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For other uses, see Wind (disambiguation).


Wind, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)
Wind, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)

Wind is the flow of air or other gases that compose an atmosphere (including, but not limited to, the Earth's). The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on wellness based on the Taqwin al‑sihha ar تقوين الصحة ("Tables In the various subfields of Physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 [1] It occurs as air is heated by the Sun and thus rises. Cool air then rushes to occupy the area from which the hot air has just moved. It could be loosely classed as a convection current.

Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale, their speed, the types of forces that cause them, the geographic regions in which they occur, and their effect. While wind is often a standalone weather phenomenon, it can also occur as part of a storm system, most notably in a cyclone. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth.

Winds can shape landforms, via a variety of aeolian processes. Aeolian (or Eolian or Æolian) processes pertain to the activity of the Winds and more specifically to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the

In human civilization, wind has inspired mythology, changed the course of history, expanded the range of transport and warfare, and provided a power source for mechanical work, electricity, and recreation. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Warfare refers to the conduct of conflict between opponents and usually involves escalation of aggression from the proverbial "war of words" between politicians Power supply is a reference to a source of Electrical power. A device or system that supplies Electrical or other types of Energy to an output load In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind.

Contents

Forces


Forces which drive wind or affect it are the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, buoyancy forces, and friction forces. In physics the Coriolis effect is an apparent deflection of moving objects when they are viewed from a Rotating frame of reference. In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e When a difference in pressure exists between two adjacent air masses, the air tends to flow from the region of high pressure to the region of low pressure. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface A high pressure area (also called a high or high-pressure is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is greater than surrounding areas A low pressure area, or " low " is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is lower in relation to the surrounding area On a rotating planet, flows will be acted upon by the Coriolis force, in regions sufficiently far from the equator and sufficiently high above the surface. In physics the Coriolis effect is an apparent deflection of moving objects when they are viewed from a Rotating frame of reference.

The two major driving factors of large scale global winds are the differential heating between the equator and the poles (difference in absorption of solar energy between these climate zones), and the rotation of the planet. Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist

Components of wind

Winds defined by an equilibrium of physical forces are used in the decomposition and analysis of wind profiles. They are useful for simplifying the atmospheric equations of motion and for making qualitative arguments about the horizontal and vertical distribution of winds. Examples are:

Classification

There are global winds, such as the wind belts which exist between the atmospheric circulation cells. In Fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (sometimes called baroclinicity) is a measure of the Stratification in a fluid In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. In Atmospheric science, balanced flow is an idealisation of atmospheric motion There are upper-level winds which typically include narrow belts of concentrated flow called jet streams. Jet streams are fast flowing relatively narrow air currents found at the Tropopause, the transition between the Troposphere (where temperature decreases There are synoptic scale winds that result from pressure differences in surface air masses in the middle latitudes, and there are winds that come about as a consequence of geographic features, such as the sea breezes on coastlines or canyon breezes near mountains. The synoptic scale in Meteorology (also known as large scale or cyclonic scale) is a horizontal length scale of the order of 1000 kilometres (about 620 Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a Wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts Mesoscale winds are those which act on a local scale, such as gust fronts. See also Astronomical units of length Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude (length At the smallest scale are the microscale winds, which blow on a scale of only tens to hundreds of meters and are essentially unpredictable, such as dust devils and microbursts. A dust devil is a strong well-formed and relatively long-lived whirlwind, ranging from small (half a meter wide and a few meters tall to large (over 10 meters wide and over A microburst is a very localized column of sinking air producing damaging divergent and Straight-line winds at the surface that are similar to but distinguishable from

Wind terms

'Gusts' are inconstant winds. Unlike relatively constant winds, such as the Chinook wind, gusting winds are characterized by the apparent rapid change in the force and/or direction of the wind. Chinook winds, often just called chinooks commonly refers to Foehn winds ref> in the interior West of North America, where the Canadian Prairies and The wind appears, to those who experience it, to come in blasts of varying strength with brief lulls between. Such a blast is known as a gust.

A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed which usually is associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. A squall is a sudden sharp increase in wind speed which is usually associated with active weather such as rain showers thunderstorms or heavy snow Squalls refer to an increase in the non-sustained winds over an extended time interval, as there may be lower gusts during a squall event.

