| Willy Brandt | |
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| In office October 21, 1969 – May 7, 1974 |
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| President | Gustav Heinemann |
| Preceded by | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| Succeeded by | Helmut Schmidt |
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| In office 1957 – 1958 |
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| President | Theodor Heuss |
| Preceded by | Kurt Sieveking |
| Succeeded by | Wilhelm Kaisen |
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| In office December 1, 1966 – October 21, 1969 |
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| Preceded by | Hans-Christoph Seebohm |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
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| In office December 1, 1966 – October 20, 1969 |
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| Preceded by | Gerhard Schröder |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
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| In office 1957 – 1966 |
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| Preceded by | Otto Suhr |
| Succeeded by | Heinrich Albertz |
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| Born | December 18, 1913 |
| Died | October 8, 1992 (aged 78) |
| Political party | SPD |
| Occupation | Worker, Journalist, Lecturer, Activist |
| Religion | Protestant |
Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (December 18, 1913 - October 8, 1992), was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (
His most important legacy is the Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Ostpolitik ( German for Eastern Politics) describes the politics of the "Change Through Rapprochement" principle &mdash as verbalized by Egon Bahr The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
Brandt was forced to resign as Chancellor in 1974 after it became known that one of his closest aides had been working for the Stasi (the East German secret police). For the regular police in East Germany see Volkspolizei. The Ministerium für Staatssicherheit ( Ministry for State Security This became one of the biggest political scandals in postwar West German history.
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Early life, the war
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in Lübeck, Germany to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. His father was an accountant from Hamburg by the name of John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother was working six days a week he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.
After passing his Abitur in 1932 at Johanneum zu Lübeck he became an apprentice at the shipbroker and ship's agent F. Abitur (from Latin abire = go away go off is a designation used in Germany and Finland for final exams that young adults take at the end of H. Bertling. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1930. He left the SPD to join the more left wing Socialist Workers Party (SAP), which was allied to the POUM in Spain and the ILP in Britain. The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands SAPD was a Political party in Germany. POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero See Independent Labor Party for the Political party in Burundi, Independent Labour Group for the Irish party and Labour candidates In 1933, using his connections with the port and its ships from the time he had been apprentice, he left Germany for Norway on a ship to escape Nazi persecution. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym Willy Brandt to avoid detection by Nazi agents. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) In 1934, he took part in the founding of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, and was elected to its Secretariat. International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations (in German: Internationales Büro Revolutionärer Jugendorganisationen, in French: Bureau
Brandt visited Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named Gunnar Gaasland. Gaasland was married to Gertrud Meyer from Lübeck in a fictitious marriage to protect Brandt's partner from deportation. Gertrud Meyer had joined Brandt to Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the Civil War, Brandt worked in Spain as a journalist. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but he was not identified because he wore a Norwegian uniform. On his release, he escaped to neutral Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the Norwegian embassy in Stockholm, where he lived until the end of the war. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Willy Brandt returned to Sweden to lecture on 1 December, 1940 at Bommersvik college about the problems experienced by the social democrats in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries at the start of World War II. Bommersvik is a Union college ( Swedish: Förbundskola from Förbund meaning union or association and skola meaning school Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Mayor of West Berlin, Foreign Minister of West Germany
In 1945 Brandt returned to Germany as a journalist for a Scandinavian newspaper reporting on the Nuremberg Trials. In late 1946, Brandt returned to Berlin, working for the Norwegian government.
In 1948, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in Berlin. He became a German citizen again and formally adopted his pseudonym as his legal name.
Outspoken against the Soviet repression of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and against Khrushchev's 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "free city", he was considered to belong to the right wing of his party, an assessment that would later change. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following
Brandt was supported by the powerful publisher Axel Springer. Axel Springer ( May 2, 1912, Altona, Hamburg - September 22, 1985, West Berlin) was a German journalist From October 3, 1957 to 1966, he was Mayor of West Berlin, a particularly stressful time for the city with both the Berlin Ultimatum (1958) and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Brandt gained increasing popularity well beyond Berlin.
