Wilfred or Wifred, called the Hairy,[1] was Count of Urgell (870–897), Cerdanya (870–897), Barcelona (878–897), Girona (878–897), Besalú (878–897), and Ausona (886–897). This is a list of the counts of Urgell. ca 798 - 870 Counts appointed by the Carolingians 798 The County of Cerdanya ( Cerdagne in French and Cerdaña in Spanish) was one of the Catalan counties formed in the last decades of The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The counts of Girona (or Gerona were Rostany ( 785 - 801) Odilon ( 801 - 812) The County of Besalú or Besalu was one of the landlocked Medieval Catalan counties near the Mediterranean coastline Osona, or Ausona (in Latin and Castilian) was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early
He was responsible for the repopulation of the long depopulated no-man's land around Vic (the county of Ausona, a frontier between Christian and Muslim), the re-establishment of the bishopric of Vic, and the foundation of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll, where he is buried. Vic is the capital of the comarca of Osona, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Osona, or Ausona (in Latin and Castilian) was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a Benedictine monastery built in the Romanesque style located in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia,
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Historical significance
Wilfred the Hairy was the Count of Barcelona (878–898) and created the tradition of hereditary passage of titles. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century His son, Wifred Borell, inherited the county without any interruption and held it between 898–914. Wilfred II or Borrel I ( Guifré II Borrell I in Catalan) also known as Wifred Borrell, was count of Barcelona, Gerona,
A number of primitive feudal entities developed in the Marca Hispanica, during the 9th century. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne They were generally self-sufficient and agrarian, but ruled by a small military elite. The pattern seen in Catalonia is similar to that found in similar border lands or marches elsewhere in Europe.
Traditionally the count of Barcelona was appointed directly by the Carolingian emperor, for example the appointment of Berà (in 801). Bera (Berà (d844 was the first Count of Barcelona from 801 until his deposition in 820 The appointment of heirs could not be taken for granted. However, with the rise of strong Counts such as Sunifred, (fl. 844- 848) and Wilfred, and the weakening of Carolingian, then French royal power, eventually the appointment of heirs become a formality. This trend resulted in the counts becoming de facto independent of the Carolingian Crown under Borrell II in 985). Borrel II (died 992 was Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 947 and Count of Urgel from 948
Wilfred remained obscure until drawn into the historians' net by Sir Richard Southern, in The Making of the Middle Ages, 1953. Sir Richard William Southern (1912-2001 was a notable English medieval Historian, based at the University of Oxford. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Origins
Wilfred was of Gothic lineage from the region of Carcassonne. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Carcassonne (Carcassona is a fortified French town in the Aude département, of which it is the Prefecture, Tradition claims he was born near Prades in the County of Conflent, now Rià, in Roussillon, France. Prades ( Prada de Conflent in Catalan) is a commune and a Sous-préfecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales département Conflent is a historical Catalan comarca of Northern Catalonia, now part of the French Département of Pyrénées-Orientales Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
According to legend, he was the son of Wilfred of Arriaount (or Wilfred of Arri), a county near Prades. His father was murdered by Salomón and Wilfred became his avenger, killing the assassin. However Ramón de Abadal's study claimed him to be the son of Sunifred I of Barcelona, count of many counties under Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald. Sunifred I, was the count of many Catalan and Septimanian counties including Ausona, Besalú, Girona, Narbonne, Agde, Béziers Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia Sunifred was the son of Belló, count of Carcassonne during the reign of Charlemagne. Bello also known in Latin as Borellus Ausonus (born 755 died 812 was the son of Guillaume I de Rases. Carcassonne (Carcassona is a fortified French town in the Aude département, of which it is the Prefecture, Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Thus, as a descendant of Sunifred and his brother, Sunyer I, count of Empúries and Roussillon (834-848), he was a member of the Bellonid dynasty. Sunyer I was Count of Empúries and Roussillon (with the pagus of Perelada) from 834 to 841 The County of Empúries or Ampurias was a medieval county centred on the town of Empúries and enclosing the Catalan region of Peralada. Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is The Bellonid Dynasty (in Catalan Bel·lònides and in Spanish Bellónidas) was a Catalan dynasty the descendants of the Goth