Named winds

In modern usage, many local wind systems have their own names. The list covers local Winds and local weather phenomena including seasonal winds

Local winds

See also: List of local winds

Some local winds blow only under certain circumstances, i. The list covers local Winds and local weather phenomena including seasonal winds e. they require a certain temperature distribution.

Differential heating is the motive force behind land breezes and sea breezes (or, in the case of larger lakes, lake breezes), also known as on- or off-shore winds. A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a Wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a Wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts Land absorbs and radiates heat faster than water, but water releases heat over a longer period of time. The result is that, in locations where sea and land meet, heat absorbed over the day will be radiated more quickly by the land at night, cooling the air. Over the sea, heat is still being released into the air at night, which rises. This convective motion draws the cool land air in to replace the rising air, resulting in a land breeze in the late night and early morning. During the day, the roles are reversed. Warm air over the land rises, pulling cool air in from the sea to replace it, giving a sea breeze during the afternoon and evening.

Mountain breezes and valley breezes are due to a combination of differential heating and geometry. When the sun rises, it is the tops of the mountain peaks which receive first light, and as the day progresses, the mountain slopes take on a greater heat load than the valleys. This results in a temperature inequity between the two, and as warm air rises off the slopes, cool air moves up out of the valleys to replace it. This upslope wind is called a valley breeze. The opposite effect takes place in the afternoon, as the valley radiates heat. The peaks, long since cooled, transport air into the valley in a process that is partly gravitational and partly convective and is called a mountain breeze.

Forested areas are less windy than plains and cities because the trees disrupt wind patterns. Trees are defined to have a dampening effect on wind speeds in that they reduce the partial derivative of pressure differences across non-infinitively occupying plain. Further effects of trees wind reducing capabilities is in the fact that trees bend in the wind. Considering the mass of a tree in comparison to air particles it is highly predicable that much of the total energy of the wind is lost in kinetic energy to the trees.

Mountain breezes are one example of what is known more generally as a katabatic wind. A katabatic wind, from the Greek word katabatikos meaning "going downhill" is the technical name for a drainage Wind, a wind These are winds driven by cold air flowing down a slope, and occur on the largest scale in Greenland and Antarctica. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Most often, this term refers to winds which form when air which has cooled over a high, cold plateau is set in motion and descends under the influence of gravity. Winds of this type are common in regions of Mongolia and in glaciated locations. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East

Because katabatic refers specifically to the vertical motion of the wind, this group also includes winds which form on the lee side of mountains, and heat as a consequence of compression. Such winds may undergo a temperature increase of 20 °C (68 °F) or more, and many of the world's "named" winds (see #Named Winds above) belong to this group. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Among the most well-known of these winds are the chinook of Western Canada and the American Northwest, the Swiss foehn, California's infamous Santa Ana wind, and the French Mistral. Chinook winds, often just called chinooks commonly refers to Foehn winds ref> in the interior West of North America, where the Canadian Prairies and A foehn wind or föhn wind is a type of dry downslope wind which occurs in the lee of a mountain range The Santa Ana winds are strong extremely dry offshore Winds that characteristically sweep through in Southern California and northern Baja California in The Mistral in France is a fresh or cold often violent and usually dry Wind, blowing throughout the year but is most frequent in winter and spring

The opposite of a katabatic wind is an anabatic wind, or an upward-moving wind. An anabatic wind, from the Greek anabatos, verbal of anabainein meaning moving upward is a Wind which blows up a steep slope or The above-described valley breeze is an anabatic wind.

A widely-used term, though one not formally recognised by meteorologists, is orographic wind. Orography is the average height of land measured in geopotential meters, over a certain domain This refers to air which undergoes orographic lifting. Most often, this is in the context of winds such as the chinook or the föhn, which undergo lifting by mountain ranges before descending and warming on the lee side.

In civilization

Mythology

Further information: Wind god

As a natural force, the wind was often personified as one or more wind gods or as an expression of the supernatural in many cultures. See also List of deities There are many different gods of Wind in different religions Vayu, the Hindu God of Wind Hanuman 's See also List of deities There are many different gods of Wind in different religions Vayu, the Hindu God of Wind Hanuman 's The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events

In ancient Greek mythology, the four winds were personified as gods, called the Anemoi - Boreas, Notos, Euros and Zephyros. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek Mythology, the Anemoi (in Greek, Άνεμοι &mdash " winds " were Wind gods who were each ascribed Aeolus, in varying interpretations the ruler or keeper of the four winds, has also been described as Astraeus, the god of dusk who fathered the four winds with Eos, goddess of dawn. For the Click beetle Genus, see Aeolus (beetle. Aeolus ( Greek:, Ailos Modern Greek For the airline see Astraeus (airline. For the genus of earthstars see Astraeus (genus. For other uses of the name Eos see Eos (disambiguation. For the Slavic goddesses called the Auroras see The Zorya.