During his first year as Governing Mayor he served as President of the Bundesrat. In Germany, the President of the Bundesrat (German Bundesratspräsident) is the body's chairperson or speaker The Bundesrat ("federal council" or "upper house of German parliament" is the representation of the 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) of
Brandt became chairman of the SPD in 1964, a post he retained until 1987, longer than any other chairman in the history of his party after founder August Bebel. August Ferdinand Bebel ( February 22 1840 &ndash August 13 1913) was a German social democrat and one of the founders of the
Brandt was the SPD candidate for Chancellor in 1961, but lost to Konrad Adenauer's conservative CDU. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) is the largest Political party in Germany. In 1965, he ran again, and lost to the popular Ludwig Erhard. "Erhard" redirects here For the saint of this name see Saint Erhard. But Erhard's government was short-lived, and, in 1966, a grand coalition between the SPD and CDU was formed; Brandt became foreign minister and vice-chancellor.
Chancellor of West Germany
After the elections of 1969, again with Brandt as lead candidate, the SPD became stronger and after three weeks of negotiation formed a coalition government with the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Social-liberal coalition ( sozialliberale Koalition) in Germany refers to a government coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party and the Free The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. Brandt was elected Chancellor. He proposed more democracy and more democracies to solve certain problems.
Foreign policy
As chancellor, Brandt gained more scope to develop his Ostpolitik. Ostpolitik ( German for Eastern Politics) describes the politics of the "Change Through Rapprochement" principle &mdash as verbalized by Egon Bahr He was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with East Germany and in improving relations with the Soviet Union, Poland and other Eastern Bloc countries. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were
A seminal moment came in December 1970 with the famous Warschauer Kniefall in which Brandt, apparently spontaneously, knelt down at the monument to victims of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Warschauer Kniefall (German for " Warsaw Genuflection " refers to a gesture of humility and penance by social democratic Chancellor of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (German "Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto", Polish "Powstanie w getcie warszawskim") was the Jewish The uprising occurred during the military occupation of Poland and the monument is to those killed by German troops who suppressed the uprising and deported remaining ghetto residents to concentration camps.
Time (magazine) named Brandt Man of the Year for 1970 stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East bloc. "[1]
In 1971, Brandt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in improving relations with East Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
In West Germany, Brandt's Ostpolitik was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps: one side, most notably the victims of Stalinist ethnic cleansing from Historical Eastern Germany and Eastern Europe, loudly voiced their opposition, calling the policy "illegal" and "high treason", while others applauded Brandt's move as aiming at "Wandel durch Annäherung" ("change through rapprochement", i. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity The former eastern territories of Germany (ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete describes collectively those Provinces or Regions east of the current eastern In International relations a rapprochement', which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together" is a re-establishment e. , encouraging change through a policy of engagement rather than isolation). Supporters of Brandt claim his Ostpolitik did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's siege mentality and increase the awareness of the contradictions in their brand of Socialism, which – together with other events – eventually led to its downfall. A siege mentality is a shared feeling of helplessness victimization and defensiveness The Ostpolitik was strongly opposed by the conservative parties and many social democrats as well.
Domestic policies
Political and social changes of the 1960s
West Germany in the late 1960s was shaken by student disturbances and a general 'change of the times' that not all Germans were willing to accept or approve. What had seemed a stable, peaceful nation, happy with its outcome of the "Wirtschaftswunder" ("economic miracle") faced the first economic turbulences. As well the German baby boomer generation wanted to come to terms with the deeply conservative, bourgeois, and demanding parent generation. The baby boomer students were the most outspoken, they accused their 'parental generation' of its Nazi past and even worse of being outdated and old-fashioned. Compared to their forebears, the 'skeptical generation', the 1968 generation was much more capricious, willing to embrace more extreme socialist ideology (Mao bibles), and public heroes (Ho Chi Minh, Che Guevara) while new and more promiscuous lifestyles came about. Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong ( better known in the West as The Little Red Book, was published by the Government of the For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed Students and young apprenticees could afford to stay away from home, left-wing was considered chic, as was taking part in US-style political demonstrations against US forces in Vietnam.