In the dynastic struggles that accompanied the three years between Louis the Pious' death (840) and the Treaty of Verdun (843), the count of Barcelona (and many other margravates and counties: Septimania, Girona, Narbonne, Béziers, Agde, Melgueil, Nîmes, and Toulouse) Bernard of Septimania, aligned with Pepin II of Aquitaine, while the Bellonids maintained their allegiance to Charles the Bald. Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462 when Septimania was ceded to Girona ( Catalan: Girona ʒiˈɾonə Spanish: Gerona xeˈɾona is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain Narbonne ( Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, the Roman Narbo) is a commune in southwestern France in the Béziers ( Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. Agde is the commune in the Hérault department in southern France that is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi Mauguio is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France. Nîmes ( Provençal Occitan: Nimes in both classical and Mistralian norms is a city in southern France. The first comites ( counts) of Toulouse were the administrators of the city and its environs under the Merovingians No succession of such royal Bernard or Bernat of Septimania (795 &ndash 844 son of William of Gellone, was the Frankish Duke of Septimania and Count of Barcelona Pepin II, called the Younger (823 &ndash after 864 in Senlis) was King of Aquitaine from 838 as the successor upon the death of his father Pepin In 844, after taking Toulouse and capturing Bernard, Charles had him executed. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest In exchange for his fealty, Charles gave the dead count's honours of Barcelona, Girona, Narbonne, Nîmes, Agde, Béziers, and Melgueil to Sunifred.
In 848, William, son of Bernard, was named count of Toulouse and Empúries by Pepin II. William of Septimania ( 29 November 826 &ndash 850 was the son of Bernard and Dhuoda. Empúries ( Catalan name in Spanish: Ampurias) is a town on the Mediterranean coast of the Catalan comarca of Alt Empordà (Spain He quickly moved to eliminate Sunifred and Sunyer.
Investiture
The Bellonid dynasty was revived slightly by the appointment of Dela and Sunyer II, sons of Sunyer I, to the countship of Ampurias in 862. Dela (Delà (d c 894 Count of Empúries (862&ndash894 was the son of Sunifred I, whom he succeeded along with his brother Sunifred II, in Sunifred II (in Catalan, Sunyer; and in Spanish, Suñer) (c 840&ndash915 was the Count of Empúries from 862 and Roussillon Next, Charles the Bald made their cousins, Wilfred the Hairy and his brother Miró (known as the Old), counts respectively of Urgell and Cerdanya, and Conflent in June, 870 at an assembly at Attigny. Miro, called the Old or the Elder (in Catalan, Miró el Vell, and in Spanish, Miró el Viejo) (d Attigny is a commune on the River Aisne in the arrondissement of Vouziers in the département of Ardennes in the Champagne-Ardenne For in that year, the mysteriously ill-chronicled Salomón, count of Urgell, Cerdanya, and Conflent, had died.
After becoming Count of Urgell and Cerdanya in 870, Wilfred received the counties of Barcelona, Girona, and Besalú in 878 from the Carolingian king of France, Louis the Stammerer. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Louis the Stammerer ( November 1, 846 — April 10, 879; Louis le Bègue) was the eldest son of Charles the Bald and His reign coincided with the crumbling of Carolingian authority and unity. He was thus the last count of the Hispanic March appointed by the French king and the first to pass his vast holdings as an inheritance to his sons (albeit sanctioned by the monarch). The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne
Wilfred came into possession of Barcelona through his service to Charles the Bald against the rebel Bernard of Gothia, Count of Barcelona, Rousillon, and numerous other Septimanian counties. Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia Bernard II (in Catalan, Bernat de Gothia and in Spanish, Bernardo de Gothia) was the Count of Barcelona, Girona and Wilfred, Miró, their brother Sunifred (who became the Abbot of Arles), and the Viscount of Narbonne, Lindoí, marched against Bernard on behalf of the King and his son, Louis the Stammerer. Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, In March and April of 878, they defeated the nobles loyal to Bernard, including Sigebuto, Bishop of Narbonne, and expelled all partisan priests from the church. The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution.
