| William Hull | |
 William Hull circa 1800 |
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1st Governor of Michigan Territory
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| In office March 22, 1805 – October 29, 1813 |
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| President | Thomas Jefferson, James Madison |
| Succeeded by | Lewis Cass |
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| Born | June 24, 1753 Derby, Connecticut Colony |
| Died | November 29, 1825 (aged 72) Newton, Massachusetts |
| Children | Abraham Fuller Hull Ann Binney (Hull) Hickman[1] |
William Hull (June 24, 1753–November 29, 1825) was an American soldier and politician. Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding Lewis Cass ( October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and Politician. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Derby is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The Colony of Connecticut was an English colony that became the U Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The City of Newton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is an important residential Suburb of Boston, which abuts it on the east The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person He fought in the American Revolution, was Governor of Michigan Territory, and was a general in the War of 1812, for which he is best remembered for surrendering Detroit to the British. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Contents |
Biography
Early life and Revolutionary War
He was born in Derby, Connecticut and graduated from Yale in 1772, studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut and passed the bar in 1775. Derby is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. Litchfield is a town in and former County seat of Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States, and is known as an affluent summer
At the outbreak of fighting in the American Revolution, Hull joined a local militia and was quickly promoted to captain, then to major, and to lieutenant colonel. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" He was in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Stillwater, Saratoga, Fort Stanwix, Monmouth, and Stony Point. Prelude At the end of September 1776 Washington's army held only a small position on the northern tip of Manhattan Island Background In the time before the battle American morale was low Background In the night after the Second Battle of Trenton, General Washington led the roughly 6000 man main body of his army stealthily away from Lieutenant Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight Fort Stanwix was a colonial fort whose construction was started on August 26[[ 758]] by British General John Stanwix, at the location of present-day Prelude In May of 1778 The British commander General Clinton in Philadelphia faced with a war with France decided it was prudent to protect New York City and Florida Background In late May 1779 British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton sent a force of about 8000 men up the North (or Hudson River with the intention of drawing General George He was recognized by George Washington and the Continental Congress for his service. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the
Hull was a friend of Nathan Hale and tried to dissuade Hale from the dangerous spy mission that would cost him his life. Nathan Hale ( June 6, 1755 &ndash September 22, 1776) was an officer for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary Hull was largely responsible for publicizing Hale's famous last words, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. "[3] After the American Revolution, he moved to his wife's family estate in Newton, Massachusetts and served as a judge and state senator in Massachusetts. The City of Newton in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is an important residential Suburb of Boston, which abuts it on the east The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
Michigan Territory and War of 1812
On March 22, 1805, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Governor of the recently-created Michigan Territory as well as its Indian Agent. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The following are Governors of the Territory of Michigan and the U Michigan Territory was an Organized territory of the United States in the early 19th century between June 30, 1805 and January 26 In United States history an Indian agent was an individual authorized to interact with Native American tribes on behalf of the U As almost all of the territory except for two enclaves around Detroit and Fort Michilimackinac were in the hands of the Indians, Hull undertook the goal of gradually purchasing more Indian land for occupation by American settlers. Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. He negotiated the Treaty of Detroit with the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi nations, which ceded most of present-day Southeast Michigan to the United States. The Treaty of Detroit was a Treaty between the United States and the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi Southeast Michigan, also called Southeastern Michigan, is a region in the Lower Peninsula of the U These efforts to expand American settlement began to generate opposition, particularly from the Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, who preached resistance to the American lifestyle and to further land giveaways. The Shawnee, or Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee Tenskwatawa, (also called Tenskatawa, Tenskwatawah, Tensquatawa or Lalawethika) (1775 &ndash November 1834 was a Native American [4]
