William Howard Taft
10th Chief Justice of the United States
In office July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930
Nominated by	Warren G. Harding
Preceded by	Edward Douglass White
Succeeded by	Charles Evans Hughes
27th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
Vice President	James S. Sherman, (1909–1912) None (1912–1913)
Preceded by	Theodore Roosevelt
Succeeded by	Woodrow Wilson
1st Provisional Governor of Cuba
In office September 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906
Preceded by	Tomás Estrada Palma (President of Cuba)
Succeeded by	Charles Magoon (U. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged Edward Douglass White Jr (November 3 1845 &ndash May 19 1921 American Politician and Jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24 1855 &ndash October 30 1912 was a United States Representative from New York and the twenty-seventh Vice President Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. This page contains a list of Presidents of Cuba. This page also contains a list of Prime Ministers of Cuba from the creation of that office in 1940 until 1976 when it was abolished Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Tomás Estrada y Palma ( Bayamo, July 9, 1832 – Santiago de Cuba, November 4, 1908) was a Cuban Political Charles Edward Magoon (December 5 1861 – January 14 1920 was an American Lawyer, Judge, Diplomat, and administrator who is best remembered as a S. Governor)
42nd United States Secretary of War
In office February 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908
President	Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by	Elihu Root
Succeeded by	Luke Edward Wright
1st Civil Governor of the Philippines
In office July 4, 1901 – December 23, 1903
Preceded by	Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (U. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the Luke Edward Wright ( August 29, 1846 &ndash November 12, 1922) was a U Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr (June 2 1845&ndashSeptember 5 1912 was a United States Army General. S. Military Governor)
Succeeded by	Luke Edward Wright
5th United States Solicitor General
In office February 1890 – March, 1892
President	Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by	Orlow W. Chapman
Succeeded by	Charles H. Aldrich
Born	September 15, 1857 Cincinnati, Ohio
Died	March 8, 1930 (aged 72) Washington, D.C.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Helen Herron Taft
Alma mater	Yale University University of Cincinnati
Occupation	Lawyer, Jurist
Religion	Unitarian
Signature

William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration and staunch advocate of world peace verging on pacifism, and scion of a leading political family, the Tafts, of Ohio. Luke Edward Wright ( August 29, 1846 &ndash November 12, 1922) was a U The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 Orlow W Chapman was born in 1832 in Ellington Connecticut, though he made his life’s work and home in New York. Charles H Aldrich ( August 28 1850, LaGrange County Indiana – April 13 1929, Chicago) was a Solicitor General of Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Helen Louise Herron Taft ( June 2, 1861 &ndash May 22, 1943) usually known as Nellie Taft or Helen Taft, was the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Cincinnati is a Coeducational public Research university in Cincinnati, Ohio. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States International arbitration is the established method for resolving disputes between parties to international commercial agreements The Taft family of the United States hails from Cincinnati Ohio with historic origins in Massachusetts; its members have served Ohio, Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads

Taft served as the Solicitor General of the United States, a federal judge, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of War before being nominated for President in the 1908 Republican National Convention with the backing of his predecessor and close friend Theodore Roosevelt. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration The 1908 Republican National Convention, the fourteenth presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States, was held in Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T

His presidency was characterized by trust-busting, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, expanding the civil service, establishing a better postal system, and promoting world peace. Trust-busting is any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies. The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a Regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which was signed See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis Roosevelt broke with Taft in 1911, charging Taft was too reactionary. Taft and the conservatives were alarmed at Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary, and took control of the party machinery. Taft defeated Roosevelt for the Republican nomination in a bruising battle in 1912 that forced Roosevelt out of the GOP and left Taft's people in charge for decades. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates two of whom had previously won election to the office William Howard Taft remains the only U. S. President to finish third in a bid for reelection to a second consecutive term. During World War I he helped set national labor policy that reduced strikes and generated union support for the national cause. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1921, he became Chief Justice. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U As President and Chief Justice he helped make the federal courts, especially the Supreme Court, much more powerful in shaping national policy. To date he is the only former president to serve on the Supreme Court.

Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Education 1.2 Career 2 Secretary of War, 1904–1908 3 Presidency, 1909–1913 3.1 Policies 3.2 Foreign policy 3.3 16th Amendment 3.4 Party schism 3.5 Administration and cabinet 3.6 Supreme Court appointments 3.7 States admitted to the Union 4 Post-presidency 5 Chief Justice, 1921-1930 5.1 Nomination 5.2 Achievements 5.3 Opinions 6 Medical condition 7 Death and legacy 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Primary sources 10.3 Secondary sources 11 External links

Early life

Taft was born on September 15, 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the third of five children. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the His mother, Louisa Torrey, was a graduate of Mount Holyoke College. Louisa “Louise” Maria Torrey ( 11 September[[ 827]]- 8 December[[ 907]] was the second wife of Alphonso Taft, and the mother of U Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts women's college in South Hadley, Massachusetts. His father, Alphonso Taft, came to Cincinnati in 1839 to open a law practice. Alphonso Taft ( November 5, 1810 – May 21, 1891) was the Attorney General and Secretary of War under President ^[1] Alphonso Taft was a prominent Republican and served as Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States

Taft was brought up in the Unitarian church and remained a faithful Unitarian his entire life (later in life he once remarked, "I do not believe in the divinity of Christ, and there are many other of the postulates of the orthodox creed to which I can not subscribe. "^[2]). At age 18, he met his future wife, Helen Herron, in Cincinnati; she and Taft courted while he was away at college. Helen Louise Herron Taft ( June 2, 1861 &ndash May 22, 1943) usually known as Nellie Taft or Helen Taft, was the He enjoyed spending time with his aunt, Meredith Johnson, who required wheelchair and crutches to get around.

