| William Beveridge | |
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| Born | 5 March 1879 Rangpur, India (now Bangladesh) |
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| Died | 16 March 1963 (aged 84) Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rangpur (রংপুর is one of the major cities in Bangladesh. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Charterhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Charterhouse, originally Sutton's Hospital in Charterhouse, is a prominent boys independent or public school as they're known in Britain between Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. |
| Occupation | Economist |
| Title | 1st Baron Beveridge |
| Known for | Work towards founding Britain's welfare state. An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. |
- For the Scottish footballer and athlete, see William Beveridge (footballer)
William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge (5 March 1879 – 16 March 1963) was a British economist and social reformer. William Wightman Beveridge ( 27 November 1858 &ndash 20 January 1941) was a Scottish footballer and athlete. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. He is perhaps best known for his 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge Report) which served as the basis for the post-World War II Labour government's Welfare State, including especially the National Health Service. The Beveridge Report was the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services chaired by William Beveridge, an economist World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. The National Health Service is the name commonly used to refer to the four Publicly-funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom collectively or individually (although
Contents |
Early life and career
William Beveridge, the eldest son of Henry Beveridge, an Indian Civil Service officer and Annette, was born in Rangpur, British India’s Bengal (now Rangpur, Bangladesh), on 5th March 1879. The Indian Civil Service, popularly known by its acronym ICS, originated as the elite Civil service of the Indian Government under British colonial Annette Susannah Akroyd Beveridge (popular historically as Annette Akroyd (1842&ndash1929 was an English Educationalist, Social reformer and For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal was a colonial region of British India, which comprised undivided Bengal which is present day Bangladesh Rangpur (রংপুর is one of the major cities in Bangladesh. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially After studying at Charterhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford, he became a lawyer. Charterhouse, originally Sutton's Hospital in Charterhouse, is a prominent boys independent or public school as they're known in Britain between Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person
Beveridge became interested in the social services and wrote about the subject for the Morning Post newspaper. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies The Morning Post, as the paper was named on its Masthead, was a conservative daily Newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937 when it was
In 1908, now considered to be the United Kingdom's leading authority on unemployment insurance, he joined the Board of Trade, and helped organize the implementation of the national system of labour exchanges. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Unemployment benefits are payments made by Governments to unemployed people The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Jobcentre Plus (Canolfan Byd Gwaith is the Government -funded Employment agency facility and the Social security
In 1909 Beveridge was appointed Director of Labour Exchanges; his ideas influenced David Lloyd George and led to the passing of the 1911 National Insurance Act. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only National Insurance (NI is a system of taxes and related Social security benefits in the United Kingdom. During Asquith's Liberal government of 1908 to 1914 Beveridge was asked to advise Lloyd George on Old Age Pensions and National Insurance; the government began to take action to combat poverty. Herbert Henry Asquith 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, KG, PC ( 12 September 1852 &ndash 15 February 1928) served A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity.
During World War I (1914–1918) Beveridge was involved in mobilising and controlling manpower. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After the war, he was knighted and made permanent secretary to the Ministry of Food. The Minister of Food Control (1916-1921 and the Minister of Food (1939-1954 were British government Ministerial posts separated from that of the Minister of Agriculture
In 1919 he left the civil service to become director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Over the next few years he served on several commissions and committees on social policy.
Lord Beveridge was so highly influenced by the Fabian Society socialists – in particular by Beatrice Potter Webb, with whom he worked on the 1909 Poor Laws report – that he could readily be considered one of their number. The Fabian Society is a British Intellectual Socialist movement whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via Gradualist This article is about the socialist politician For the children's author see Beatrix Potter. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting However, he was perhaps the best economist among them – his early work on unemployment (1909) and his massive historical study of prices and wages (1939) being clear testaments to his scholarship. An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fabians made him a director of the LSE in 1919, a post he retained until 1937. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His continual jousts with Cannan and Robbins, who were trying to wrench the LSE away from its Fabian roots, are now legendary. Edwin Cannan (1861–1935 was a British economist and historian of economic thought Lionel Charles Robbins Baron Robbins (1898 - 2008 was a British economist and adherent to the Austrian School of Economics.
In 1937, Beveridge was appointed Master of University College, Oxford. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. University College (in full the The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford, colloquially referred to as Univ) is one of
Main work on social security
Three years later, Ernest Bevin, Minister of Labour, asked him to look into existing schemes of social security, which had grown up haphazardly, and make recommendations. Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old In 1941, the government ordered a report on how Britain should be rebuilt after World War II; Beveridge was an obvious choice to take charge. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
The Report to the Parliament on Social Insurance and Allied Services was published in 1942. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It proposed that all people of working age should pay a weekly national insurance contribution. In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired or widowed. Beveridge argued that this system would provide a minimum standard of living "below which no one should be allowed to fall".