Brandt gaining popularity in the 1960s
Brandt's predecessor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, had been a member of the Nazi party and was an old fashioned German bourgeois and conservative intellectual. Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904&ndash9 March 1988 was a conservative German politician and Chancellor of West Germany from 1 December 1966 until 21 Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Brandt having fought the Nazis and faced Eastern German communists during different crises in Berlin made him a controversial but credible figure in different camps. As secretary of foreign affairs in Kiesingers Grand coalition cabinet, Brandt helped to gain further international approval for Western Germany and laid the cornerstones for the future Ostpolitik. A grand coalition is a Coalition government in a Multi-party Parliamentary system where the two largest political parties unite in a coalition Ostpolitik ( German for Eastern Politics) describes the politics of the "Change Through Rapprochement" principle &mdash as verbalized by Egon Bahr There was a wide public opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt.
Bothe had come to terms with the new baby boomer lifestyles. Kiesinger registered "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them", Brandt needed a while to get a contact and credibility among the APO. The students questioned the West German society in general seeking social, legal and political reforms, the unrest led as well to a renaissance of rightwing parties in some state's parliaments. Brandt however stood for a climate change and pursued a course of social, legal and political reforms. In 1969 he gained a narrow majority together with the FDP. In his first parliament speech as chancellor, Brandt claimed his political course of reforms ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (lit. : "Let's dare more democracy"). This made him, as well as the SPD, popular among most students and other young West German Baby boomers who dreamt of a country more open and more colorful than the frugal and still somewhat authoritarian state built after the war. Brandts Ostpolitik however lost a big part of the refugee vote which had been siginificantly pro SPD in the postwar years.
Crisis in 1972
The Nobel prize winning Ostpolitik of Brandt let to a domestic meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed. In October 1972, FDP deputies Erich Mende, Heinz Starke and Siegfried Zoglmann had crossed the floor to CDU. On February 23, 1972, SPD deputy Herbert Hupka and leader of the Federation of Expellees, joined CDU in disagreement with Brandts reconciliatory efforts towards the east. Herbert Hupka ( August 15, 1915 &ndash August 24, 2006) was a German Journalist and Politician ( CDU The Federation of Expellees or Bund der Vertriebenen ( BdV) is a Non-profit organization formed to represent the interests of Germans who either fled their On April 23, 1972 Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left his fraction and the FDP politicians Knud von Kühlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum had declared that they would vote against Brandt and Brandt basically had lost his majority. On April 24, 1972 a vote of no confidence was proposed and it was voted three days later. Had this motion passed, Rainer Barzel would have replaced Brandt as Chancellor. Rainer Candidus Barzel ( June 20 1924 &ndash August 26 2006) was a German Politician of the CDU. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Rainer Barzel got only 247 votes of 260 ballots, for an absolute majority, 249 promised votes would have been necessary. Rainer Candidus Barzel ( June 20 1924 &ndash August 26 2006) was a German Politician of the CDU. There were also 10 votes against the motion and 3 invalid ballots. It was not revealed until much later that one or two members (possibly Julius Steiner, Ingeborg Geisendörfer or Leo Wagner) of the CDU/CSU had been paid off by the Stasi of East Germany to vote for Brandt. For the regular police in East Germany see Volkspolizei. The Ministerium für Staatssicherheit ( Ministry for State Security The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state
Preliminaries of the second term
Though Brandt had remained Chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent iniatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were Günter Grass, Walter Jens, and even the football (soccer) player Paul Breitner. Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927 is a Nobel Prize -winning German Author and Playwright. Walter Jens (born May 8, 1923) is a German Philologist, literature historian, Critic, university professor and Writer Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Paul Breitner (born September 5, 1951 in Kolbermoor, Bavaria) is a former German football player Brandt's Ostpolitik as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation and led his SPD party to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972. The "Willy-Wahl", Brandts landslide win was the beginning of the end; and Brandts role in government started to decline.