At the Council of Troyes in August 878, presided over by Pope John VIII and King Louis II the Stammerer, Wilfred was formally invested as Count of Urgell and Cerdanya, Miró as Count of Conflent, Sunyer as Count of Empurias, and Oliba II as Count of Carcassonne. There have been a number of councils held at Troyes: 867 - proclaimed that no Bishop could be disposed without reference to the Holy History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and On September 11, Bernard was dispossessed of all his titles. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul The Bishop of Elna, Bishop of Urgell, Bishop of Girona, and Bishop of Barcelona were confirmed in their sees. The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical unit in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly Bernard's former possessions were given to Wilfred (Barcelona, Ausona, Besalú, and Girona) and Miró (Roussillon). The counties of Narbonne, Béziers, and Agde were separated from that of Barcelona. Sunifred was made Abbot of Arles and Riculf Bishop of Elna. Wilfred immediately ceded Besalú to his brother Radulph (878-920). Radulf (died 920 Count of Besalú, was the younger son of Sunifred I Count of Barcelona, and thus a brother of Wilfred the Hairy and Miró the Elder
Intervention in Ausona
After the investiture of 878, Wilfred's lands stretched from the Pyrenees to the coast, from Urgell and Cerdanya to Barcelona and Girona. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés This was the first time since the reign of his father (which ended in 848) that these different areas had been united politically and the only other time within that century. The land between these regions—Ripollès, Vall de Lord, Bergueda, Lluçanès, the Plana de Vic, Moianès, Guilleries, and Bagés—had long been depopulated; since the rebellion of Aissó. Ripollès is a comarca (county in Catalonia, Spain. It is located in the Ribes and Camprodon river valleys Berga is the capital of the comarca (county of Berguedà, in Catalonia. Aissó was a Goth nobleman who led a revolt in Barcelona, Ausona, and Girona in 826 to 827
Wilfred embarked on the process of repopulating these territories with immigrants from the heavily populated mountain regions—Pallars, Urgell, and Cerdanya—to which people had fled in the two centuries between the collapses of Visigothic and Carolingian authority. The County of Pallars or Pallás was a de facto independent petty state nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during Wilfred's plan involved repopulating and subsequently annexing the Counties to those he already controlled. Thus, Vall de Lord became part of Urgell and Berga into Cerdanya. Wilfred created the County of Ausona from the remaining Counties made up of Ripollés, Lluçanès, the Plana de Vic, and Guilleries—centred aroung Ausona (the city), had a unique ethnic and cultural history whose population descended from an ancient historic Hispanic tribe. Osona, or Ausona (in Latin and Castilian) was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early He also added Moianés and Bagés and the lands around Manresa, which were distinct in their history themselves. Manresa is the capital of the Bages comarca (county, located in the geographic centre of Catalonia, Spain, and crossed by the river In 885, Wilfred designated a Viscount to control the County of Ausona in his absence as it formed the frontier with the Moslem Kingdoms to the south.