The Ancient Greeks also observed the seasonal change of the winds, as evidenced by the Tower of the Winds in Athens. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Tower of the Winds, also called Horologion (timepiece is an octagonal Pentelic Marble Clocktower on the Roman Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's

The winds are discussed in the Bible:

Winds - blowing from the four quarters of heaven (Jer. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin 49:36; Ezek. 37:9; Dan. 8:8; Zech. 2:6). The east wind was parching (Ezek. 17:10; 19:12), and is sometimes mentioned as simply denoting a strong wind (Job 27:21; Isa. 27:8). This wind prevails in Palestine from February to June, as the west wind (Luke 12:54) does from November to February. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The south was a hot wind (Job 37:17; Luke 12:55). The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the It swept over the Arabian peninsula. The rush of invaders is figuratively spoken of as a whirlwind (Isa. 21:1); a commotion among the nations of the world as a striving of the four winds (Dan. 7:2). The winds are subject to the divine power (Ps. 18:10; 135:7). [2]

History

Kamikaze (神風) is a Japanese word, usually translated as divine wind, believed to be a gift from the gods. Kamikaze (神風 is a Japanese word usually translated as divine wind, believed to be a gift from the gods The term is first known to have been used as the name of a pair or series of typhoons that are said to have saved Japan from two Mongol fleets under Kublai Khan that attacked Japan in 1274 and again in 1281.

Protestant Wind is a name for the storm that deterred the Spanish Armada from an invasion of England in 1588 or the favourable winds that enabled William of Orange to invade England in 1688. The phrase Protestant Wind has been used in more than one context notably The storm that lashed the Spanish Armada. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Transportation

Wind power

Further information: Wind power

Culture

Further information: Cultural significance of tornadoes

Wind has featured in human cultural works, including art, poetry, music, theatre, novels, films, and television. Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form such as electricity using Wind turbines At the end of 2007 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was Tornado damage to man-made structures is a result of the high wind velocity and windblown debris Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story

'Westron wynde, when wilt thou blow,

The small raine down can raine.

Cryst, if my love were in my armes

And I in my bedde again!'

—An anonymous poem The Western Wynde dating from before the 16th century

Recreation

Wind figures prominently in several popular sports, including recreational sailing, windsurfing, and kiteboarding. The Western Wynde is an early 16th century song whose tune was used as the basis ( Cantus firmus) of masses by English composers John Taverner, Christopher Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Windsurfing is a surface water sport using a windsurf board also commonly called a sailboard usually two to five meters long and powered by a single sail Finally, wind enables the simple pleasure of flying a kite. A kite is a flying tethered object that depends upon the tension of a tethering system

Role in the natural world

Wind has a very important role in aiding plants and other immobile organisms in dispersal of seeds, spores, pollen, etc. Although wind is not the primary form of seed dispersal in plants, it provides dispersal for a large percentage of the biomass of land plants.

The study of wind

The Beaufort wind force scale is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. Biological dispersal refers to those processes by which a Species maintains ecosystem The Beaufort scale (ˈboʊfət is an Empirical measure for describing Wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions

Meteorological instruments to measure wind speed and/or direction

Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates. For example, a northerly wind blows from the north to the south.

Local sensing techniques:

Remote sensing techniques:

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Jupiter's Hurricane-Force Winds Increase In Depths of the Planet's Atmosphere. Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically A gale warning is an advisory or warning issued by the local competent authority in maritime countries about the existence of winds of gale force or above or the imminent occurrence A gale warning is an advisory or warning issued by the local competent authority in maritime countries about the existence of winds of gale force or above or the imminent occurrence Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and the means (together with the smaller Ocean circulation) by which Heat is distributed on the surface NASA JPL. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Retrieved on 2007-09-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
  2. ^ from the public domain Easton's Bible Dictionary, originally published in 1897.

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