By February of 1812, it was becoming clear that war with Great Britain was imminent, and the British were attempting to recruit the Native American tribes in Canada, Michigan, and elsewhere as their allies against the Americans. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands While Hull was in Washington, Secretary of War William Eustis informed him that President Madison wished to appoint him a Brigadier General in command of the new Army of the Northwest. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration William Eustis ( June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) was an early American Statesman. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. The Army of the Northwest was a Military unit formed at the outset of the War of 1812 and charged with control of the Ohio Territory, Indiana Territory Hull, then nearly 60 years old, expressed his disinterest in a new military commission, and a Colonel Kingsbury was selected to lead the force instead. Kingsbury fell ill before taking command, and the offer was repeated to Hull, who this time accepted. His orders were to go to Ohio, whose governor had been charged by Madison with raising a 1,200-man militia that would be augmented by the 4th Infantry Regiment from Vincennes, Indiana, to form the core of the army. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The US 4th Infantry Regiment is an Infantry Regiment in the United States Army. The city of Vincennes is the County seat of Knox County, Indiana. From there he was to march the army to Detroit, where he was to also continue serving as Territorial Governor. [5]
March to Detroit
Hull arrived in Cincinnati on May 10, 1812, and on May 25 took command of the militia at Dayton. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. The militia comprised three regiments, who elected as their commanding Colonels Duncan McArthur, Lewis Cass, and James Findlay. Duncan McArthur ( January 14, 1772 April 29, 1839) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio Lewis Cass ( October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and Politician. James Findlay is the name of James Findlay (Vancouver mayor (1854-1924 mayor of Vancouver British Columbia in 1912 James Findlay (Canadian They marched to Staunton and then to Urbana, where they were joined by the 300-man 4th Infantry Regiment. Staunton Township is one of the twelve townships of Miami County, Ohio, United States Urbana is a city in and the County seat of Champaign County, Ohio, United States, 47 miles (76 km west of Columbus. The men of the militia were ill-equipped and lacked military discipline, and Hull relied on the infantry regiment to quell several instances of insubordination on the remainder of the march. By the end of June, the army had reached the rapids of the Maumee River, where Hull committed the first of the errors that would later reflect poorly on him. Grand Rapids is a village in Wood County, Ohio, United States, along the Maumee River. The Maumee River is a River in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana in the United States. [6]
The declaration of war on Great Britain was signed on June 18, 1812, and that same day Secretary Eustis sent two letters to General Hull. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year One of them, sent by special messenger, had arrived on June 24 but did not contain any mention of the declaration of war. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The second one, announcing the declaration of war, was sent via the postal service, and did not arrive until July 2. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival [7] As a result, Hull was still unaware that war had broken out when he reached the rapids of the Maumee, and as the army was now on a navigable waterway, he sent the schooner Cuyahoga Packet ahead of the army to Detroit with a number of invalids, supplies, and official documents. Unfortunately for Hull, the British commander at Fort Amherstburg had received the declaration of war two days earlier, and captured the ship as it sailed past, along with all of the papers and plans for an attack on Fort Amherstburg. Fort Amherstburg was built by the Royal Canadian Volunteers at the mouth of the Detroit River to replace Fort Detroit, which Britain was required to cede [8]
Invasion of Canada
Hull was, at least in part, the victim of poor preparation for war by the U. S. government and miscommunication. While governor, Hull's repeated requests to build a naval fleet on Lake Erie to properly defend Detroit, Fort Mackinac, and Fort Dearborn were ignored by the commander of the northeast, General Henry Dearborn. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally Fort Mackinac was a military outpost garrisoned from the late 18th century to the late 19th century on Mackinac Island in the U Fort Dearborn, named in honor of Henry Dearborn, was a United States Fort built on the Chicago River in 1803 by troops under Captain Henry Dearborn ( February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician statesman and veteran of both the American Revolutionary Hull began an invasion of Canada on July 12, 1812. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year However, he quickly withdrew to the American side of the river after hearing the news of the capture of Fort Mackinac by the British. He also faced unfriendly Native American forces, which threatened to attack from the other direction. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.