Many of Brandt's reforms met with resistance from state governments (dominated by CDU/CSU). The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the 1973 oil crisis and the major public services strike 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions', lead by Heinz Kluncker, a big wage increase but reduced Brandts financial leeway for further reforms. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of Heinz Kluncker ( February 20, 1925 – April 21, 2005) was president of the German Trade union ÖTV ( Öffentliche Dienste Brandt was said to be more a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depressions. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on left-wing extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service ("Radikalenerlass").
The Guillaume affair and Brandt's resignation
Around 1973, West German security organizations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, Günter Guillaume, was a spy for the East German state. The Guillaume Affair was an Espionage scandal in the Cold War history of Germany. Günter Guillaume ( February 1, 1927 &ndash April 10, 1995) was an intelligence agent of East Germany 's secret service Brandt was asked to continue work as usual, and he agreed, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on April 24, 1974, and the West German government blamed Brandt for having a spy in his party. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. At the same time, some revelations about Brandt's private life (he had had some short-lived affairs) appeared in newspapers. Brandt contemplated suicide and even drafted a suicide note. He chose instead to accept responsibility for Guillaume, and resigned on May 7, 1974. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.
Guillaume had been a spy for East Germany, supervised by Markus Wolf, head of the Main Intelligence Administration of the East German Ministry for State Security. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Markus Johannes "Mischa" Wolf ( January 19, 1923 – November 9, 2006) was head of the General Reconnaissance Administration Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the affair had been one of the biggest mistakes of the East German secret service. This was led 1957-1989 by Erich Mielke, an old follower of Stalin and Beria. Erich Fritz Emil Mielke ( December 28, 1907 - May 21, 2000 in Berlin) was a German Communist who held the military Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович
Brandt was succeeded as Chancellor by his fellow Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt. Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born 23 December 1918 is a German Social Democratic Politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that the other fellow social democrat and longtime rival Herbert Wehner belonging to the first Troika had been scheming for his downfall, but evidence for this seems scant. Herbert Richard Wehner ( July 11 1906 - January 19 1990) was a German Politician.
Later life
After his term as Chancellor, Brandt remained head of his party, the SPD, until 1987 and retained his seat in the Bundestag. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. Brandt was head of the Socialist International from 1976 to 1992, which he called a worldparty of peace, working to enlarge that organization beyond the borders of Europe. Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties In 1977, he was appointed chair of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues, which produced a report, in 1980, calling for drastic changes in the world's attitude to development in the Third World. This became known as the Brandt Report. The Brandt Report is the report written by the Independent Commissions first chaired by Willy Brandt (the former German Chancellor in 1980 to review international development
In October 1979 he met the dissident Rudolf Bahro, who had written The Alternative. Rudolf Bahro ( 18 November 1935 &ndash 5 December 1997) was a German Philosopher and Politician. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the state security (Stasi)/Erich Mielke for this writing, as well as the theoretical foundation of a left opposition to the ruling parties, and promoting new and changed parties; all of which is now discussed as "change from within". Erich Fritz Emil Mielke ( December 28, 1907 - May 21, 2000 in Berlin) was a German Communist who held the military Brandt had asked for Bahros release and welcomed his theories, the debate as interesting and fruitful for the own movement, party.
In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftist leaders in West Germany to publicly favour reunification over some sort of two-state federation. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany His public statement "Now grows together what belongs together" was much quoted in those days.
One of Brandt's last public appearances was flying to Baghdad, to free Western hostages held by Saddam Hussein, after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed On November 9 1990 he landed with 174 freed hostages in New York. [2] He died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the Rhine, and was given a state funeral. Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and Unkel is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge He was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin. Zehlendorf is a locality within the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf in Berlin.
Brandt was a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1983, and Honorary Chairman of the SPD from 1987 until his death in 1992. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus".
As a somewhat remarkable memorial, the private German language secondary school in Warsaw is named after Willy Brandt. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland.