The William Howard Taft National Historic Site is the Taft boyhood home. William Howard Taft National Historic Site is a National Historic Site in Cincinnati Ohio, maintained by the National Park Service of the United States The house in which he was born has been restored to its original appearance. It includes four period rooms that reflect the family life during Taft's boyhood. The home also includes second floor exhibits highlighting Taft's life center. ^[3]

Education

In 1874, Taft attended Woodward High School. Woodward High School is a Public high school located in the Bond Hill neighborhood of Cincinnati Ohio. Like most of his family, he attended Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887 At Yale, he was a member of the Linonian Society, a literary and debate society; Skull and Bones, the secret society co-founded by his father in 1832; and the Beta chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. Linonia is a literary and debating society founded in 1753 at Yale University Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. Fraternity Origin In the 18th and 19th centuries college extracurricular activities were primarily intellectual exercises in the form of literary debates readings and oratorical Later in life he was also inducted into the Omicron-Omicron chapter of the secret society of Theta Nu Epsilon, after delivering the commencement address to the class of 1910 at Ohio Northern University. Early History Theta Nu Epsilon was founded on December 11, 1870 in Room Seven of Wesleyan’s South College by Herbert Hull Coston Coleridge Allen Hart George Ohio Northern University is a private United Methodist Church -affiliated University located in the United States in Ada Ohio, founded by He was given the nickname "Big Lub" because of his size, but his college friends knew him by the nickname "Old Bill". ^[4] Taft received jibes about his weight throughout his life: as governor of the Philippines, Taft once sent a telegram to Washington, D.C. that read, "Went on a horse ride today; feeling good;" Secretary of War Elihu Root replied, "How's the horse?" In 1878, Taft graduated from Yale, ranking second in his class out of 121. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the ^[5] After college, he attended Cincinnati Law School, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880. The University of Cincinnati College of Law is the fourth oldest continually running Law school in the United States and a founding member of the Association of American The Bachelor of Laws (abbreviated LLB, LLB or rarely LlB) is an undergraduate or bachelor degree in law offered in most Common law While in law school, he worked on the area newspaper The Cincinnati Commercial. ^[6]

Career

After admission to the Ohio bar, Taft was appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, Ohio, based in Cincinnati. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law Hamilton County is a County located in the southwest corner of the state of Ohio, United States. In 1882, he was appointed local Collector of Internal Revenue. The Taft married his longtime sweetheart, Helen Herron, in Cincinnati in 1886. Helen Louise Herron Taft ( June 2, 1861 &ndash May 22, 1943) usually known as Nellie Taft or Helen Taft, was the In 1887, he was appointed as a judge of the Ohio Superior Court. In 1890, President Benjamin Harrison appointed him Solicitor General of the United States. Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States In 1892 Harrison appointed him to the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, a post that he held until 1900. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is a federal court with Appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts It was then that he met Theodore Roosevelt for the first time. In about 1893, Taft decided in favor of one or more patents for processing aluminium belonging to the Pittsburg Reduction Company, today known as Alcoa, who settled with the other party in 1903 and became for a short while the only aluminium producer in the U. WikipediaNaming Alcoa Inc ( is the world's third largest producer of Aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal. S. ^[7]

In addition to his judgeship, between 1896 and 1900 Taft also served as the first dean and a professor of constitutional law at the University of Cincinnati. The University of Cincinnati is a Coeducational public Research university in Cincinnati, Ohio. ^[8] Eventually, he became the chief judge of the Sixth Circuit. One of Taft's most famous opinions was in Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States (1898). Addyston Pipe and Steel Co v United States, 85 F 271 ( 6th Cir

In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft as the chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines, which had been ceded to the United States by Spain following the Spanish-American War and the 1898 Treaty of Paris. William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. Although Taft initially had been opposed to the annexation of the islands and told McKinley that his real ambition was to become a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he reluctantly accepted the appointment when McKinley suggested that he would be "the better judge for this experience. "

From 1901 to 1903, Taft served as the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, a position in which he was very popular among both Americans and Filipinos. Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. In 1902, Taft visited Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII for the purchase of lands in the Philippines owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Taft then persuaded Congress to appropriate $7,239,000 to purchase the lands, which he sold to Filipinos on easy terms. In 1903, President Roosevelt offered Taft the seat on the Supreme Court to which he had for so long aspired, but he reluctantly declined when native Filipino groups begged him to remain in Manila as Governor-General. The City of Manila