Ecclesiastical reform
The ecclesiastic state of the region was no less isolated than its political state, the parishes largely remaining outside of the universal hierarchy. Wilfred brought the parishes of Bergueda and Vall de Lord within the control of the nearby diocese of Urgell. The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical unit in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly However, he had to re-establish the lapsed bishopric in Ausona. After consulting the Archbishop of Narbonne in 886, he was given permission to install Gotmar, a priest, as bishop of Ausona. The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution. The new bishop immediately set about restoring the repopulated city and its cathedral which had beem devastated and in ruins since the last Muslim conquest and the rebellion of Aissó. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Aissó was a Goth nobleman who led a revolt in Barcelona, Ausona, and Girona in 826 to 827
The churches in the region during this period flourished gaining much power and privilege. This included the right for monks to elect their own Abbots as espoused by Saint Benedict. "Saint Benedict" redirects here This article is about the founder of Western monasticism for other saints named Benedict see Benedict. Wilfred founded two new monasteries: Santa María de Ripoll (880) and Sant Joan de les Abadesses (885). This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The Abbey of S. Joan de les Abadesses in the diocese of Vich (Catalunya) was founded by Count Wifred and his wife Guinedilda, to provide for their daughter Emma, who became the community's first abbess in 899 and was given immunity from lay jurisdiction by King Charles the Simple. Vic is the capital of the comarca of Osona, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
Carolingian Crisis
When Louis the Stammerer died (879), the kingdom was divided between his two young sons: Louis III received the ancient northern partitions of the Merovingian kingdom, Neustria and Austrasia (including the Lorraine). Louis III (born 863–865 died 5 August 882) king of Western Francia, was the second son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, Austrasia (rarely Austria, both meaning "eastern land" formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. His other son Carloman received the southern partitions, Burgundy and Aquitaine (including Septimania). Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462 when Septimania was ceded to The problems plaguing the throne were exacerbated when both Louis (882) and Carloman (884) died soon after their succession. Not wanting to crown Louis the Stammerer's remaining son, Charles the Simple, who was only five, the nobles of France looked about for a powerful man who could defend the land from the fearsome Vikings and their vicious raids on the Channel and Atlantic coasts. Charles III ( September 17, 879 – October 7, 929) called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the contemporary A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas
At the Assembly of Ponthion (884), the Franks chose the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Fat, who was already king of Germany and Italy. Ponthion is a commune of the Marne département in France, located southeast of Châlons-en-Champagne. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles the Fat (Carolus Pinguis 13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876 King of Italy from This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy Charles, son of Louis the German, therefore became the first person since the death of Louis the Pious to reign over the entire realm of his illustrious great-grandfather. Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876 Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his He would also be the last.
Incapable of much, he was lethargic and probably suffered from epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. In November, 885 he raised a grand army to fight off the Norsemen besieging Paris. The Siege of Paris, lasting from September 19, 1870 &ndash January 28, 1871, brought about French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War Instead, however, he chose to buy the Vikings off, paying them to attack Burgundy (not a friend of his) instead. He left Paris in December. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He subsequently failed to deal with revolts in Swabia, Saxony, Thuringia, Franconia, and Bavaria. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. Franconia (Franken is a historic region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria and the area to its immediate west Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The nobles of the Empire deposed him in 887. He died two months later (888).
Charles' nephew Arnulf of Carinthia, succeeded him in Germany, Berengar of Friuli succeeded him in Italy, and Odo succeeded him in France. Arnulf of Carinthia (Arnulf von Kärnten Arnulf Koroški 850 &ndash December 8 899) was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For the Duke of Burgundy (956-965 please see Odo Duke of Burgundy. The breakdown in royal authority and the dynastic change which accompanied it in France broke the Empire in two. The Carolingian polity which empowered the counts at the beginning of the century was nonexistent by the end, the Counts were De facto independent—especially in the outlying regions, like the Marca Hispanica. The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne
The Crisis and the Counts
In the great tradition of their family, Wilfred, Miró, Dela, and Sunyer II maintained their loyalty to the Carolingian monarchs until the death of Charles the Fat (deposed 887, died 888). They visited the royal court in 886 to ask for privileges and precept to be granted to Teotario, Bishop of Girona. Upon the death of Louis the Stammerer, however, this loyalty became largely nominal. When Louis's sons Louis and Carloman marched against Boso, king of Provence, the Catalan counts supported Carloman, but did not join the campaign. Boso was a Frankish nobleman from the Bosonid -family who was related to the Carolingian dynasty, who rose to become King of Provence (879 &ndash Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France This was a far cry from the prompt action the family had taken against Bernard of Gothia. The Counts became more interested in issues that directly effected them and did not attend the Assembly of Ponthion dealing with the Viking problem which they regarded as meaningless to their domains. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas
The counts rejected Charles the Fat's successor, Odo, but they did not rise in favour of Louis the Stammerer's surviving son, Charles the Simple. Odo was too absorbed with the Norsemen and those loyal to Charles the Simple to be bothered with the far south of the realm. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language
In 886, a presbyter named Esclua, taking advantage of the absence of Teotardo, Archbishop of Narbonne, was consecrated Bishop of Urgell and expelled the titular Bishop Ingoberto with the tacit permission of Raymond I, Count of Pallars-Ribagorza, and Wilfred. Presbyter in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean Bishop The County of Pallars or Pallás was a de facto independent petty state nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during Ribagorza is an Aragonese county or Comarca, in the north-east of the province of Huesca, Spain. He complicated the situation further by declaring himself metropolitan of Tarraconensis, separating his diocese from Narbonne. In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. Now acting as metropolitan, Esclua promptly removed Servus Dei from the Bishopric of Girona.