Family
From 1941 until 1948 Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Nina (born 1940). After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1946, he married the Norwegian Rut Hansen in 1948. Rut Brandt ( 10 January 1920 - 28 July 2006) was a German writer of Norwegian origin and the second wife of the German Chancellor Hansen and Brandt had three sons: Peter (born 1948), Lars (born 1951) and Matthias (born 1961). Today Peter is a historian, Lars is a painter and Matthias is an actor. After 32 years of marriage, Brandt was divorced from Rut in 1980 and from the day they were divorced they never met again. On December 9, 1983, Brandt married Brigitte Seebacher (born 1946). Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Rut Brandt died in Berlin on July 28, 2006. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Matthias as Günter Guillaume
In 2003, Matthias Brandt took the part of Guillaume in the film Im Schatten der Macht (lit. : In the Shadow of Power) by German filmmaker Oliver Storz. The film deals with the Guillaume-affair and Brandt's resignation. Matthias Brandt caused a minor controversy in Germany when it was publicized that he would take the part of the man who betrayed his father and made him resign in 1974. Earlier that year - when the Brandts and the Guillaumes took a vacation to Norway together - it was Matthias, then twelve years old, who was the first to discover that Guillaume and his wife 'were typing mysterious things on typewriters the whole night through'.
Lars writing about his father
In early 2006, Lars Brandt published a biography about his father called "Andenken" ("Remembrance"). The book has been the subject of some controversy. Some see it as a loving memory of a father-son-relationship. Others label the biography a ruthless statement of a son who still thinks he had never had a father who really loved him.
Brandt's first cabinet
- Willy Brandt (SPD) - Chancellor
- Walter Scheel (FDP) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Helmut Schmidt (SPD) - Minister of Defense
- Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) - Minister of the Interior
- Alex Möller (SPD) - Minister of Finance
- Gerhard Jahn (SPD) - Minister of Justice
- Karl Schiller (SPD) - Minister of Economics
- Walter Arendt (SPD) - Minister of Labour and Social Affairs
- Josef Ertl (FDP) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry
- Georg Leber (SPD) - Minister of Transport, Posts, and Communications
- Lauritz Lauritzen (SPD) - Minister of Construction
- Käte Strobel (SPD) - Minister of Youth, Family, and Health
- Hans Leussink - Minister of Education and Science
- Erhard Eppler (SPD) - Minister of Economic Cooperation
- Horst Ehmke (SPD) - Minister of Special Tasks
- Egon Franke (SPD) - Minister of Intra-German Relations
Changes
- 13 May 1971 - Karl Schiller (SPD) succeeds Möller as Minister of Finance, remaining also Minister of Economics
- 15 March 1972 - Klaus von Dohnanyi (SPD) succeeds Leussink as Minister of Education and Science. Walter Scheel (born 8 July 1919 is a German politician ( FDP) The Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is a liberal Political party in Germany. Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born 23 December 1918 is a German Social Democratic Politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher (born March 21, 1927) is a German Politician and member of the Free Democratic Party (FDP. Alexander Johann Heinrich Friedrich Möller, known as Alex Möller ( April 26, 1903 in Dortmund - October 2, 1985 in Karl August Fritz Schiller ( April 24, 1911 in Breslau - December 26, 1994 in Hamburg) was a German Scientist Georg Leber (born October 7 1920 in Obertiefenbach, near Limburg an der Lahn) is a German politician in the Social Democratic Hans Leussink ( 2 January, 1912 in Schüttorf – 16 February, 2008) was a German Teacher and Politician Erhard Eppler (b 9 December 1926 in Ulm) is a German Social Democratic Politician and founder of the GTZ[http Prof Dr Horst Paul August Ehmke (born February 4, 1927) is a Politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD Egon Franke ( April 11, 1913 - April 26, 1995) was a German politician and a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Karl August Fritz Schiller ( April 24, 1911 in Breslau - December 26, 1994 in Hamburg) was a German Scientist Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dr Klaus von Dohnanyi (born 23 June, 1928 in Hamburg) is a German politician and a member of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD)
- 7 July 1972 - Helmut Schmidt (SPD) succeeds Schiller as Minister of Finance and Economics. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born 23 December 1918 is a German Social Democratic Politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany Georg Leber (SPD) succeeds Schmidt as Minister of Defense. Georg Leber (born October 7 1920 in Obertiefenbach, near Limburg an der Lahn) is a German politician in the Social Democratic Lauritz Lauritzen (SPD) succeeds Leber as Minister of Transport, Posts, and Communications, remaining also Minister of Construction.
