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Tomb of Gustav I and two of his consorts at Uppsala Cathedral
Tomb of Gustav I and two of his consorts at Uppsala Cathedral

Willem Boy (French: Guillaume Boyen) (died 1592) was a Flemish painter, sculptor, and architect active in Sweden from around 1558 until his death. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Few of Boy's works have survived, and he is mostly remembered for the sarcophagus of King Gustav I in the Uppsala Cathedral. Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson (Colloquial 15th century Upplandic Gösta Jerksson) and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September The Cathedral of Uppsala (Uppsala domkyrka located centrally in the city of Uppsala, Sweden, dates back to the late 13th century and at a height

He is believed to have originated from Mechelen and to have arrived in Sweden no later than 1558 during the late reign of Gustav Vasa to work as a painter of portraits. Mechelen ( Mechlin in English is a Dutch-speaking city and municipality in the province of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium. Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson (Colloquial 15th century Upplandic Gösta Jerksson) and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September Within a few years he became one of the country's leading artists whose talents proved useful in a wide range of fields; he, for example, led the construction of the fortification at Vaxholm in 1589. Vaxholm is a town in the Stockholm archipelago in central Sweden. Even though few of his works have survived, his influence on Swedish culture was considerable. [1]

Contents

Sarcophagi

Front of the Vasa sarcophagus
Front of the Vasa sarcophagus
Queen Catherine Jagellon's grave at Uppsala
Queen Catherine Jagellon's grave at Uppsala

Boy is thought to have soon returned to Flanders to spend six years working on the sarcophagus of Gustav Vasa and his two first consorts Catherine and Margaret. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, Katarina in Swedish, ( 24 September 1513 &ndash 23 September 1535) was the first consort Margareta Leijonhufvud ( January 1, 1516 - August 26, 1551) was a Swedish Queen consort the consort of King Gustav I and the In 1571 he was finally able to send the statues of the king and his wives to Sweden. In 1572 he went to England to buy marble and alabaster for the rest of the monument. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Alabaster is a name applied to varieties of two distinct Minerals Gypsum (a hydrous sulfate of Calcium) and Calcite However, in 1567 he had borrowed 1. 000 daler for the project and when the bond proprietor in Antwerp was informed the statues happened to be in the city, she presented the bonds to the city magistrates and, as the defendant failed to present himself, the statues were confiscated. The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604 In Finance, a bond is a Debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and Interest ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the [2]

When Boy was informed of the situation he immediately managed to have the repayment postponed and wrote a letter to the Swedish monarch who happened to be in Kalmar. Kalmar is a city in Småland in the south-east of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. The infuriated king wrote a letter to the Duke of Alba to have the monument sent to Sweden. Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel 3rd Duke of Alba (Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel tercer duque de Alba ( October 29, Furthermore, to ensure Dutch merchants in Sweden would support his cause, he threatened to free them from their favoured position and demanded that they produce a security at least equal to the value of the monument. The Dutch magistrates eventually backed down and Boy was given a respite. The sarcophagus was safely delivered to Uppsala in 1583. The main volume in red marble measures 2. 77×2×1. 36 m with pillars on the corners 1. 68 m tall. The statues are made of white marble with crowns and sceptres in gilded bronze. [2]

In 1584, he worked on the grave monument of Catherine Jagellon, a monument crowned by marble vault carried by pillars in front of which rests the queen on her sarcophagus. Catherine Jagiellon (Katarzyna Jagiellonka Katariina Jagellonica Katarina [1]

Palaces

Stockholm

While Boy was abroad, Eric had devoted himself to various architectonic projects; he had the Franciscan monastery in Stockholm (today Riddarholmskyrkan) rebuilt; he appointed Arendt de Roy to repair and enlarge Vadstena Castle; and he employed the Paar brothers at the Castles in Uppsala and Kalmar. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Riddarholmen Church (Riddarholmskyrkan is the Burial church of the Swedish monarchs. Arendt de Roy or Arendt van Roy, Architect (died May 24, 1589) born in Flanders, died in Vadstena, Sweden. Vadstena Castle ( Vadstena slott in Swedish) is a former Royal Castle in Vadstena, the province of Östergötland, Sweden. Uppsala Castle in Uppsala, Sweden, was constructed during the Gustav Vasa era in the 16th Century. Kalmar Castle, located near the site of Kalmar's Medieval harbor has played a crucial part in Swedish history since its initial construction as a fortified However, the king's main undertaking was undoubtedly the castle in Stockholm where Boy was to spend the remaining 16 years of his life. Tre Kronor (Three Crowns is a castle located in Stockholm, Sweden [2]

The king had employed an artist called Anders Målare to lead the works at the castles in Stockholm and at Svartsjö, but in letters in 1573 the king complained Målare failed to accomplish his duties due to age and poor health. Having no one else to choose from, he appointed his chamberlain Phillipe Kern to replace the Swedish artist. Kern, however, proved to be untrustworthy and within a few years had provided himself with sufficient materials to built his private house. To hide his deed, Kern added the names of his subordinates to material specifications and Boy's name appears among them. This situation did not last, however, and in a letter June 25, 1576, the king mentions Boy as the man leading the works, and on July 10, Boy is addressed "Master Wilhelm, architect at the Stockholm Palace". Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. [2]

