^[12]

• See also The Dutch Wikipedia article.

Windmills in culture and literature

Spanish windmills in La Mancha

Books

Miguel de Cervantes's book Don Quixote de La Mancha, which helped cement the modern Spanish language and is regarded as one of the greatest works of fiction ever published^[13], features an iconic scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills that he believes to be ferocious giants. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. La Mancha is an arid fertile elevated plateau (610 m or 2000 ft Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don This gave international fame to La Mancha and its windmills, and is the origin of the phrase "tilting at windmills", to describe an act of futility. La Mancha is an arid fertile elevated plateau (610 m or 2000 ft Tilting at windmills is an English Idiom which means attacking imaginary enemies or fighting otherwise-unwinnable battles

The Windmill also plays an important role in Animal Farm, a book by George Orwell. Animal Farm is a Novel by George Orwell, and is the most famous satirical Allegory of Soviet Totalitarianism Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer In the book, an allegory of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent early Soviet Union, the effort invested construction of a windmill is provided by the animals in the hope of reduced manual labour and increased living standards. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

People

George Green, a famous UK self-taught mathematician and physicist, owned and operated a windmill. George Green ( 14 July 1793 &ndash 31 May, 1841) was a British Mathematician and Physicist, who wrote Green's Windmill has been restored as cultural heritage. Green’s Windmill is a restored and working 19th century tower Windmill in Sneinton, Nottingham. Sir Bernard Montgomery lived in a converted windmill after he retired. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn

Music

Windmills feature prominently in the Gorillaz track Feel Good Inc.. Gorillaz is a Virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn of alternative rock band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, co-creator of the Comic " Feel Good Inc " is a song by Gorillaz, on their album Demon Days, featuring De La Soul. The track's lyrics themselves contain the line "windmill windmill for the land. " The tracks attendant music video contains a windmill situated on an airborne island on which one of the band's members (Noodle) sits playing a guitar. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Noodle (born October 31, 1990) is a member of the virtual band Gorillaz. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The same island also appears bearing both Noodle and the aforementioned windmill in the music video of the Gorillaz track El Mañana in which the island, Noodle and windmill come under heavy assault from two attack helicopters. " El Mañana " is a song from the Gorillaz ' second Album, Demon Days. An Offensive is a military operation that seeks through aggressive projection of armed force to occupy territory gain an objective or achieve some larger strategic, operational An attack helicopter, also known as a Helicopter Gunship, is a Military helicopter armed for attacking targets on the ground The island including all its inhabitants and structures subsequently crash.

Films

1937 - Oh, Mr Porter! was partly filmed at Terling windmill in Essex. Oh Mr Porter! is a comedy film released in 1937 starring British Actor Will Hay with Moore Marriott and Graham Moffatt

1968 - Chitty Chitty Bang Bang features Cobstone Windmill in Buckinghamshire. Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 feature Film with a script by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes, and songs by the Sherman Brothers Cobstone Mill was built in 1816 and is located in the hamlet of Ibstone in Buckinghamshire, England, and overlooks the village of Turville.

1974 - The Black Windmill was partly filmed at Clayton Windmills in Sussex. The Black Windmill is a British Spy thriller released in 1974. The Clayton Windmills, known locally as Jack and Jill, stand on the South Downs above the village of Clayton West Sussex, England.

2001 - Moulin Rouge! is set in the famous Paris caberet nightclub of the same name famous for its iconic red windmill mounted on the roof. This article is about the 2001 Motion picture. For other uses see Moulin Rouge (disambiguation Moulin Rouge! is a 2001 Musical film

See also

A Windmill at the National Ranching Heritage Center

• Éolienne Bollée
• Renewable energy
• Land reclamation
• List of windmills
• watermill
• tension leg platform
• wind generator
• Don Quixote
• Molinology
• The International Molinological Society
• klopotec
• Mill machinery
• Savonius wind turbine

Notes

References

• A. G. Drachmann: "Heron's Windmill," Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145-151

Further reading

• Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.
• Chartrand, French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Québec, Montréal, Louisbourg and New Orleans.
• Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995)
• A. G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961).
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
• Hugh Pembroke Vowles: "An Enquiry into Origins of the Windmill", Journal of the Newcomen Society, Vol. Hugh Pembroke Vowles (born 1885 in Pembroke, Wales - died 1951 in Oxlynch, Stonehouse Gloucestershire, England) was a British 11 (1930-31)

External links

• Architecture: Windmills at the Open Directory Project
• Earth Science Australia, Wind Power and Windmills
• The International Molinological Society
• Windmills at Windmill World
• The Mill Database, Europe