Servus who was rejected by Dela, Sunyer, and Wilfred but who had been consecrated by Teotardo; took refuge in the monastery of Bañolas. Esclua, with the help of the Bishops of Barcelona and Vic, consecrated as the new Eremir Bishop of Girona. In 888, he resurrected the sees of Pallars and Empurias to repay Raymond, Sunyer, and Dela for their support.
If at first Wilfred tolerated the dethronement of Ingoberto — there had been little love between them — however he could not allow the metropolitan pretensions of Esclua because of his friendship with Teotardo. The independent dioceses were a method of securing political independence and Wilfred opposed this. He could not allow the lands under his control to be effected by Nobles or Church.
However external pressures hampered him taking action.
Death
By 883 or 884, the Muslims became increasingly uneasy by the expansion of the Christian Counties to the north. Wilfred had established defensive positions or castles in Ausona at Cardona, Bergueda, and Vall de Lord; some were even in the Valle de Cervelló south of the River Llobregat. Cardona is a town ìn Catalonia, Spain, in the province of Barcelona; about 90 km northwest of the city of Barcelona, on a hill almost surrounded Berguedà is a comarca (county in the interior of Catalonia, Spain, lying partly in the Pyrenees and partly in Catalonia's Depressió The Llobregat ( IPA pronunciation:) is the second longest River in Catalonia, Spain. The frontier of the County of Barcelona passed north of Solsona, past Besora, Tantallatge, and Correà; that of Berga, past Sorba, Gargalla, and Serrateix; and that of the County of Ausona past Cardona, Manresa, and Montserrat. Solsona can refer to Solsona Lleida, a town in Catalonia capital of the ''comarca'' of Solsonès; Solsona Ilocos Norte SORBA, the Southern Off-Road Bicycle Association is an organization that builds and maintains Mountain bike trails in the Southeast region of the United States Montserrat (ˌmɒntsəˈræt is British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles
The Muslim ruler Banu Qasi fortified Lérida in response. Banu Qasi ( Arabic: بنو قاسي ( Banū Qāsī) meaning "sons" or "heirs of Cassius" was the name of a Basque Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida Provoked by this, Wilfred attacked Lérida and the governor of the city, Ismail ibn Musa. The attack however was a disaster. The historian Ibn al Athir describes the massacre of the attackers by the city's defenders. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al- Din Bouyed by this success Ismail's successor, Lobo ibn Mohammed attacked Barcelona in 897. Wilfred died in battle on 11 August 897. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation He was buried in the monastery at Ripoll. Ripoll is the capital of the comarca (county of Ripollès, in the province of Girona, Catalonia.