Courtyard of the Three Crown Castle with the royal church on the left
Courtyard of the Three Crown Castle with the royal church on the left

As neither the castle nor any associated drawings by architects involved have survived, it is difficult to know what Boy's contribution to the structure was. However, surviving financial documents and letters written by the king while he resided elsewhere offer some hints. During his work on the castle in Stockholm, Boy had to supervise hundreds of employees and ensure materials were delivered in proper order, while keeping his demanding king happy. In 1577, repairs on the royal suite were completed. Two years later, stairs were built south of the castle while the northern gate was furnished with a tower adorned with a spire and a stone tablet carrying the royal coat of arms. Over subsequent years, he was involved in various undertakings at the palace, both decorative work and engineering. [2]

From 1586 Boy focused on the royal church and the decoration of the castle's large square-shaped room. The church was 130 feet in length and located along the northern side of the courtyard. It was topped by a bell tower on which Boy worked in 1589. In 1591 glass and lead were bought for the windows. The king ordered lavish decorations for the square room, including a ceiling in gilded copper for which the gilding alone cost the equivalent of 100 ship pounds (170. 000 kg) of copper, which failed to satisfy the king who sent 30 Hungarian gold florins in 1589 to have a large sphere gilded. The ducat (ˈdʌkət is a Gold coin that was used as a trade currency throughout Europe before World War I. Boy spent the last years of his life producing sketches for various other projects in the palace, including gilded cornices in the dining room, ashlars for the so-called "Summer Room" and for the two towers flanking the eastern gate, and he had the spires of the three crown tower raised by 20–30 feet. The term cornice comes from Italian cornice, meaning “ledge Ashlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone Ashlar blocks are large rectangular blocks of Masonry sculpted to have square edges and even faces [2]

Svartsjö

Svartsjö Palace. Engraving from Antiqua et hodierna.
Svartsjö Palace.
Engraving from Antiqua et hodierna.

A monastery built by Lake Mälaren in the 15th century was made royal property by King Gustav I and, under his sons Eric and John, it was transformed into the Svartsjö Palace. Lake Mälaren ( (historically occasionally referred to as Lake Malar in English is the third-largest Lake in Sweden, after Lakes Vänern and Svartsjö Palace (Svartsjö slott "Black Lake Palace" is a palace situated in Svartsjö on the island of Färingsö in lake Mälaren. The responsible architects were those working at the royal palace in Stockholm. The main building was a large cube crowned by a cupola and small towers with a round court surrounded by arcades in two stories in front. While it is difficult to determine which parts Boy was responsible for, he was working on the cupola and the towers in 1579; a correspondence between him and the king mentions the completion of the roof; and in 1586 the royal domains and a chapel near the palace were completed; and two years later the surrounding land was arranged in accordance with Boy's plans. However, when the king paid a visit to the palace in 1591, he was not pleased; construction on the palace in Stockholm had kept Boy busy and the palace at Svartsjö had been neglected and remained uncompleted at the time of the architect's death. The palace was destroyed by fire a century later, a fate shared with most of his works, which seems to confirm Boy was apparently not an architect in the proper sense. [2]

Drottningholm

The Gävle Palace was probably built to Boy's plans 1583-93, and most likely John III's palace at Drottningholm was similar. Detail from an engraving in Antiqua et Hodierna.
The Gävle Palace was probably built to Boy's plans 1583-93, and most likely John III's palace at Drottningholm was similar. Gävle Castle in Gävle, Sweden, is a Medieval Castle
Detail from an engraving in Antiqua et Hodierna.

Starting in 1576, Boy led the construction of the palace that preceded the extant Baroque version of the Drottningholm Palace. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Drottningholm Palace is the private residence of the Swedish royal family. The royal mansion named Torvesund on the location was rebuilt into a palace by King John III, who was able to take a few rooms in possession in 1580, and the construction seems to have been complete four years later, save for the adornment of the interior. [3]

The centre of this rectangular Renaissance palace was the vaulted palace church, with surrounding rooms connected by open arcades and loggias. Loggia is the name given to an Architectural feature originally of Italian design which is often a gallery or Corridor generally on the ground The choirs of the church possibly had ogive and rose windows like those at Vadstena Castle. An ogive ("Oh-jive" is a curved shape figure or feature A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular Window, but is especially used for those found in churches Vadstena Castle ( Vadstena slott in Swedish) is a former Royal Castle in Vadstena, the province of Östergötland, Sweden. Characteristic of the palaces built during this era were towers and pinnacles with adorned hoods, bay windows, arcades, and galleries and these were probably also prominent features of the Renaissance palace at Drottningholm. Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. A pinnacle (from Latin pinnaculum, a little feather pinna compare Panache) is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap A bay window is a Window space projecting outward from the main Walls of a building and forming a bay in a room either square or Polygonal in plan [3]