Secretary of War, 1904–1908

In 1904, Roosevelt appointed Taft as Secretary of War. Roosevelt made the basic policy decisions regarding military affairs, using Taft as a well-traveled spokesman who campaigned for Roosevelt's re-election in 1904. Taft met with the Emperor of Japan, who alerted him of the probability of war with Russia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1906, Roosevelt sent troops to restore order in Cuba during the revolt led by General Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, and Taft temporarily became the Civil Governor of Cuba, personally negotiating with General Castillo for a peaceful end to the revolt. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la This page contains a list of Presidents of Cuba. This page also contains a list of Prime Ministers of Cuba from the creation of that office in 1940 until 1976 when it was abolished In 1907, Secretary Taft helped supervise the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Taft repeatedly had told Roosevelt he wanted to be Chief Justice, not President (and not an associate justice), but there was no vacancy and Roosevelt had other plans. He gave Taft more responsibilities in addition to the Philippines and the Panama Canal. For a while, Taft was Acting Secretary of State. When Roosevelt was away, Taft in effect was the Acting President.

Presidency, 1909–1913

See also: United States presidential election, 1908

Policies

After serving for nearly two full terms, the popular Theodore Roosevelt refused to run in the election of 1908. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The United States presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3 1908 Roosevelt certified Taft as a genuine "progressive", in 1908, pushing through the nomination of his Secretary of War for the presidency. At the age 51, Taft easily defeated three-time candidate William Jennings Bryan. For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. Taft considered himself a "progressive" because of his deep belief in "The Law" as the scientific device that should be used by judges to solve society's problems. Taft proved a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and seemed to lack the energy and personal magnetism of his mentor, not to mention the publicity devices, the dedicated supporters, and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk severe tensions inside the Republican Party, pitting producers (manufacturers and farmers) against department stores and consumers, he stopped talking about the issue. Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly, on the one hand encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates, then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high. The resulting Payne-Aldrich tariff of 1909 was too high for most reformers, but instead of blaming this on Senator Nelson Aldrich and big business, Taft took credit, calling it the best bill to come from the Republican Party. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 (ch 6 36 Stat 11 named for Representative Sereno E Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich ( November 6, 1841 &ndash April 16, 1915) was a prominent American Politician and a leader Again, he had managed to alienate all sides.

Unlike Roosevelt, Taft never attacked business or businessmen in his rhetoric. However, he was attentive to the law, so he launched 80 antitrust suits, including one against the country's largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for an acquisition that Roosevelt personally had approved. The United States Steel Corporation ( is an integrated Steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe As a result, Taft lost the support of antitrust reformers (who disliked his conservative rhetoric), of big business (which disliked his actions), and of Roosevelt, who felt humiliated by his protégé. Progressives within the Republican party began agitating against Taft. Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin created the National Progressive Republican League to replace Taft at the national level; his campaign crashed after a disastrous speech. Robert Marion La Follette Sr nicknamed "Fighting Bob" La Follette ( June 14, 1855 June 20, 1925) was an American Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Most of LaFollette's supporters went over to Roosevelt, leaving LaFollette embittered and alone. More trouble came when Taft fired Gifford Pinchot, a leading conservationist and close ally of Roosevelt. Gifford Pinchot ( August 11 1865 October 4 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910 and the Pinchot alleged that Taft's Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger was in league with big timber interests. Richard Achilles Ballinger ( July 9, 1858 - June 6, 1922) was mayor of Seattle Washington, from 1904–1906 and U Conservationists sided with Pinchot, and Taft alienated yet another vocal constituency.

Taft fought for the prosecution of trusts (eventually issuing 80 lawsuits),^[9] further strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, established a postal savings bank and a parcel post system, and expanded the civil service. The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a Regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which was signed Postal savings systems were offered by many nations' Post offices to provide depositors who did not have access to banks a safe convenient method to save money and to promote Parcel post is a service of a Postal administration for sending parcels through the post. He supported the 16th Amendment, which allowed for a federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct election of senators by the people, replacing the previous system whereby they were selected by state legislatures. The The Seventeenth Amendment ( Amendment XVII) of the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on June 12 1911 and by the House on May 13 1912 The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives In the United States of America, a state legislature is a generic term referring to the legislative body of any of the country's 50 states.

Foreign policy

Taft actively pursued what he termed "dollar diplomacy" to further the economic development of less-developed nations of Latin America and Asia through American investment in their infrastructures. Dollar Diplomacy is the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign Throughout the early part of his presidency, Taft had difficulties with Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America When the United States shifted its interests to Panama for the purpose of building a canal, Nicaraguan President José Santos Zelaya negotiated with Germany and Japan in an unsuccessful effort to have a canal constructed in his country. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. José Santos Zelaya López ( November 1, 1853 - May 17, 1919) was President of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Zelaya administration had growing friction with the United States government, which started giving aid to his Conservative opponents in Nicaragua. In 1907, U. S. warships seized several of Nicaragua's seaports. In early December, United States Marines landed on Nicaragua's Caribbean Sea coast. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere On December 17, 1909, Zelaya resigned and left for exile in Mexico. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The U. S. -sponsored conservative regime of Adolfo Díaz was installed in his place. Adolfo Díaz (July 1875 Costa Rica &ndash 1964 San José Costa Rica) was president of Nicaragua in 1911-1917 and 1926-1929 Military invasions increased with marine landings in 1910 and 1912. The Marines stayed in Nicaragua through 1925.