Selected works
- 1960 Mein Weg nach Berlin (My Path to Berlin), autobiography
- 1966 Draußen. Schriften während der Emigration. (Outside: Writings during the Emigration) ISBN 3-8012-1094-4
- 1968 Friedenspolitik in Europa (The Politics of Peace in Europe)
- 1976 Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960-1975 (Encounters and Insights 1960-1975) ISBN 3-455-08979-8
- 1982 Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930-1950 (Left and Free: My Path 1930-1950)
- 1986 Der organisierte Wahnsinn (Organized Lunacy)
- 1989 Erinnerungen (Memories) ISBN 3-549-07353-4
2002f, Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by Helga Grebing, Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings, ISBN 3-8012-0305-0
Biographies
- (German) Lars Brandt, Andenken (ISBN 3-446-20710-4)
- (German) Peter Merseburger, Willy Brandt (ISBN 3-421-05328-6)
- Barbara Marshall, Willy Brandt, A Political Biography (ISBN 0-312-16438-6)
- (Italian) Nestore di Meola, Willy Brandt raccontato da Klaus Lindenberg (ISBN 88-7284-712-5)
References
- ^ "Willy Brandt", Time Magazine, 4 Jan. 1971, online archive accessed 11 July 2007
- ^ "Mideast Tensions", The New York Times, 9 Nov. 1990, [1] accessed 03 January 2008
External links
- Official Biography of Willy Brandt by Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation
- (German)Nobel Prize Lecture
- Special file on Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe in the ENA digital library
- Biography of Willy Brandt
- Willy Brandt International Airport
- Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
- Adam Sneyd, "Brandt Commission", in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson
| Preceded by Otto Suhr |
Mayor of Berlin 1957-1966 |
Succeeded by Heinrich Albertz |
| Preceded by Erich Ollenhauer |
Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1964-1987 |
Succeeded by Hans-Jochen Vogel |
| Preceded by Gerhard Schröder |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1966-1969 |
Succeeded by Walter Scheel |
| Preceded by Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
Chancellor of Germany 1969-1974 |
Succeeded by Helmut Schmidt |
| Preceded by Bruno Pittermann |
President of the Socialist International 1976-1992 |
Succeeded by Pierre Mauroy |
| Preceded by Hans-Christoph Seebohm |
Vice Chancellor of Germany 1966-1969 |
Succeeded by Walter Scheel |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brandt, Willy |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | German politician, Chancellor of West Germany |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 18, 1913 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Lübeck, Germany |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 8, 1992 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Unkel, Germany |
Otto Suhr ( August 17, 1894 - August 30, 1957) was a German Political figure as a member of the SPD. The following list of mayors of Berlin shows all the Mayors ( Oberbürgermeister, Regierender Bürgermeister) of Berlin, Germany since Heinrich Albertz ( January 22, 1915 - May 18, 1993) was a German Clergyman, theologian and Politician Erich Ollenhauer ( March 27 1901 &ndash December 14 1963) was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD 1952-1963 Hans-Jochen Vogel (born February 3 1926 in Göttingen) is a German Politician. Gerhard Schröder ( September 11, 1910 - December 31, 1989) was a West German Politician and member of the Christian Democratic A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation Walter Scheel (born 8 July 1919 is a German politician ( FDP) Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904&ndash9 March 1988 was a conservative German politician and Chancellor of West Germany from 1 December 1966 until 21 The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born 23 December 1918 is a German Social Democratic Politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany Dr Bruno Pittermann (born September 3 1905 in Vienna; died September 19 1983 in Vienna was an Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties Pierre Mauroy (born 5 July 1928 in Cartignies) is a French Socialist politician Hans-Christoph Seebohm ( 4 August 1903 in Emanuelssegen, Upper Silesia – 17 September 1967 in Bonn) was a The Vice-Chancellor of Germany ( Vizekanzler) in Germany is the second highest position in the cabinet at least according to the protocol Walter Scheel (born 8 July 1919 is a German politician ( FDP) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Unkel is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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