| William Bartram | |
 Portrait of Bartram by Charles Willson Peale
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| Born | April 20, 1739 Kingsessing, Pennsylvania |
|---|---|
| Died | July 22, 1823 |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | naturalist |
William Bartram (April 20, 1739 — July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. Charles Willson Peale ( April 15, 1741 – February 22, 1827) was an American painter, soldier and naturalist Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Kingsessing is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, located adjacent to the neighborhoods Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Franklinia is a Monotypic genus in the family Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree Franklinia alatamaha, commonly Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods John Bartram ( Darby Pennsylvania - September 22, 1777, Philadelphia) was an early American botanist and Horticulturalist Bartram was born in Kingsessing, Pennsylvania. Kingsessing is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, located adjacent to the neighborhoods As a boy, he accompanied his father on many of his travels, to the Catskill Mountains, the New Jersey Pine Barrens, New England, and Florida. The Catskill Mountains (also known as simply the Catskills) a natural area in New York State northwest of New York City and southwest of Albany Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the He was noted from his mid teens for the quality of his botanic and ornithological drawings. He also had an increasing role in the maintenance of his father's botanic garden, and added several rare species to it. Bartram's Garden (46 acres is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America including an historic Botanical garden and Arboretum (8 acres established circa
In 1773, he embarked upon a four-year journey through eight southern colonies. He made many drawings and took notes on the native flora and fauna, and the native American Indians. In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States In 1774, he celebrated Bartram's visit to his principal village at Cuskowilla with a great feast, where he met Ahaya the Cowkeeper, chief of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe. Cowkeeper (ca 1710 &ndash 1783 is the English name of the first recorded chief of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma. When Bartram explained to the Cowkeeper that he was interested in studying the local plants and animals, the chief was amused and began calling him "Puc-puggee," or "the flower hunter," and Bartram continued his explorations of the Alachua Savannah, or what is today Payne's Prairie. Paynes Prairie is a Florida State Park, encompassing a 21000 acre (85 km² Savanna south of Gainesville, Florida, in Micanopy
Contents |
Exploration of the Cherokee Nation
On April 22, 1776 Bartram left Charleston, SC on horseback destined to explore the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact [1] After passing through Augusta May 10th,[2] Dartmouth on May 15th ()[3], a few days later he left Fort Prince George and Keowee () after not being able to procure a guide . Keowee was a Cherokee town in the north of present-day South Carolina. [4]
In addition to his botanizing, Bartram aptly described the journey:
- ". . . all alone in a wild Indian country, a thousand miles from my native land, and a vast distance from any settlements of white people. "[5]
- "It was now after noon; I approached a charming vale, amidst sublimely high forests, awful shades! Darkness gathers around, far distant thunder rolls over the trembling hills; the black clouds with august majesty and power, moves slowly forwards, shading regions of towering hills, and threatening all the destructions of a thunderstorm; all around is now still as death, not a whisper is heard, but a total inactivity and silence seems to pervade the earth; the birds afraid to utter a chirrup, and in low tremulous voices take leave of each other, seeking covert and safety; every insect is silenced, and nothing heard but the roaring of the approaching hurricane; the mighty cloud now expands its sable wings, extending from North to South, and is driven irresistibly on by the tumultuous winds, spreading his livid wings around the gloomy concave, armed with terrors of thunder and fiery shafts of lightning; now the lofty forests bend low beneath its fury, their limbs and wavy boughs are tossed about and catch hold of each other; the mountains tremble and seem to reel about, and the ancient hills to be shaken to their foundations: the furious storm sweeps along, smoaking through the vale and over the resounding hills; the face of the earth is obscured by the deluge descending from the firmament, and I am deafened by the din of thunder; the tempestuous scene damps my spirits, and my horse sinks under me at the tremendous peals, as I hasten for the plain. "[6]
- "I began to ascend the Jore Mountains, which I at length accomplished, and rested on the most elevated peak; from whence I beheld with rapture and astonishment, a sublimely awful scene of power and magnificence, a world of mountains piled upon mountains. Having contemplated this amazing prospect of grandeur, I descended the pinnacles. . . "[7](probably Wayah Bald )
Return to Philadelphia
Bartram returned to Philadelphia in January, 1777 and assisted his brother John in all aspects of running Bartram's Garden. Wayah Bald is a high-altitude treeless open area in Nantahala National Forest, near Franklin North Carolina. Bartram's Garden (46 acres is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America including an historic Botanical garden and Arboretum (8 acres established circa
In the late 1780s, he completed the book for which he became most famous, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, etc., which was considered at the time to be one of the foremost books on American natural history. Bartram's Travels is the short title of naturalist William Bartram 's historically significant book describing his travels in the American South and encounters Many of his accounts of historical sites were the earliest recordings, including the Georgia mound site of Ocmulgee. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Ocmulgee National Monument preserves traces of over ten millennia of native Southeastern culture including Mississippian mounds It is located on the eastern In addition to its contributions to scientific knowledge, Travels is noted for its original descriptions of the American countryside, which in turn influenced many of the Romantic writers of the day. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and François René de Chateaubriand are known to have read the book, and its influence can be seen in many of their works. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher
In 1802 Bartram met the school teacher Alexander Wilson and began to teach him the rudiments of ornithology and natural history illustration. Alexander Wilson ( July 6, 1766 &ndash August 23, 1813) was a Scottish-American Poet, Ornithologist, naturalist Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Wilson's American Ornithology includes many references to Bartram and the area around Bartram's Garden. Bartram's Garden (46 acres is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America including an historic Botanical garden and Arboretum (8 acres established circa He contributed widely, although often anonymously, to various publication projects. His most significant later achievements include most of the illustrations for his friend Benjamin Smith Barton's explanation of the Linnaean system, 'Elements of Botany' (1803-04).