One of Taft's main goals while President was to further the idea of world peace. World peace is an ideal of freedom, Peace, and Happiness among and within all nations Given his judicial sensibilities, he believed that international arbitration was the best means to effectuate the end of war on Earth. Arbitration, a form of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR is a legal technique for the resolution of Disputes outside the Courts wherein the War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units As such, he championed several reciprocity and arbitration treaties. In 1910, he convinced congressional Democrats to support a reciprocity treaty with Canada, but the Liberal Canadian government of Wilfrid Laurier that negotiated the treaty was turned out of office in 1911 and the treaty collapsed. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political In 1910 and 1911, however, he secured the ratification of arbitration treaties that he had successfully negotiated with Britain and France and thereafter was known as one of the foremost advocates of world peace and arbitration. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

16th Amendment

To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposed income taxes for corporations and a constitutional amendment to remove the apportionment requirement for taxes on incomes from property (taxes on dividends, interest and rents), on June 16, 1909. ^[10] His proposed tax on corporate net income was 1% on net profits over $5,000. It was designated an excise on the privilege of doing business as a corporation whose stockholders enjoyed the privilege of limited liability, and not a tax on incomes as such. In 1911, the Supreme Court, in Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., upheld the tax. Flint v Stone Tracy Co 220 US 107 (1911 was a United States Supreme Court case challenging the validity of an income tax on corporations Receipts grew from $21 million in the fiscal year 1910 to $34. 8 million in 1912.

In July, 1909, a proposed amendment to remove the apportionment requirement was passed unanimously in the Senate and by a vote of 318 to 14 in the House. It was quickly ratified by the states, and in February 3, 1913, it became a part of the Constitution as the Sixteenth Amendment, as Taft was leaving office. The

Party schism

See also: U.S. presidential election, 1912

Despite his obvious achievements, progressives decried Taft's acceptance of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, which lowered the tariff on the farm products of the western states, whose citizens desired lower rates on Eastern factory products. The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates two of whom had previously won election to the office The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 (ch 6 36 Stat 11 named for Representative Sereno E Taft opposed the entry of the state of Arizona into the Union because of its judicial features. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Progressives grumbled that he worked too closely with conservative Senator Nelson W. Aldrich and Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon. Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich ( November 6, 1841 &ndash April 16, 1915) was a prominent American Politician and a leader The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives. For other people named Joseph Cannon see Joseph Cannon (disambiguation Joseph Gurney Cannon ( May 7, 1836 &ndash By 1910, Taft's party was deeply divided between progressives and conservatives.

On his return from Europe, Roosevelt broke with Taft in one of the most dramatic political feuds of the 20th century. To the surprise of observers who thought Roosevelt had unstoppable momentum, Taft outmaneuvered Roosevelt and LaFollette, seized control of the GOP, and forced both out of the party. The main issue in 1911–12 was independence of the judiciary, which Roosevelt denounced. Most lawyers in the GOP supported Taft, including many of Roosevelt's key supporters like Elihu Root, Henry Stimson, and Roosevelt's own son-in-law, Nicholas Longworth. Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of See also Nicholas Longworth (1783 - 1863. Nicholas Longworth IV ( November 5, 1869 &ndash April 9, 1931 In lining up delegates for the 1912 nomination, Taft outmaneuvered Roosevelt, who had started much too late, and kept control of the Republican party. 1912 was the first year that some delegates were determined through primary elections. Primary elections were seen as a way to take power away from party bosses and put it in the hands of the people. Out of the 14 Republican primaries held, Roosevelt won 9, and Taft only won 3. Robert Lafollette won the other 2. Nevertheless, Taft had the delegates and won the nomination at the Republican nominating convention in Chicago.

Instead, Roosevelt was forced to create the Progressive Party (or "Bull Moose") ticket, splitting the Republican vote in the 1912 election. The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912. The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates two of whom had previously won election to the office Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat, was elected, although many historians argue that Wilson would have won anyway, because the Republican factions would not support each other. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Taft won the mere eight electoral votes of Utah and Vermont, making it the single worst defeat in American history for an incumbent President seeking re-election. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. He achieved what he felt were his main goals as President, however: keeping permanent control of the party and making the courts sacrosanct. It also should be noted that while the strife during the election of 1912 devastated the once very close friendship between Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, the two eventually did reconcile not long before Roosevelt's death in 1919.