Succession
The weakening of Frankish royal authority in the Hispanic March is principally the result of the establishment of heredity in the succession of the counties rather than by choice of the monarch. The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne In 895, Miró the Old died and his county of Roussillon passed, without interference from King Odo, to Sunyer II of Ampurias. Miro, called the Old or the Elder (in Catalan, Miró el Vell, and in Spanish, Miró el Viejo) (d In the same way, Wilfred was never confirmed by the monarch as Count of Ausona. The kings had lost control of the Counts. The importance of this custom in the Middle Ages cannot be overstated. As hereditary succession became the custom, it became accepted as law and there was nothing the kings could do. The Counts had become sovereigns in their own dominions.
The lack, however, of a legal basis for heredity caused the early experiments in hereditary succession to be problematic. When Wilfred died in 897, his sons Wilfred Borrel, Miró, and Sunifred governed his realm jointly, recognising the eldest Wilfred Borrel, as primus inter pares, or "first among equals". Wilfred II or Borrel I ( Guifré II Borrell I in Catalan) also known as Wifred Borrell, was count of Barcelona, Gerona, Sunifred II (c870-950 or in Catalan language, Sunyer II was count of Barcelona, Girona, Urgell and Ausona from 911 to Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people
However, when the succession came to their sons, this ideal broke down and the counts promptly transmitted their regions of governance to their descendants. Wilfred Borrel and the youngest son jointly ruled over Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona; Sunifred over Urgell; and Miró, over Cerdanya, Conflent, and Berga.
Wilfred and Catalonia
Wilfred the Hairy has become a figure of importance for contemporary Catalan nationalists. Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political Nineteenth century European Romanticism looked to the medieval world for references and links to modern national and cultural identities, and in the context of Catalan nationalism and its search for its historical foundations in a distant and idealised past, Wilfred soon arose as a figure of independence, the de facto founder of the House of Barcelona, and, by purported extension, one of the forefathers of the latter Catalonia. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
One of the legends that has arisen around his person is that of the creation of the coat of arms from which the Catalan flag (the Senyera) derives today. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The Senyera (roughly meaning "signal flag" in Catalan) is a Vexillological symbol based on the Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon After being wounded in battle (some versions say against the Moors; others, the Normans), the Frankish king Charles the Bald rewarded his bravery by giving him a coat of arms. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia The king slid Wilfred's blood-stained fingers over the Count's copper shield, and thus was the Senyera first born, with its four pallets in Gules on Or. A shield is a protective device meant to intercept attacks The term often refers to a device that is held in the hand as opposed to Armour or a Bullet proof vest In Heraldry, gules (pronounced with a hard 'g' is the tincture with the colour Red, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures called "colours" As much as this legend is popular and extended, there is no historical evidence to support it.
Wilfred's actions as a Frankish vassal towards carving out his own domain from several counties and moving out of the sphere of influence of the Carolingian crown — coupled with his creation of the County of Osona and the restoration of the bishopric of Vic — laid out the territorial and patrimonial base for the House of Barcelona, and hence has been posteriorly identified with the creation of Catalonia, even though a written reference to such a territorial entity would not appear historically until more than two centuries later in the Liber Maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum Illustribus, a 12th century Pisan manuscript describing the raids of 1114 by Pisans and Catalans on the island of Majorca. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Osona, or Ausona (in Latin and Castilian) was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early Vic is the capital of the comarca of Osona, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain.
Notes
References
- La família catalana dels comtes de Carcassona. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Genealogia de Guifré el Pilós dins d’Els primers comtes catalans. Barcelona, Ediciones Vicens Vives, 1958. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pages 13-29.
- Palmer, William. "Sir Richard Southern looks back", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1998.
- Collins, Roger. "Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy". Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom. edd. M. T. Gibson and Janet N. Nelson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. pp. 169–189. Reprinted in Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain. Variorum, 1992. ISBN 0 86078 308 1.
| Preceded by Solomon I |
Count of Urgell 870–897 |
Succeeded by Sunifred II, Count of Barcelona |
| Count of Cerdanya 870–897 |
Succeeded by Miro II |
|
| Preceded by Bernard of Gothia |
Count of Barcelona 878–897 |
Succeeded by Wilfred II Borrel I |
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