Bartram spent most of the final decades of his life in quiet work and study at his home and garden in Kingsessing, refusing several requests to teach botany and declining an invitation from Thomas Jefferson to accompany an expedition up the Red River in the Louisiana Territory in 1806. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Louisiana Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1805 until December 11, 1812. He died at his home at the age of 84.
The William Bartram Scenic & Historic Highway runs along the east side of the St. Johns River from Jacksonville south in to northwestern St. Johns County on Florida State Road 13. The St Johns River (officially Saint Johns River, but commonly spelled St St Johns County is located in northeastern Florida. As of the 2000 census, the population was 123135 State Road 13 ( SR 13) is a State highway in the US state of Florida, running south from Jacksonville on the east shore of the Bartram Trail High School in Switzerland, Florida (just south of Jacksonville) is named for William Bartram. Switzerland Florida is a Unincorporated community in St Johns County, Florida, United States. The Bartram Trail is a hiking trail in North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina that commemorates his journeys through the area. The Bartram Trail follows the approximate route of eighteenth-century Naturalist William Bartram ’s southern journey from March 1773 to January 1777 The Bartram Canoe Trail system of canoe and kayak trails in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, operated by the Alabama Department of Conservation, is also named for William Bartram. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors A kayak is a small human-powered Boat. It typically has a covered deck and a cockpit covered by a Spraydeck. Mobile Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. It represents a small section of Bartram's travels by boat on the Mobile, Tensaw and Tombigbee Rivers in the summer of 1775. The William Bartram Arboretum is located within Fort Toulouse Park, near Wetumpka, Alabama and is named in honor of the 18th century naturalist, who visited the area in 1776. The William Bartram Arboretum is an Arboretum located at 2521 Fort Toulouse Road near Wetumpka Alabama, in the United States. Fort Toulouse is a historic Fort near the city of Wetumpka, Alabama, United States, that is now maintained by the Alabama Historical Commission Wetumpka is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5726
Bibliography
- Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, etc. Philadelphia, 1791. Modern editions include:
- William Bartram: Travels and Other Writings. Thomas Slaughter, editor. Library of America, 1996. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. ISBN 978-1-88301111-6.
- Travels and Other Writings: Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. . . Ronald E. Latham, editor. Penguin, 1988. ISBN 0140170081
- Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. University of Virginia Press, 1980. ISBN 081390871X
- William Bartram, 1739-1823: Travels etc. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina.
References
- Borland, Hal. The Memorable Bartrams. American Heritage Magazine. April, 1975. Volume 26, Issue 3. Accessed March 2, 2007.
- Cashin, Edward J. William Bartram in Georgia. New Georgia Encyclopedia. Accessed March 2, 2007.
- Hallock, Thomas. From the Fallen Tree: Frontier Narratives, Environmental Politics, and the Roots of a National Pastoral. University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
- Savage, Henry Jr. Discovering America, 1700-1875. p. 63-70. Harper & Row, 1979.
- "William Bartram" Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 37: American Writers of the Early Republic. Emory Elliot, ed. The Gale Group, 1985, pp. 31-38.
- "William Bartram 1739-1823" Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p306
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p318
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p324
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p331
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p329
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p341
- ^ Bartram, William (1980). The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (by arrangement with The Beehive Press). LCC F213 .B282 1792a. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. LCCN 73-685 p360
- ^ Brummitt, R. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United K. ; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and ISBN 1-84246-085-4.
Additional information
- Fishman, Gail. (2001) Journeys Through Paradise, University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1874-9
- Bartram's Garden, long-time residence of William Bartram.
- Bartram Trail Conference.
- Outdoor Alabama - the Official Web site of Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Bartram Canoe Trail page.
- The North Carolina Bartram Trail Society.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bartram, William |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | W. B. Bartram |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American botanist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 20, 1739 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| DATE OF DEATH | July 22, 1823 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
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