Administration and cabinet

Supreme Court appointments

During his presidency, Taft appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Horace Harmon Lurton — 1910

Lurton had served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit with Taft, and Taft's attorney general said that at 66 he was too old to become a Supreme Court justice, but Taft had always admired Lurton. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Horace Harmon Lurton ( February 26, 1844 &ndash July 12, 1914) was an American Jurist who served for four years as a Justice According to the Complete Book of U. S. Presidents (2001 edition), Taft later said that "the chief pleasure of my administration" was the appointment of Lurton.

• Charles Evans Hughes — 1910

Even though Hughes resigned in 1916 to run in the presidential election that year, he became Taft's successor as Chief Justice. Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I.

• Edward Douglass White — Chief Justice — 1910

Already on the Court as an associate justice since 1894, White was the first Chief Justice to be elevated from an associate justiceship. Edward Douglass White Jr (November 3 1845 &ndash May 19 1921 American Politician and Jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Taft succeeded White as Chief Justice in 1921.

• Willis Van Devanter — 1911
• Joseph Rucker Lamar — 1911
• Mahlon Pitney — 1912

Taft's six appointments to the Court rank (in number) third only to those of George Washington (who appointed the entire Court as the first President) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (who was president for twelve years); as well, his appointment of five new justices ties the number appointed by Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln. Willis Van Devanter ( April 17, 1859 - February 8, 1941) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, January Joseph Rucker Lamar ( October 15, 1857 &ndash January 2, 1916) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Mahlon Pitney ( February 5, 1858 &ndash December 9, 1924) was an American Jurist and Republican Party Politician George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Four of Taft's appointees were relatively young at ages 48, 51, 53 and 54.

The appointments of Edward Douglass White and Charles Evans Hughes also are notable because Taft essentially appointed both his predecessor and successor Chief Justices, respectively. Hughes initially was appointed an Associate Justice, but later resigned to run for the Republican Party's presidential candidate in the 1916 election, which he would lose. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. President Herbert Hoover renominated Hughes to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice following Taft's retirement. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933

States admitted to the Union

• New Mexico: January 6, 1912
• Arizona: February 14, 1912. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Taft had opposed the admission of Arizona owing to what he viewed as defects in its judicial system.

Post-presidency

Upon leaving the White House in 1913, Taft was appointed the Chancellor Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School. Charles Taft redirects here For President Taft's brother see Charles Phelps Taft Charles Phelps Taft II ( World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. Upon his appointment, the Yale Chapter of the Acacia Fraternity made him an honorary member. Acacia Fraternity is a social fraternity originally based out of Masonic tradition At the same time Taft was elected president of the American Bar Association. The American Bar Association ( ABA) founded August 21 1878 is a voluntary Bar association of Lawyers and law students which is not specific He spent much of his time writing newspaper articles and books, most notably his series on American legal philosophy. Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature He was a vigorous opponent of prohibition in the United States, predicting the undesirable situation that the Eighteenth Amendment and prohibition in general would create. In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" ^[11] He also continued to advocate world peace through international arbitration, urging nations to enter into arbitration treaties with each other and promoting the idea of a League of Nations even before the First World War began. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

When World War I did break out in Europe in 1914, however, Taft founded the League to Enforce Peace. He was co-chair of the powerful National War Labor Board between 1917 and 1918. In 1918 President Woodrow Wilson created the National War Labor Board ( NWLB) which was an agency composed of representatives from business and labor Although he continually advocated peace, he strongly favored conscription once the United States entered the conflict, pleading publicly that the United States not fight a "finicky" war. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority He feared the war would be long, but was for fighting it out to a finish, given what he viewed as "Germany's brutality. "

Chief Justice, 1921-1930

Nomination

In 1921, when Chief Justice Edward Douglass White died, President Warren G. Harding nominated Taft to take his place, thereby fulfilling Taft's lifelong ambition to become Chief Justice of the United States. Edward Douglass White Jr (November 3 1845 &ndash May 19 1921 American Politician and Jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged Very little opposition existed to the nomination, and the Senate approved him 60-4 in a secret session, but the roll call of the vote has never been made public. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives ^[12] He readily took up the position, serving until 1930. As such, he became the only President to serve as Chief Justice, and thus is also the only former President to swear in subsequent Presidents, giving the oath of office to both Calvin Coolidge (in 1925) and Herbert Hoover (in 1929). John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 He remains the only person to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. He considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career: he allegedly once remarked, "I don't remember that I ever was President. "

Achievements

In 1922, Taft traveled to England to study the procedural structure of the English courts and learn how they disposed of such a large number of cases in such an expeditious manner. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland During the trip, King George V and Queen Mary received Taft and his wife as state visitors. Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom With what he had learned in England, Taft advocated passage of the Judiciary Act of 1925 (often called the "Judges Bill"), which shifted the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction to be exercisable principally on review by writ of certiorari, thereby empowering the Supreme Court to give preference to cases of national importance and allowing the Court to work more efficiently. The Judiciary Act of 1925 (43 Stat. 936 also known as the Certiorari Act, was an act of the United States Congress which sought to rationalize the workload Certiorari (ˌsɚʃioʊ('rɛri 'rɑri is a legal term in Roman, English, Philippine and American law referring to a type of Writ In addition to giving the Court more control over its docket, the new legislation (and the Judicial Conference that Taft organized) gave the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice general supervisory power over the scattered and disorganized federal courts, bringing the District of Columbia and the territories within the federal system, uniting the courts for the first time as an independent third branch of government (contrary to the British model) under the administrative supervision of the Chief Justice of the United States. Taft was also the first Justice to employ two full-time law clerks. A law clerk or a judicial clerk is a person who provides assistance to a Judge in researching issues before the Court and in writing opinions