John named the palace after Queen Catherine Jagellon, which indicates it was never important as a military bastion. Catherine Jagiellon (Katarzyna Jagiellonka Katariina Jagellonica Katarina While the palace and its chapel were of great importance to the queen, it remained unfinished at the time of her death. An important prototype for the palace was the Wawel Castle in Kraków, and as at Drottningholm, palaces with church gables projecting out of the façades were built throughout Catholic Poland, and a similar scheme was used in Sweden at Borgholm, at the Vadstena Castle, and at the Uppsala Castle, the enlargement of which was also led by Boy. See also Wawel The Gothic Wawel Castle was built at the behest of Casimir III the Great and consists of a number of structures situated around Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Borgholm is a city in Kalmar County, south-eastern Sweden, located on the Island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. Vadstena Castle ( Vadstena slott in Swedish) is a former Royal Castle in Vadstena, the province of Östergötland, Sweden. Uppsala Castle in Uppsala, Sweden, was constructed during the Gustav Vasa era in the 16th Century. [3]

Drottningholm became an important centre for Counter-Reformation groups while plague tormented Stockholm in 1579. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the It eventually burned down in 1661, but even before that the Catholic appearance the palace must have had caused it to be neglected and uncompleted. It was passed back and forth between various nobles and gradually decayed, before an inventory around 1640 described it as a ruin with broken windows. [3]

Churches

Riddarholmskyrkan as presented in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, 1690-1700
Riddarholmskyrkan as presented in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, 1690-1700

In 1581, the king ordered the city to add a tall and beautiful spire to the Riddarholmen Church. Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, or Ancient and Modern Sweden, is the title of a large work of Engravings collected by Erik Dahlberg in the middle of the The Riddarholmen Church (Riddarholmskyrkan is the Burial church of the Swedish monarchs. As the proposal delivered by the magistrate failed to impress the king, he turned to his favourite architect in 1584, and Boy finally had a proposal ready which pleased the king by 1589. The simple and narrow spire lasted until lightning destroyed it in 1835. [2]

King Eric also ordered two other churches to be constructed in the capital: one dedicated to St Henry and the other to the Holy Trinity. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных From contemporary accounts it is known the first was bought and used by the Finnish and German parishes in 1593. Tyska kyrkan ("German Church" Deutsche Kirche sometimes called St In a letter dated 1584 Boy is said to have led the construction work on St Thomas, and in a letter in 1588 the king orders Boy to decorate the western gable and add a tall spire without replacing the old one. The foundation for the Trinity was laid in 1589 to the plans of Boy but, by the death of the king in 1592, construction work had stopped, with the walls only reaching 6 feet above the ground. St Thomas was rebuilt and enlarged in the 17th century and still exists: Charles IX handed it over to the German parish who renamed it St Gertrude. Charles IX (Karl IX ( 4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611) was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death Tyska kyrkan ("German Church" Deutsche Kirche sometimes called St [2]

Additionally, Boy is believed to be responsible for the design of John III's Renaissance reconstruction of Jacob's Church in Stockholm, built around 1520–1592 and featuring a central nave flanked by two tall aisles resting on sandstone columns. Saint Jacob's Church (Sankt Jacobs kyrka is a church in central Stockholm, Sweden, dedicated to apostle Saint James the Greater, Patron In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the An aisle is in general a space for walking with rows of seats on either side or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. [4]

Portraits

The alabaster monument of Princess Isabella (1564–1566), daughter of John III, is in Strängnäs Cathedral. The Strängnäs Cathedral (Strängnäs domkyrka is a church in Strängnäs, Sweden. [1]

Two portraits of Gustav Vasa are assumed to have been made by him: a wooden relief and possibly a watercolour, both found at Gripsholm Castle. Gripsholm Castle (Gripsholms Slott is a castle in Sweden and is regarded as one of Sweden's finest historical monuments [1]

See also Vasa sarcophagi above.

Payment

His initial salary was 200 daler[5] silver coins, a court dress, and emoluments in kind. The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604 [1]

In February 28, 1562, Boy travelled to Antwerp, and in 1565 he arrived in Stockholm where King John III appointed him a salary of 1. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the John III (Johan III Juhana III (20 December 1537 – 17 November 1592 was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death 600 marks silver coins annually and emoluments in kind (corn, hops, a court dress, and lodging). This article is about the archaic weight of measure/currency For other uses of mark, see the disambiguation page Mark.

In 1577 he received 200 daler, 144 hectoliters of corn, 1 court dress, 10 pounds of hop, 1 barrel of salt, 1 barrel of butter, 3 oxen, 8 sheep, 6 pigs, 2 barrels of salmon, 1 barrel of cod, 10 pounds of pike, 1 barrel of herring, and fodder for a horse – in total worth 399½ daler. [2]

Work

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Nordisk Familjebok
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sandén
  3. ^ a b c d e Bedoire, pp 13-14. The Drottningholm Palace is the private residence of the Swedish royal family. Uppsala Castle in Uppsala, Sweden, was constructed during the Gustav Vasa era in the 16th Century.
  4. ^ S:t Jacobs kyrkas historia
  5. ^ One daler was initially worth 3–4 German marks but its value sank to 24 marks during the reigns of John III and Eric XIV. Eric XIV (Erik XIV (13 December 1533 &ndash 26 February 1577 was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1568

References

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