Surrender of Detroit
Facing what he believed to be superior forces thanks to his enemy's cunning stratagems such as instructing the Native American warriors to make as much noise as possible around the fort, Hull surrendered Fort Detroit to Sir Isaac Brock on August 16, 1812. Fort Shelby was a Military Fort in Detroit Michigan that played a significant role in the War of 1812. Major-General Sir Isaac Brock KB (6 October 1769 – 13 October 1812 was a British Army officer and Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Accounts of the incident varied widely. A subordinate, Colonel Lewis Cass placed all blame for the surrender on Hull and subsequently succeeded Hull as Territorial Governor. Lewis Cass ( October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and Politician. Hull was court-martialed, and at a trial presided over by General Henry Dearborn, with evidence against him given by Robert Lucas, a subordinate and the future governor of Ohio and territorial governor of Iowa. Henry Dearborn ( February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician statesman and veteran of both the American Revolutionary Robert Lucas ( April 1, 1781 – February 7, 1853) was the 12th governor of the U Hull was sentenced to be shot, though upon recommendation of mercy by the court, Hull received a reprieve from President James Madison. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding
Later life
Hull lived the remainder of his life in Newton, Massachusetts and wrote two books attempting to clear his name. Some later historians have agreed that Hull was unfairly made a scapegoat for the embarrassing loss. The publication of his Memoirs in 1824 changed public opinion somewhat in his favor, and he was honored with a dinner in Boston on May 30, 1825. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [9] That June, Lafayette visited Hull and declared, "We both have suffered contumely and reproach; but our characters are vindicated; let us forgive our enemies and die in Christian love and peace with all mankind. "[1] Hull died at home in Newton several months later, on November 29, 1825. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
He was also uncle to Isaac Hull and adopted Isaac after his father (William's brother Joseph) died while Isaac was young. Isaac Hull ( March 9, 1773 &ndash February 13, 1843) was a Commodore in the United States Navy.
Notes
- ^ a b Colonial Society of Massachusetts 1907, p. 369
- ^ Colonial Society of Massachusetts 1907, p. 368
- ^ Ortner 2001
- ^ Campbell & Clarke 1848, p. 305-324
- ^ Campbell & Clarke 1848, p. 325-326
- ^ Campbell & Clarke 1848, p. 329-334
- ^ Campbell & Clarke 1848, p. 332-334
- ^ Garcia 1999
- ^ Colonial Society of Massachusetts 1907, p. 366
References
- Campbell, Maria & Clarke, James F. (1848), Revolutionary Services and Civil Life of General William Hull, New York: D. Appleton, OCLC 2510566, <http://books.google.com/books?id=43oEAAAAYAAJ>
- Colonial Society of Massachusetts (1907), Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose X, <http://books.google.com/books?id=Jfw7AAAAIAAJ>, p. 364-369
- Garcia, Bob (1999), Fort Amherstburg in the War of 1812, <http://www.warof1812.ca/fortambg.htm>
- Ortner, Mary J. (2001), Captain Nathan Hale, The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, <http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/hale_nathan_2.htm>
Further Reading
- Forbes, James G. (1814), Report of the Trial of Brig. General William Hull, Commanding the North-Western Army of the United States, New York: Eastburn, Kirk, OCLC 4781638, <http://books.google.com/books?id=9h0KAAAAIAAJ> (digital version contains both this document and Hull's Memoirs; the report of the trial begins at p. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose 240)
- Hull, William (1814), Defence of Brigadier General W. Hull: Delivered Before the General Court Martial, Boston: Wells & Lilly, OCLC 2738191, <http://books.google.com/books?id=QW0EAAAAYAAJ>
- Hull, William (1824), Memoirs of the Campaign of the North Western army of the United States, A.D. 1812, Boston: True & Greene, OCLC 11571681, <http://books.google.com/books?id=9h0KAAAAIAAJ> (digital version contains both this document and Forbes' Report of the trial)
- Paine, Ralph D. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose (1920), The Fight for a Free Sea: A Chronicle of the War of 1812, vol. 17, The Chronicles of America Series, Project Gutenberg, <http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/9/4/18941/18941.htm>
See also
| Political offices | ||
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| New title Office created
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Territorial Governor of Michigan March 22, 1805–October 29, 1813 |
Succeeded by Lewis Cass |
| Military offices | ||
| New title Army formed
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Commander of the Army of the Northwest May 1812–August 1812 |
Succeeded by James Winchester |
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