In 1929, Taft successfully argued for the construction of the Supreme Court Building, reasoning that the court needed to distance itself from Congress as a separate branch of government. The Supreme Court building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States. Until then, the Court had heard cases in the old Senate Chamber of the Capitol; the justices had no chambers and their conferences were held in a room in the basement. Taft, however, did not live to see the building's completion in 1935.

Opinions

While Chief Justice, Taft wrote the opinion for the Court in 256 cases out of the Court's ever-growing caseload. His philosophy of constitutional interpretation was essentially historical contextualism. Judicial interpretation is a theory or mode of thought that explains how the Judiciary should interpret the Law, particularly Constitutional documents Judicial interpretation is a theory or mode of thought that explains how the Judiciary should interpret the Law, particularly Constitutional documents Some of his more notable opinions include:

• Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) (opinion for the Court)
  • Ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply the criminal provisions of the Bill of Rights to overseas territories. Balzac v Porto The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known This was one of the more famous of the "Insular Cases. The Insular Cases are several US Supreme Court cases decided early in the 20th century "
• Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding the 1919 Child Labor Tax Law unconstitutional. Bailey v Drexel Furniture Co, 259 US 20 (1922 was a case in which the U
• Hill v. Wallace, 259 U.S. 44 (1922) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding the Future Trading Act an unconstitutional use of Congress's taxing power
• Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) (dissenting opinion)
  • Disapproving of the Court upholding Lochner v. New York. Hill v Wallace, 259 US 44 (1922 was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the Future Trading Act is unconstitutional The Future Trading Act of 1921 (ch 86) was a United States Act of Congress intended to institute regulation of grain Futures contracts and particularly the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, is known as the Taxing and Spending Clause. Adkins v Children's Hospital,, is a Supreme Court opinion holding that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement Lochner v New York, 198 US 45 (1905 was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held the " Right to free contract " was
• Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen, 262 U.S. 1 (1923) (opinion for the Court)
  • Upholding the constitutionality of the Grain Futures Act under the Commerce Clause
• Ex Parte Grossman, 267 U.S. 87 (1925) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding that the President's pardon power extends to pardoning people held for criminal contempt; as of 2008, while the Supreme Court rules provide issuing writs of habeas corpus within the Court's original jurisdiction, Taft's opinion in Grossman was the last time the Court did so^[13]
• Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding that police searches of automobiles without a warrant do not violate the Fourth Amendment when the police have probable cause to believe contraband would be found in the automobile
• Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926) (opinion for the Court)
  • Ruling that the President of the United States had the power unilaterally to dismiss executive appointees who had been confirmed by the Senate. Board of Trade of City of Chicago v Olsen, 262 US 1 (1923 is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, in which it upheld the Grain Futures The Grain Futures Act (ch 369,) is a United States federal law enacted September 21, 1922 involving the regulation of trading in certain Commodity futures Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, states that Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief The original jurisdiction of a court is the right to hear a case for the first time as opposed to Appellate jurisdiction when a court has the right to review the decision of Carroll v United States, 267 US 132 (1925 was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which upheld the warrantless search of a car noting that The Fourth Amendment' ( Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. In United States Criminal law, probable cause refers to the standard by which a Police officer has the right to make an Arrest, conduct Myers v United States,, was a United States Supreme Court decision ruling that the President has the exclusive power to remove Executive branch
• Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) (opinion for the Court)
  • Ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit Mississippi's prevention of Asian children attending white schools in the midst of racial segregation. Lum v Rice, 275 US 78 (1927 is a famous case decided by the United States Supreme Court. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School.
• Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928) (opinion for the Court)
  • Ruling that the judicial practice of excluding evidence obtained without a warrant was based on the Fourth Amendment's proscription on unreasonable search and seizure but did not apply to wiretaps. Olmstead v United States, 277 US 438 (1928 is a 1928 opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court reviewed whether the use of wiretapped The Fourth Amendment' ( Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. Search and seizure is a legal procedure used in many civil law and Common law legal systems whereby Police or other authorities and their agents who suspect Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in
• Wisconsin v. Illinois, 278 U.S. 367 (1929) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding that the equitable power of the United States can be used to impose positive action on the states in a situation in which nonaction would result in damage to the interests of other states. Wisconsin v Illinois, also referred to as the Chicago Sanitary District Case is an opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the equitable
• Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716 (1929) (opinion for the Court)
  • Holding that where a third party pays the income tax due to an individual, the amount of tax paid constitutes additional income to the taxpayer. Old Colony Trust Co v Commissioner, 279 US 716 (1929 was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that where a third party pays The