Recommended that the government should find ways of fighting the five 'Giant Evils' of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. This led to the setting up of the modern Welfare State (the culmination of the Fabians' project) with a National Health Service (NHS):
19. Plan for social security : XI. Medical treatment covering all requirements will be provided for all citizens by a National Health Service organised under the health departments and post-medical rehabilitation treatment will be provided for all persons capable of profiting by it.
One of its most remarkable assets was the convincing manner of Beveridge's argument which made it so widely acceptable: Beveridge appealed to conservatives and other doubters by arguing that the welfare institutions he proposed would increase the competitiveness of British industry in the post-war period, not only by shifting labour costs like healthcare and pensions out of corporate ledgers and onto the public account, but also by producing healthier, wealthier and thus more motivated and productive workers who would also serve as a great source of demand for British goods. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business
Beveridge saw full employment (which he defined as unemployment of no more than 3%) as the pivot of the social welfare programme he expressed in the 1942 Beveridge Report, and Full Employment in a Free Society (1944) expressed how this goal might be gained. In Macroeconomics, full employment is when all people looking for employment can find a job Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [1] Alternative measures for achieving it included Keynesian-style fiscal regulation, direct control of manpower, and state control of the means of production. John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes CB (ˈkeɪnz "cains" (5 June 1883 &ndash 21 April 1946 was a British Economist whose ideas The impetus behind Beveridge's thinking was social justice, and the creation of an ideal new society after the war. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than He believed that the discovery of objective socio-economic laws could solve the problems of society.
Later career
A second report, Full Employment in a Free Society, appeared in 1944. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Later that year, Beveridge, who had recently joined the Liberal Party, was elected to the House of Commons, briefly serving the constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Berwick-upon-Tweed is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The following year the new Labour Government began the process of implementing Beveridge's proposals that provided the basis of the modern Welfare State. Clement Attlee and the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchill's Conservative Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election Attlee announced he would introduce the Welfare State outlined in the 1942 Beveridge Report. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This included the establishment of a National Health Service in 1948 with taxpayer funded medical treatment for all. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A national system of benefits was also introduced to provide 'social security' so that the population would be protected from the 'cradle to the grave'. The new system was partly built on the National Insurance scheme set up by Lloyd George in 1911.
In 1946 Beveridge was made Baron Beveridge, of Tuggal in the County of Northumberland, and eventually became leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west William Beveridge was the author of Power and Influence (1953). Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He died at his home on 16 March 1963 and was buried in Thockrington churchyard, on the Northumbrian moors. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His barony became extinct upon his death.
His last words, as he sat up in bed whilst still working on his 'History of Prices', were "I have a thousand things to do".
Bibliographic Works
- Unemployment: A problem of industry, 1909. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting
- Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century, 1939. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Social Insurance and Allied Services, 1942. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Beveridge Report) - excerpts available from Modern History Sourcebook.
- Full Employment in a Free Society, 1944. Full Employment in a Free Society (1944 is a book by William Beveridge, author of the Beveridge Report. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- The Economics of Full Employment, 1944. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Why I am a Liberal, 1945. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
- Plan for Britain: A Collection of Essays prepared for the Fabian Society by G D H Cole, Aneurin Bevan, Jim Griffiths, L F Easterbrook, Sir William Beveridge, and Harold J Laski (Not illustrated with 127 text pages). [2]
- William Beveridge: A Biography,by José Harris, New York, Oxford University Press (1977) ISBN 0-19-820685-2
Archives
William Beveridge's archives are held at the London School of Economics.
Footnotes
- ^ According to Nobel Laureate Friedrich Hayek, this book was ghost-written by Nicholas Kaldor. Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist Nicholas Kaldor Baron Kaldor ( Budapest, 12 May 1908 - Papworth Everard, Cambridgeshire, 30 September 1986) was one of the foremost Hayek said of Beveridge, "[H]e wasn't the least interested in economics. He knew no economics whatever. " Cf. Kresge, Stephan, and Wenar, Leif, Hayek on Hayek, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 86.
- ^ Detail taken from Plan for Britain published by George Routledge with a date of 1943 and no ISBN
See also
- Socialism
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Clement Attlee's Health Minister Aneurin Bevan
External links
- Spartacus Educational on William Beveridge and The Beveridge Report
- An "Executive Summary" of the 300-page Beveridge Report
- BBC information
- BBC Radio 4, Great Lives - Downloadable 30 minute discussion of William Beveridge
- Catalogue of William Beveridge's papers at the London School of Economics (LSE Archives)
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George Charles Grey |
Member for Berwick-upon-Tweed 1944–1945 |
Succeeded by Robert Thorp |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by New Creation |
Baron Beveridge 1946–1963 |
Succeeded by Extinct |
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