Medical condition

Evidence from eyewitnesses and from Taft himself strongly suggests that he had severe obstructive sleep apnea during his presidency, resulting from his obesity. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in Breathing during Sleep. Within a year of leaving the presidency, Taft lost approximately 80 pounds (32 kg). His somnolence resolved and, less obviously, his systolic blood pressure dropped 40–50 mmHg (from 210 mmHg). Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Undoubtedly, this weight loss extended his life. ^[14] Beginning in 1920, Taft used a cane; his was a gift from Professor of Geology W. S. Foster, made of 250,000-year-old wood. ^[15]

Death and legacy

Taft retired as Chief Justice on February 3, 1930, because of ill health. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was succeeded by Charles Evans Hughes, whom he had appointed to the Court while President. Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State Taft died after succumbing to illness on March 8, 1930. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Three days later, on March 11, he became the first president to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War ^[16] His grave marker was sculpted by James Earle Fraser out of Stony Creek granite. James Earle Fraser ( November 4, 1876 &ndash October 11, 1953) was an American sculptor. Stony Creek is a shorefront section of Branford Connecticut, centered on a Harbor on Long Island Sound, in the southeast corner of the town ^[16]

A third generation of the Taft family entered the national political stage in 1938, with the election of the former President's oldest son Robert A. Taft I to the United States Senate, representing Ohio; he continued in office as a senator until his death in 1953. Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives His other son, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1955 to 1957. Charles Taft redirects here For President Taft's brother see Charles Phelps Taft Charles Phelps Taft II ( Two more generations of the Taft family later entered politics. The President's grandson, Robert Taft Jr., served a term as a Senator from Ohio from 1971 to 1977; the President's great-grandson, Robert A. Taft II, served as the governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007. Robert Taft (generally known as Robert Taft Jr for the sake of convenience - see below) ( February 26, 1917 &ndash December 7, The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives This article is about the man who was governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007 Governors Initially after the American Revolution, parts of the area now known as Ohio were claimed by New York, Virginia, and Connecticut William Howard Taft III was U. William Howard Taft III (1915-1991 was the grandson of William Howard Taft and served as U S. ambassador to Ireland from 1953 to 1957. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. William Howard Taft IV, currently in private law practice, was general counsel in the former Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in the 1970s, Deputy Secretary of Defense under Casper Weinberger and Frank Carlucci in the 1980s, and acted as Secretary of Defense during the vacancy of January–March 1989. William Howard Taft IV (born on September 13 1945 in Washington D Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party In addition, he was a high-level official in the United States Department of State from 2000 to 2006.

Taft's enduring legacy has included many things being named after him. These include the courthouse of the Ohio Court of Appeals for the First District in Cincinnati, Ohio, streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Manila, Philippines, a law school in Santa Ana, California,^[17] and high schools in San Antonio, Texas, Woodland Hills, California, Chicago, Illinois, and the Bronx, New York. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Founded in 1869 Santa Ana ( is the most populous city in Orange County California and is the County seat and a city of about 353184 people. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Woodland Hills is a district in the City of Los Angeles, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous After a fire burned much of the town of Moron, California during the 1920s, it was renamed Taft, in his honor. Taft is a city in Kern County, California, United States. The population was about 9200 people as of March 2008 according to the local newspaper "The

According to legend (though probably apocryphal), the traditional 7th inning stretch at baseball games is owed to Taft. The seventh-inning stretch is a tradition in Baseball that takes place between the halves of the seventh Inning of any game Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each The president was watching a game and, in the 7th inning, got up to stretch. The crowd, out of respect for the president, also rose to their feet. Since then, people have stretched during the 7th inning.

Media

See also

• Taft family
• History of the United States (1865-1918)
• Dollar Diplomacy
• United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court

References

Citations

Primary sources

• Butt, Archie. Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt (1930)
• Taft, William Howard
  • Liberty Under Law Yale University Press, 1922.
  • Popular Government Yale University Press, 1913.
  • Present Day Problems
  • The Anti-Trust Act and the Supreme Court Harper and Row, 1914.
  • The Collected Works of William Howard Taft. Edited by David H. Burton. Ohio University Press, 2001–. 6 of 8 volumes have appeared.
  • The President and His Powers. Columbia University Press, 1924.
• Taft, Mrs. William Howard, Recollections of Full Years (1914)

Secondary sources

• Anderson, Donald F. William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency (1973)
• Anderson, Judith Icke. William Howard Taft: An Intimate History (1981).
• Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. Nellie Taft : The Unconventional First Lady of the Ragtime Era (2005)
• Bromley, Michael L. William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency (2003)
• Burton, David H. Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal (1998)
• Burton, David H. , Taft, Roosevelt, and the Limits of Friendship (2005)
• Burton, David H. William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker (2005)
• Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs — The Election that Changed the Country (2004)
• Coletta, Paolo Enrico. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973), standard survey
• Conner Valerie. The National War Labor Board' '(1983)
• Duffy, Herbert S. William Howard Taft (1930)
• Friedman, Leon, ed. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Vol 3,
• Hechler, Kenneth S. Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era 1940.
• Michael J. Korzi, Our chief magistrate and his powers: a reconsideration of William Howard Taft's "Whig" theory of presidential leadership (2003)
• Manners, William. TR and Will: A Friendship that Split the Republican Party 1969.
• Minger Ralph E. William Howard Taft and United States Diplomacy: The Apprenticeship Years. 1900–1908 (1975)
• Mowry George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt (1958)
• Pringle, Henry F. The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography 2 vol (1939); Pulitzer prize; the standard biography
• Renstrom, Peter G. The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings and Legacy ABC-CLIO, 2003
• Scholes, Walter V. and Marie V. Scholes. The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration 1970.
• Stanley D. Solvick. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 50, No. 3. (Dec. , 1963), pp. 424–442. in JSTOR
• Sternberg, Jonathan. "Deciding Not to Decide: The Judiciary Act of 1925 and the Discretionary Court," The Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 33, pp. 1-16 (March 2008).
• Wilensky, Norman N. Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912 (1965).

External links

• Works by William Howard Taft at Project Gutenberg
• Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• Inaugural Address
• Audio clips of Taft's speeches
• Taft's sleep apnea
• Taft's medical history
• White House biography
• Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos
• ArlingtonCemetery.Net citing New York Times Obituary
• William Howard Taft cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project is a free digital collection maintained by the University of California Santa Barbara Libraries with streaming and downloadable The University of California Santa Barbara ( UCSB) is a selective research-oriented public university located on the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County California
• W.H. Taft Pages: Taft Humor and Anecdotes
• William Taft National Historic Site
• "Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER II, Former President William Howard Taft, State Funeral, 8–11 March 1930 by B.  C.  Mossman and M.  W.  Stark
• The Taft Chair at the Mission Inn

Legal offices
Preceded by Orlow W. Chapman	Solicitor General of the United States 1890 – 1892	Succeeded by Charles H. Aldrich
New seat	Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 1892 – 1900	Succeeded by Henry Franklin Severens
Preceded by Edward Douglass White	Chief Justice of the United States July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930	Succeeded by Charles Evans Hughes
Political offices
Preceded by Jacob Schurman as Head of the Schurman Commission	Head of the Taft Commission March 16, 1900 – September 1, 1901	Succeeded by Himself as Head of the Philippine Commission
Preceded by Arthur MacArthur as Military Governor of the Philippines	Civil Governor of the Philippines Head of the Philippine Commission July 4, 1901 – December 23, 1903	Succeeded by Luke Edward Wright
Preceded by Elihu Root	United States Secretary of War February 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908
Preceded by Theodore Roosevelt	President of the United States March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Succeeded by Woodrow Wilson
Government offices
Preceded by Tomás Estrada Palma as President of Cuba	Provisional Governor of Cuba September 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906	Succeeded by Charles Magoon
Party political offices
Preceded by Theodore Roosevelt	Republican Party presidential candidate 1908, 1912	Succeeded by Charles Evans Hughes
Honorary titles
Preceded by Theodore Roosevelt	Oldest U.S. President still living March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Succeeded by Woodrow Wilson
Preceded by Woodrow Wilson	Oldest U.S. President still living February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930	Succeeded by Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by Warren G. Harding	Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda March 11, 1930	Succeeded by John J. Pershing

Persondata
NAME	Taft, William Howard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American politician, lawyer, jurist
DATE OF BIRTH	September 15, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH	Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
DATE OF DEATH	March 8, 1930
PLACE OF DEATH	Washington, D. Orlow W Chapman was born in 1832 in Ellington Connecticut, though he made his life’s work and home in New York. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Charles H Aldrich ( August 28 1850, LaGrange County Indiana – April 13 1929, Chicago) was a Solicitor General of The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is a federal court with Appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts Edward Douglass White Jr (November 3 1845 &ndash May 19 1921 American Politician and Jurist, was a United States senator, Associate The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State The Schurman Commission also known as the First Philippine Commission was the legislature of the Philippines, then known as the Philippine Islands The Taft Commission, also known as Second Philippine Commission, was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16, 1900 The Philippine Commission was a body appointed by the President of the United States to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr (June 2 1845&ndashSeptember 5 1912 was a United States Army General. Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish The Philippine Commission was a body appointed by the President of the United States to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. Luke Edward Wright ( August 29, 1846 &ndash November 12, 1922) was a U Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Tomás Estrada y Palma ( Bayamo, July 9, 1832 – Santiago de Cuba, November 4, 1908) was a Cuban Political The President of Cuba (formally President of the Council of State of Cuba) is the Head of state of Cuba. List of Colonial Heads of Cuba Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Charles Edward Magoon (December 5 1861 – January 14 1920 was an American Lawyer, Judge, Diplomat, and administrator who is best remembered as a Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3 1908 The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates two of whom had previously won election to the office Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. C. , United States

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